92 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.

2 Introduction to Functions 93
d= 16t ii*tturicol 9lutc
Special joints must he used along the line to provide I or expansion 56. .s3iiueicn1 twi (From lihaskara, ca.A.t). 1120.) In a lake the bud
and contraction due to changes in tel i ic, i I I e isve ver. it tie pipe of a water lily was obsers ed, one cubit above the water, and s hen =
line were actually one continuous length ol pipe hxed ii each end h moved by the gentle breeze, it sunk in the water at tss o cubits di
the Stations, then expansion ss on Id call se tie 0 bow. Approx i
tance. Find the depth of the water. = 1-li
mately how high ss I RI I d the m dd Ic lie ii p rise i the expansion I lie formula d = 16t gives rise to a set of data for 0 t 1,5:
was just I in. over the niile (You iii.iv iiiike lie same assumption as
ve did in Problem 52, namely, liiii time Imiickie is linear.)
I Lifle (in see) 0 1 2 3 1 1.1 15
54. Consider the following pattern:
Dls,jnce (ill ft) 0 16 64 14-1 256 :1.1:16 3.600
lxi l=
IX
9x 1:121
ii I =
=38.888

Wiicr
depi i-i

I,

\Vaier
lcvet For every nonnegative value of t, there is a corresponding value for d. We can represent the
i.ita in the table as a set of ordered pairs in which the first component represents a value lor t and
Itti second component represents a corresponding value for d:
ottfried Leihniz (1 6461716)
a. I Re tins paitel ;iimil nilixtive reasoning to specify the next equa We first met Leibniz in Chapter 1 as
ion in lie ccliii. First component (values fort) one of the inventors of calculus. How
I). Ii iii iii iils\s i ii ever, as you might guess, he is one of
(t i,)
the giants in the history of mathemat
lix 987,653:121 1 ics. For example, the word function was
57. itoricnt Citci (From Bbaskara, ca. AD. 1120.) One third of a Second component (values for 8)
C. lieiii lie iliswci to used as early as 1694 by Leibniz to
collection of beautiful water lilies is offered to Mahadev, one fifth
I) x 10,9S7,65l.321
The determined value (distance in this example) is called the dependent variable, and the denote any quantity connected with
1 to Hun, one sixth to the Sun, one fourth to Des i. and the six which a curve. Leibniz was one of the most
remain are presented to the spiritual teacher. Find the total number ecified variable is the independent variable. For this example (see preceding table), we have a
55. ( nisiler lie flillosviiig pattern:
(14, 3136), (15. 3600). The domain of a tune universal geniuses of all time, and as
of lilies. set of ordered pairs: (0, 0), (1, 16), (2, (il)
a teenager, he came up with many of
12:1.456.78!) > = 1,111.111.101 58. 43iiuriu1 uct (From Bhaskara, ca. AD. 1120.) One fifth of a in is the set of values of the independent variable for which it is defined. For this example,
the
o
II the great ideas in mathematics. How
12:k456.189x 18 = 2.222.222.202 hive of bees flew to the Kadamba flosver: one third flew to the Si limiain is defined as 0 < < 15. which means that t is any value between 0 and 15 (inelttding the ever, his ideas were not fully accepted
12:c..ISLTS!) x 27 = 3. 333. 333. 303 landhara; three times the difference of these two numbers flew to an ulpoints). Thus, other ordered pairs (not shown in the table) are (0.5. -1). (12.75. 2601) The at the time because teenagers did not
arbor. and one bee continued living about, attracted on each side by ol all corresponding s alues of the dependent variable (second components) is called the range. command much attention in intellectual
i
a. [Se this pattern and inducti e reasoning to specify the next equa the fragrant Keteki and the Malati. Find the number 01 bees. circles. He was refused a doctorate at
isttal representation of a function is shown in Figure 2.5.
tion in the sequence. 59. .43iiorirnL iiet (From Brahmagupta. ca. AD. 630.) A tree one the University of Leipzig because of his
b. Predict the answer to hundred cuhits high is distant from a ssell two hundred eubits; from youth, even though he had completed all
this tree one inonke climbs down the tree and goes to the ,sell, but the requirements. Among other things.
123-156.789 x 63
the other leaps in the air and descends by the hypotenuse from the Leibniz invented the calculus, exhib
c. Predict the answer to ited an early calculating machine that
high point ot the leap. and both pass os er an equal space. Find the
123. -156.789 x 61 height of the leap. lie invented, and distinguished himself
60. .ituriol c,i.ct Ten times the square root of a flock of geese. in law, philosophy, and linguistics. Hts
seeing the clouds collect, flew to the Mainis lake: one eighth of the ideas on functions were generalized by
whole less from the edge of the water amongst a multitude of water x other mathematicians, including P. 0.
Lejeune-Dirichlet (18051859).
P,ohlems 5660 were in 1/u Ma 1989 issue of The Mathematics lilies; and three couples were observed playing in the water. Find the Figure 2.5 A function as a rnappin
le ac her. number of geese.
2.2 Introduction to Functions
Definitions

I iItIiiflI
.\ function is a rule that assigns to each element of the domain a single element in its range.
) IN OTHER WORDS To each i in the domain, there conicsponds exactly one y in the
In the previous chapter, we considered ;t Cartesian coordinate system to easily see the relationship
iange.
betxveen tss o variables. We now introduce an algebraic characterization for certain relationships.
Suppose we drop an object from a tall structtire (such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa). The
distance the object falls is dependent (among other things) Ott the length of time it falls. If we let the
variable d be the thsta,tce the object has fallen (in feet) and t the time it has fallen (in seconds), and The pairs of corresponding values assigned in the definition of a function may be viewed as
if we disregard air resistance, the formula (from physics and calculus) is i lered pairs (i. y). This allows a rewording of the definition: A function is a set qf ordered pairs
In, ij) in tmhic/t no too different ordered pair.c haie the sante first elentent .r.
d= 16t
It is customary to give functions letter names, such as f,q. or 1 If y is the value of the tunc
.
where 16 is a constant determined by the force of gravity acting on the object. Using the formula. bIt fcorresponding to :1;. it is written y [(i) and is read y is eqLtal to the value of the function j
we can calculate the height of the tower by liming the nutnher of seconds it takes for the object to i, or. more briefly. p equals fat a or ,i equals [of i.
hit the ground. If it takes 3 seconds for the object to hit ihe ground, then the height of the tower (in Let D = {1, 2, 3, 4} be the domain of a function called j. Think of the function jas a machine
feet) is ii /ioution inachme as shown in Figure 2.6) that accepts an input :rlrom D and produces an output
II .r), pronounced f of .7;,
 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.2 Introduction to Functions 95
The symbol f(x) does NOT mean The [unction machine description has the advantage of being easy to understand, but it is awk In! 11,11
mu Iii pl ication; it is a single symbol ward to use. We might also describe this junction in a variety of ways, as shown in Example I. {1, 2, 3, 4};
l)oinain {a. b. c, d}; Range
representing the second component
lierange consists only of those elements of Y that are actually used as outputs. However, the
of the ordered pair (x, p).
k onain and X must be the same.
EXAMPLE 1 Alternate descriptions for a function
1(u) = 1,1(b) = 21(c) 3,1(d) = -[
Describe the function machine in Figure 2.6 for the domain D {l, 2, 3, 4} using a rule, stating I I )omain = {a, 5, c}; Range = {3, 5. 6);
an equation, showing a mapping, using a set of ordered pairs, writing a table, and drawing a graph.
i(u) 3, q(h) = 5. g(c) 6
Solution I )umain -=1. 1. 0. 2. 2): Range = {1. 1. 6):
RULE For each input aali,e, add two, then mit/tip/v bvfiie, and tinallv square the result to find /10) = 1. P(1) = 1. 1(2) = 4. F(2)
6. 1(1) 4
the output. The function in this example would probably not be defined by such a verbal rule: Different elements in the domain may have the same value in the range.
nevertheless, a verbal rule is often the best way we have to describe a certain function.
GRAPH EQUATION 1(r) [5(,r 2)H MAPPING Notice that Example 2c showed some repeated outputs. The ultimate example of repeated out
IF

I .1 NIl puts is a function defined by ,f(:r) = ( for ciii values of .r. Such a function is called a constant func
TABLE un. If the outputs are aksays different (that is. if there are no repeated outputs). then the function
tIll) 1 225 - HI led ()flitOOliC.
7))))
2 400
.
1JNL-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS
3 625
5(K)
II a function f maps X into Y so that for any distinct (different) elements . and i, in X,
40)) 4 900
) . [(i:) then fis said to be a one-to-one function of I into
1
f(s
21)))
SETOFORDEREDPAIRS {(1, 225), (2, 100), (3. 625), (4, 900))
I 1 2 3 4 5
I XAMPLE 3 A mapping that is not a function
-I
II ass a picture of a mapping that is not one-to-one.
Siiii,tion
EXAMPLE 2 Domain, range, and outputs
X Do not use f(i;) notation unless I isafunction.
Given a mapping from X to Y name the domain and range, and use functional notation to name the This is not a function because 1 and 1 are associated
outputs for each input. with more than one image; because it is not a function.
a. b. it follows that the mapping is not onetoone.

Horizontal and VertiCal Line Tests
X = {a, b.c. d}; Y= {I, 2,3,4.5, (} X = {a, h. c}: Y { .2,3,4,5, (}
here are two tests that involve sweeping a line across a graph. The first tells us whether a graph
=
C. i.presents a function, and the second tells us whether a graph represents a one-to-one function.
VERTICAL LINE TEST
l/serv vertical line passes through the graph of a function in at most one point. This means if on
sweep a vertical line across a graph and it simultaneousl) intersects the curve at more than
one
point, then the curve is not the graph of a junction.
X={1.I,0.2.2}; Y={1,2,3,4,5.0}
I HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
Every horisontal line passes through the graph of a onetoone function in at most one point.
This means that if you sweep a horizontal line across the graph of a function and it simultane
()tisly intersects the curve at more than one point, then the curve is not the graph of a one-to-one
unction.
CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.2 Introduction to Functions 97
EXAMPLE 4 Horizontal and vertical line tests Passes the vertical line test; it is a function.
Use the vertical line test to determine whether the given curve is the graph of a function, and if it I Does not pass the horizontal line test; it is not oneto-one.
the graph of a tunction, use the horizontal line test to determine whether it is one-to-one. Name tilL Domain: F, ; 1 2
probable domain and range by looking at the graphs. Range: y or y > 1
x
a.
V
b. y c. y
2
x -4
x
-4 ir hiiictional Notation
i. of he most useful inventions in all the history of mathematics is the notation f(;c), called func
notation. Remember
d. C.
x 4 member of tb ornan,
4
S
f( 7;) A jiinetio,, is denoted by / /1 i) is 1
her assocoited with .i:.
f(x) i a ,iumt,er.
4
-v
Sometimes functions are defined by expressions such as
fcT) =
;J;1
+1 or j(x) (:c + 1)2
7.2
io emphasize the difference between [and .f(.7;), some books use,[ :x + 1. In this book,
Solution wever, we write [(x) ;i2 + 1 to mean, let [ be the function defined by [(;E) = 2 + 1; this
.r
7;2
a. y Passes the vertical line test; it is a function. notes the set of all ordered pairs (:t, /J) SO that y = + 1.
Does not pass the horizontal line test; it is not one-to-one.
Domain: I. I LX AMPLE 5 Evaluating functions
1
x Range: y 0 [(-c) 2 + 1 and g(.r)
x = (x + 1)2. Note thai f [/ SifleL,
4
nd a. [(1) b. g(1) c. [(3) d. i;( 3) e. [(u) f. y(u) + 1 ( + 1).
g. [(1 + /) h. q(w -+- ii)
b. V Does not pass the vertical line test; it is not a function.
If it is not a function, then the horizontal line test is not needed f(1) = 12 +1 = 2 b. g(l) = (1 + 1)2 = 22 = 4
because if it is not a function, then it cannot be a one-to-one function. u. [(3) = (_3)2
+1 9+1 10 d. q(3) = (3 + 1)2 = (_2)2 4
,,2
-4
Domain.., 0 w +1 f. q(w)=(u; +1)2 2w +1
I
Range:
2) 1
[(w+h)=(w+h
/2
= 2 + 2w/i +
w +1
Ii. g(w + ii) = (u; +11+1)2
c. -I. Passes the vertical line test; it is a function. =
+ ui, + te + ui, h
2 + / + 11: h +1
Passes the horizontal line test; it is one-to-one.
= 2 + 2u:1, + /2 + 2w 21, + 1
w
Domain: .
-v Range: R
In calculus, functional notation is used in the definition of derivative. The value
f(:r + ii) f(:r)
1
d. Does not pass the vertical line test: it is not a function.
is called a difference quotient.
If it is not a function, then the horizontal line test is not needed because
if it is not a function, then it cannot be a one-to-one function. EXAMPLE 6 Difference quotient
Domain: 1 <.r <2
I
Range: 4 < y .1
Jr + h) [cr)
- Letf() = . Find the difiCrence quotient
11
 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.2 Introduction to Functions 99
Solution
,f(:i: +11)
1.
f(.i) (:r + h.)
A

r Ji 2) = 16(2)2 64 ft is the distance the object will fall in the first two seconds. [(2 + ii) is
tt distance the object will fall in the next h seconds, so the distance in the k seconds following
hL .eCoT1(l second is
When inhing C ttrr nloo4uot.erlt, do lot
h + 3j/2 + h
a: + 3:r
1 [(2 + ii) [(2) = 16(2 + /,)2 61

star w.h f(i;). Fid ((1 + /i) f-nt, t-el sn
trnotf(i;) nd smph: finarry, dive Ly h. h = ) 64
16(1 IA A
2
3x
1
2 i 3xli.
+ 2 + k 16k 64
61+ 64k + 2
A 2 + 64k
16k
3i + 3:ili
I ins, the object will fall (16112 (ilk) ft.
d. I(S) = 16(5)2 .100 ft is the distance the object will fall in the first 5 seconds. Thus, the aver
,ie distance for the first 5 seconds is
EXAMPLE 7 Difference quotient of a polynomial function
,f(5) ft = .100 ft
= 80 ft/s
+ ii) [(.z:) 5 SIC 5 541
Let f(:r) :r + 2,r + 3. Find

I lie distance the object travels in the iuvt 5 seconds is
Solution 16(10)2 16(5)2
1(5+5) [(5) =
[(:i: + ii) [(a:) [C,: + /,)2 + 2(:r + A) + 1 [:,:2 + 2:,: + 3j 1,600 400
A 11 [.200
,,:2 2 +2i+21i+3
+2:rh+h 2 .r 2x3
lie average distance is
ii
1(10) .1(5) 1,200
2 +21,.
2xh+h
210 il/s
105 5
Ii
2x + 1, + 2 I. In the first i seconds the object travels [(a:) ft; in the ncxt A seconds, the object travels
f(.,: + A) [(a). The average distance for the 1, seconds is

/,)2
[(:i; + Ii) [(:i:) 16(a: + 16*
Fecogn,ize the difterenice ouoCieet.
Using Functional Notation in Problem Solving (.7:+ A.) :i: 11
Functional notation can be used to work a wide variety of applied problems. 16(1:2 - 2,1, + /,1) 16:1.2
A
EXAMPLE 8 Falling object problem revisited
16,1:2 32.th + 16/,2 16.1:1
At the beginning of this section, we used the formula d 2 to represent the distance (in ft) that
16t Ii
an object frills (neglecting air resistance) after t seconds. This relationship can be represented by
32:i:1,. + 16/1,2
f(t) . Use functional notation to represent each of the given ideas.
2
16f
11
a. The distance the object will fall in one second.
= 32:,: + 161,
b. The distance the object will fall in the next two seconds.
c. The distance the object will fall during the k seconds following the second second.
d. The average distance the object will fall in the first 5 seconds.
e. The average distance the object will fall in the next .5 seconds (after the first ;5 seconds). EXAMPLE 9 Calculus example, writing a function
I. The a erage distance the object will fall in h seconds after the first i seconds. oippose you need to ftnce a rectangular play zone for children, to fit into a right-triangular plot
o ith sides measuring 4 m and 12 m. as shown in Figure 2.7.
Solution Write the area of the play zone as a function of the length of the play zone. We will continue 4,i
a. f(1) 16(1) 16; the object will fall 16 ft. with this example in Section 3.3.
b. 1(3) = 16(3)2 = 144 ft is the distance the object will fall in the first 3 seconds; f(3) .1(1) is the
distance the object will fall in the next 2 seconds (after the first second). That is.

Solution Let .r and q denote the length and width of the inscribed rectangle. The appmpriatc for 2 m
niula for the area is A 1w .:y. We wish to find a lormula for this area. To rite thisasa single
[(3) [(1) 111 16 that 413C zI4DF. which means that corresponding sides Figure 2.7 Play Zone
128 variable. :t in this example. we note
= =
In the next two seconds, the object falls 128 ft. 4 these triangles are proportional; therefore,
L
 2.2 Introduction to Functions 101
100 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving

x = x (/) for x 0 if n even,

Roots (r = is a positive rational number): f(x)
4 12 n r Q ( is reduced)

4 y = x Power functions can also have irrational exponents (such as or 7r), but such functions must
3 are not introduced until Chapter 4.
be defined in a special way and
1 function is called algebraic if it can be constructed using algebraic operations (such as add
A
or taking roots) starting with polynomials. Any rational func
ing, subtracting, multiplying, dividing,
tion is an algebraic function.
We now write A as a function of x alone: are tran
Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental. The following functions
A(x)=xy=x(4_ix]=4x_1x2 scendental functions:
= b, where b is a positive constant. We
Exponential functions are functions of the form f(x)
will study these functions in Chapter 4.
= log, x, where b is a positive constant.
Logarithmic functions are functions of the form f(x)
Classification of Functions We will also study these functions in Chapter 4.
If you have looked at the table of contents for this book, you will see that one of the unifying con cotan
cepts of this book is that of a function. As a preview of what is to follow, we will define many of the Trigonometric functions are the functions sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and
functions you will encounter in this course and in your calculus course. gent. We will define these functions in Chapter 5.

A polynomial function is a function of the form PROBLEM SET 2.2

f(x) = a,,_
x
ax + 1 + x
9 1
2 +a
+a 0
x+a
10. Let 8(x) be the exponent on a base 2 that gives the result x. Find
. . .
, a
1
a, a ,
0 are constants. If a,, 0, the integer
where n is a nonnegative integer and a,,, a. 3(32) b. s()
n is called the degree of the polynomial. The constant ar is called the leading coefficient and
Deteiiiune whether the sets given in Problems 1 are functions. If s()
the constant a0 is called the constant term of the polynomial function. In particular,
it is a function, state its domain.
In Problems 1118, let f(x) = 5x 1 and g(x) 3x + 1. Find the
A constant function is zero degree: f(x) = a 1. a. {(6, 3), (9, 4), (7, 1), (5, 4)}
b. {6. 9. 7, 5} requested values.
A linear function is first degree: f(x) = ax + b c. y=5x+2 11. a. f(0) b. f(2)
d. y 1 if xis a rational number, and y 1 if x is an irrational
A quadratic function is second degree: f(x) = ax
2 + bx + c d. f()
number. c. f(-3)
ax 2 cx d
3 + bx 2. a. {(3, 6), (4, 9), (1, 7), (4, 5)} 12. a. f(w) b. g(w)
A cubic function is third degree: f(x)
b. {1O. 20, 30, 40} c. g(t) d. g(v)
A quartic function is fourth degree: 1(x) = ax
4 +1 cx + dx + e
bx + 2 c. y5x+2 b.
13. a. f(t) f(p)
d. y = 1 if xis a positive integer, and y = 1 if xis a negative inte d. g(t + 1)
c. f(t 1)
ger.
We will consider polynomial functions in Chapter 3. 14. a. f(x + 2) b. g(x + 2)
3. a. {(x, )I = closing price of Xerox stock on July 1 of year x}
A second important algebraic function is a rational function. b. {(x, y)lx = closing price of Xerox stock on July 1 of year y} c. f(th) d. g(t+h)

RATIONAL FUNCTION 4. a. (x y) is a point on a circle with center (2, 3) and radius 4. 15. a. 2 3t)g(t2)
f(t
b. (x, y) is a point on a line passing through (2, 3) and (4, 5). t
2t+1)g(t+3)
A rational function is the quotient of two polynomial functions, p(x) and d(x): f(

b. 2
g(t + 2) g(t)
For each verbal description in Problems 58, write a rule in the f(t + 3) ft)
16. a. b.
f(x)=, d(x)O form of an equation and then state the domain. 3 2
d(x) 5. For each number x in the domain, the corresponding range value p is g(t + h) g(t)
f(t + h) f(t) b.
found by multiplying by three and then subtracting five. 17. a.
Ii h
6. For each number x in the domain, the corresponding range value p is
When we write d(x) 0 we mean that all values c for which d(c) = 0 are excluded from the + ii) f(x) g(x -- h) g(x)
found by squaring and then subtracting five times the domain value. 18. a. b.
domain of d. Here are some examples of rational functions, written in different ways. 7. For each number x in the domain, the corresponding range value y is h h
x5 I found by taking the square root of the difference of the domain value
f(x)=x 1 f(x)= 2 f(x)=x 3 +2x
2x 3 subtracted from five. In Problems 1924, use the vertical line test to determine whether
+
8. For each number x in the domain, the corresponding range value y is the curve is a fimction and if it is the graph of a function, use the
We will consider rational functions in Chapter 4.
found by adding one to the domain value and then dividing that result horizontal line test to determine whether it is one-to-one. Also state
If r is any nonzero real number, the function f(x) = x is called a power function with expo
into five added to five times the domain value. the probable domain and range.
nent r. You should be familiar with the following cases: 9. Let P(x) be the number of prime numbers less than .r. Find
n, a positive integer): f(x) = x = xx x a. P(10) b. P(10) c. P(100)
Integral powers (r
fctcrs

x = for x 0
Reciprocal powers (r is a negative integer): f(x)
 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.3 Graph of a Function 103

19. 20. 2
x
3
IfS(X)__
, + find a. What will the population of the community be nine years from 58. Two posts, one 12 feet high and the other 28 feet high, stand 30 feet
41.
4x1 now? apart. The top of each post is fastened by wire to a single stake, run

b. By how much will the population increase during the ninth year? ning from ground level to the top of each post. Write the length of the
42. Let R(.r) = 3x 2 x x
2 + 3x 1
. Show R(1) = R(.r).
c. What will happen to the size of the population in the long run? wire as a function of the distance, x. the stake is located from the 12-ft
43. Letf(x) = ax + b.a 0. Find a and b so that
j 53. Find the area of a square as a function of its perimeter. post.
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) 54. Find the area of a circle as a function of its circumference. 59. Four feet of wire is to be used to form a square and a circle. Write the
xliin= -7. 5806451 total area (sum of the area of the square and the area of the circle) as
xM.3x=7. 5806451 44. Let f(.r) = ax -I- bx + c,a 0. Find a. b, and c so that
xl1ir,=-2 Min=-5 PROBLEMS FROM CALCULUS Functions are, of course, central to the a function of the length, x, of the side of the square.
xMx2 Nax=5 xScl=1
xScl=1 Niri= -5 f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) study of calculus. Problems 5560 are adaptedfrom a leading cal 60. A hospital patient receives an intravenous glucose solution from a
Sc1=1
F1ax=5 cylindrical bottle of radius 8 cm with height 20 cm. Suppose the fluid
Sc 1 = 1 45. Iff(x)= ax+b, a 0, evaluate f(_IL). culus textbook.*
level drops 0.25 cm/mm. (Note: The volume of a right circular cylin
46. Let g(x) = ax
2 + bx + c, a 0. Find ss. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base h.)
2
der of radius r and height A is 7rr
21. 22. (length x) and a surface area of 108 square inches. Write the volume
_b+b2
a. Write a formula for the amount S of solution in cubic centimeters
lac as a function of the length of a side of the base r- 8
g
) that has entered the patients vein when the height of the
3
(cm
2a 56. Write the distance between a point (x, y) on the graph of y = 1 removed fluid is A cm.
and the point (0. 2) as a function of x.
.
...\1/...
\.4/ 47. a. Let Q(x) Does 57. A rectangular page is to contain 24 square inches of print where x is
b. Write a formula for the height of the fluid (in cm) t minutes after
the full bottle is hooked up to a patient.
the height of the printed portion. The margins at the top and bottom
Q(2a + 3a) = Q(2a) + Q(3a)? c. Write a formula for S as a function of t.
xMin=-5 Min=-5 xIlin -1 Min -1t3t3 of the page are each 1 inches. The margins on each side are 1 inch.
xMax Max=5
d. How long does it take for all the fluid to enter the patients vein?
xt1.x=1l3 Mx1O b. Give an example of a function E for which Write the area of the paper as a function of x.
xScll Sc11 x5c12 Sc1=1lJ
E(2a + 3a) = E(2a) + E(3a)
23. 24. 48. a. Let T(x) = 2. Does
2.3 Graph of a Function
../... T(a + b) = T(a) T(b)?
. Graphs have visual impact. They also reveal information that may not be evident from verbal or
/\ b. Give an example of a function D for which D(a + b) D(a).D(b). algebraic descriptions. To represent a function y = f(x) geometrically as a graph, it is traditional to
49. Let dbe a function that represents the distance an object falls (neglect
use a Cartesian coordinate system on which units for the independent variable x are marked on the
ing air resistance) from rest in the first t seconds. Find the distance the
).
xNin=-5 Min1e xrlin=-5 t1in=-1 object falls for the given intervals of time if d(t) = 16t.
horizontal axis and units for the dependent variable y are marked on the vertical axis.
xMax=5 Max5 xMax=5 yMx=5
xScl=1 Sc1=1 xScl=1 Sc1=1 a. From t = 2 to t = 6. Hint: This is d(6) d(2).
b. From t = 2 to t 4. GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
c. Fromt=2tot=3.
4 I The graph of a function f consists of all points whose coordinates (x, y) satisfy y = f(x), for
d. Fromt=2tot=2+h. all x in the domain off.
WHAT IS WRONG, if anything, with each statement in Problems 2534? e. Fromt=xtot=x+h.
Explain your reasoning. f. Give a physical interpretation for I

25. f(x +2) = f(x) + f(2)
26. f(2x) 2f(x) d(t + h) d(t) One of the principal tasks of this book is to discuss efficient techniques involving calculus that you
27. If f(x) 3x + 5, then f(2) is a function. A can use to draw accurate graphs of functions. In beginning algebra, you began sketching lines by
28. 2 + 5, then f(.i) is a function.
If f(x) = 3.r 50. Suppose the total cost (in dollars) of manufacturing q units of a cer plotting points, but you quickly found out that this is not a very efficient way to draw more compli
29. If f(x) 32 .5, then f is a function. tain item is given by cated graphs, especially without the aid of a graphing calculator or computer. Table 2.1 includes a
30. The horizontal line test is used to determine whether a graph repre C(q) 3
q 4
30q + 0 0q 500 few common graphs you have probably encountered in previous courses. We will assume that you
sents a function. are familiar with their general shape and know how to sketch each of them.
31. The horizontal line test is used to determine whether a graph repre on [0. 30].
a. What is the cost of manufacturing 20 units?
We will use the functions in Table 2.1 as a basis for discussion in this chapter as we look at
sents a one-to-one function.
b. Compute the cost of manufacturing the 21st unit. properties of functions, and then in subsequent chapters of the book, we will use the properties of
32. The vertical line test is used to determine whether a graph represents
51. An efficiency study of the morning shift at a certain factory indicates this chapter to help us graph functions in general.
a function.
33. The vertical line test is used to determine whether a graph represents that an average worker who arrives on the job at 8:00 AM. will have Even if you do not now have access to a graphing calculator or computer software that graphs,
a one-to-one function. assembled you will no doubt be using this technology in the future. Many have a misconception that if they

f(x + h) f(x) 3x 2 + h 32 f(x) = 3

x + 6x + 15 only had this technology they would not need to study graphing in a mathematics course. Quite the
34. If f(r) 3x2 tlen
h A contrary is true. Even the best software will often come up with a blank screen when an equation
units x hours later (0 < x < 8).
a. How many units will such a worker have assembled by 10:00 or a curve is input. Graphing calculators require input in the form :, which means that
I I*1 AM.?
b. How man units will such a worker assemble between 9:00 AM.
In Problems 3540, find the difference quotient for the given flinc and 10:00A.M.?
52. It is estimated that t years from now the population of a certain sub
2
35. f(x) = 4x 36. f(x) 2
Ox urban community will be
37. f(x)=x
+3
2 38. f(x) = 6x
2 2x P(t)= 20p
39. f(x)=x
x+3
2 40. f(x)=x
+2x3
2 t+1
104 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving
r 2.3 Graph of a Function 105
TABLE 2.1 I)irectory of Curves Hill
Identity Function Standard Quadratic Function Standard Cubic Function a \ II cal numbers; D = (, oc).
y=x y = y =
t. \ I cal numbers except 3.
atause the expression is meaningful for all :u 3, the domain is all real numbers
eept 3.
\I I , L s defined whenever 12 + :t x is nonnegative:
12 + x :r 0
(1 r)(3 .r) 0
F 4u: ++++++ +++++++++
3+x: +++++++-l--l-+ +++++
neg pos org
Absolute Value Function Square Root Function Cube Root Function
4 I I I I I I
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
i= IxI= v y=
We ee that z is nonnegative when 3 < .r < 1, SO D [3. 1[.

g1I1IilIFl1
5 - S
I H functions and [and q are equal ii and only if
/and g have the same domain.
1(T) = q(.r for all 1111 the domain.
Standard Reciprocal Standard Reciprocal Squared Standard Square Root Reciprocal
1 1 I .;mmple I, the functions q and h are equal. but the lunctions [and h are not. A common mistake
= :1:
ieduce the function ii to the function [:
y = (2:i: 1)(: +3)
2:i: 1
WRONG: /i(:z:) = = [(i:)
RiGHT: lmCr)
._
(2 1)( +3) 2i; 1:1 3; therefore, h(r) =
I-u x+3
4 5 5
Even though the usual graphing procedure is to find the domain, draw the graph, and then use
Iii graph to determine the range, it is sometimes necessary to find both the domain and the range.
-4 We summarize these procedures:
n
FINDING THE DOMAIN
find the domain, solve for y and look for exclusions for x.
square root. In applications, the domain is often specified by the context. For example, if :i: is the FINDING THE RANGE
number of people on an elevator, the context requires that negative numbers and nonintegers be
lo find the range, solve for x and look for exclusions for y.
q excluded from the domain; therefore. :r must be an integer such that 0 <x < c, where c is the maxi
mum capacity of the elevator.
EXAM PIE 1 Domain of a function With this procedure, it is not necessary that the given relation be a fLLnction.
Find the domain for the given functions.
EXAMPLE 2 Finding the domain and range of a relation
a. 1(r) 2a: 1 I
b. q(i) = 2:i: 1. .i; 3 md the domain and range for:
(2.i: 1)(.r 3) a. 2 =3
.rq
c. h(r)
I). / 3
d. F(,r) = 12 + .r
c.
11th CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.3 Graph of a Function 107
Solution
IPTS
a. Domain: Solve for ij and look for exclusions for x. b, then the point (0. b) is called the
1w number zero is in the domain of f and [(0)
iH + ilercept of the graph of[ If a is a real number in the domain offsuch that [(a) = 0, then
p is an r-intercept of f Any number :1; such that 1(x) = 0 is called a zero of the func
= 3
// =
Inns can have several s-intercepts (or no .1:-intercepts) but can have at most one p-intercept.
Solve the inequality 3 x 0 to find critical values From a number line, we find u see why?)

ii AMPLE 3 Finding the intercepts
Range: Solve for iand look for exclusions for i,. The range is the same as the domain (the step
are identical), namely, hntl he intercepts and determine whether each isafunction.
iL p
2 +gl=O b. +

2
x 4yi=0
xy
;2
ri + IyiI = d. = 16
b. Domain: Solve for y and look for exclusions for .i:. The radicand must be nonnegative, so +x+2
1(r) =
2 0
3x
Critical values are a: and from a number line we find D
If we solve for q, we see that this is a function because for each a: there is exactly one
p_value.
=
Range: Solve for :r and look for exclusions for j.
i-intercept: yx + y 1 0
Let a; z-: 0: 2
II o + y 1 = (I
1
!i
= 3
lhe tiintercept is (0, 1). Functions can have at most one y-intercept.
3
ostive only c.un q > ft i-intercept(s): Let p = 0: !I:l; + j 1 = 1)
0+01=0 False
Compare this step in part b with the similar step in part a. These steps are often confused. Dn
you see why the is needed in part a but is not needed here in part b? A folse equation means that there is no point: in this example, there are no :r-intercepts.
If we solve for ij, we see that for each a: there are two possible values of Thus, this is not a
Critical values are y , and from a number line, we find 1?
c. Domain: Solve for tj and look for exclusions for x.
= [0, J. unction.
1=0
p-intercept(s): Let 0.52
:1; = 2 + 4y
:utj
1 = 0 02 _0 4112 i=o
1
ti(x 1) 1 LI- = -
4
2 1 1
LI
x 1 11 -

2
+1
y=1
The y-intercepts are {o 1]. {o. _1]
By inspection, D = (1, ) s-intercept(s): Let y 1 I
0::
L
.i:y2 + 4y 1 0
Ran tv: Solve for rand look for exclusions for ii.
(I + 0--i = 0

2 i110
fl/
=
1 The s-intercepts are (1. 0). (1. 0).
,2
+1 c. This is not a function.
x =
ij-intercept(s): Let :i; 0: x + y 4
For this equation, we see that is real for all y except
.i: ii = 0. Thus, Ii (, 0) U (0, .). 1
The y-intercepts are (0. 4), (0, 4).
Intercepts i-intercept(s): Let ij = 0: the xintercepts are found similarly to be (-1. 0), (-1. 0).
As we discussed in Section 1.3, the points where a graph intersects the coordinate axes are called
intercepts We restate the definition here in functional notation.
108 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.3 Graph of a Function 109
d. This is not a function. I lie given curve passes through the line p = 4 at approximately the points (1.6, .1) and
y-intereept(s): Let x 0:.c 3 + = 16 2.1, 4).
o + y = 1(5 Solve
(2 )2 2 = (42)2 2
3:c+5
2
2x
= 43 2x+1=
:1; 3
1/ :/:61 3x+5
2
(2x+1)(:i;3)=2x x3
The j-intercepts are (0. 64), (0. 64). 5x3
2
2:c 3a;+5
2
2a;
c-intercept(s): Let p 0; by symmetry, the :c-intercepts are (64, 0), (64, 0). 2,,; = 8
e. This is given in function notation, so it is obviously a function.
:1; = 4
1/-intercept: Let :i; 0: f(:c) + ;x: + 2
72
1(0) =
0 +0+2 [lie curve intersects the line p = 2a; + 1 when a; fir 4 and when p = 2(4) + 1 = 7. That
2 is at the point (4, 7).
The y-intercept is (0. f(0)) (0, 2).
:1-intercept(s): Let p r [(a;) = 0; factoring, we find that
0
Pioperties of Functions
12 :1; 2 0
svcral different properties of functions are useful in a variety of ways.
(a;+1)c2)=0
1 or x .1; 2
PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS
The :r-intercepts are (1, 0) and (2. 0). I ci S he a subset of the domain of a lunction j: Ihen:
[is increasing on S if[(.r,) < (a,) whenever :1, < x
2 in S;
Sometimes when you are graphing a curve, you want to find a point other than an intercept so that [is decreasing on Sif [(.c)> [(.r.jwhenevcr.c < .c 1 inS;
the point is in a certain region or with certain properties. For example, if you want to know onc [is constant on S if f(a ) = .1(1:2) h)r every x and in S
point on the line defined by the equation 2:i; + 3p 4 = 0, where a; > 5, then you can choose an

Ii he value a separates an interval over which f is increasing from an interval over which f is
cvalue satisfying a: 5 and find the corresponding 1/value. Consider the following example.
>
Ireasing. then (a.[(a)) isaturning point.
EXAM PIE 4 Finding points satisfying specified conditions
Note the terminology; we say that the function is increasing and the graph is rising. We say that
212 3r+5
Find a point on the curve defined by the equation y that also satisfies the specified unction is decreasing and the graph is falling.
conditions, if it exists.
These properties are illustrated with the following example.
a. :1> 5 5 Properties of a function
b. passes through the line p = 4 5)2
I rI p = (x
4 = 2
:c 10:,; + 21 with the graph as shown in Figure 2.8.
c. passes through the line y = 2:i; + 1 EXAMPLE
a. Where are the intercepts?
Solution h. Where is the turning point?
a. Choose any value of :z: > 5, say, :i; == 10: c. Where is the function increasing?
2(10)2 3(10) + d. Where is the function decreasing?
rr- 25
103 7 Solution Note: We state the intervals over which f is increasing, decreasing, or constant in terms
One possible point is (10, 25). 4.1, that is, the S that is a subset of the domain of f x[liri= -2 :Min= -1
b. Solve a. p/-intercepts: If a; 0, then p 02 10(0) + 21 = 21 xNax 1 i:i yIla::<= 1 i
x5c. 1 = 1 9::. C 1=1

ssintercepts: If p = 0, then
3x+5
2
2. Figure 2.8 Graph of 7/ 5)2
4
2 lOx +21=0
a; 3
_4(x_3)=2x2_3;i;+5 x3 (x_7)(;r_3)rrrO
2;c + .s 7 0 .3; = 3,7
1 + l(2)(7) The intercepts are (0, 21), (3, 0), and (7, 0).
5)2,
2(2) h. By inspection from the equation p + 4 = (x
we note the turning point is the point
(5, 4).
4
1.6.2.1
110 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.3 Graph of a Function 111
c. We see the graph is rising to the right of the turning point, so we say the function is increaslil If 1(101?
on (5. x). u [(6) [(2)
f(2)=(2_5)2_1=5 The averaoe rate of chance is:

I
d. We see the graph is falling to the left of the turning point, so we say the function is decreasin a; 62
5)2
on (x.. .5). /i6) (6 1 = 3
I
The information in Example 5 is frequently used in calculus, so we have superimposed the CLI
rect terminology on the graph in Figure 2.9. Ii tie slope of the secant line ism 2 (part a). We can use either one of the gien points. We
lioose (2. 5):
= tii(a ii) Fo[1to fr-
5 2(x 2) Susttute knowr values.
5 = 2a; + 4 impH.
2x + p 9 = 0 ftardsr forrti

.\nother classification of functions is related to the symmetry of its graph. A function whose
-4 .11111 is symmetric with respect to the p-axis is called even. A function whose graph is symmetric
iii respect to the origin is called odd. If the lunction is found to be even or odd, then the symme
8
its graph helps in the graphing of the function. This concept can be used to reduce (by half)
_
2
v lSx+21 +++++++++++++ t +++++++ amount of work necessary on many problems.
4 2
T 4
1 5
I V_____
Function: Positive Neg itive Positive LLN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
Function decreasing Function increasinv
+++++++++++ unction .1 is called
5 2 4
even if [(a;) = [(a;) and
Turning point odd if [(a:) f(x)
Figure 2.9 TerrninoIoy associated with the properties of lunctions I r all x in the domain of j:
In the last section, we defined a difference quotient. There are several applications of difference
i,l as not every real number is even or odd (2 is even. 3 is odd, but 2.5 is neither), not every lunc
quotient, and you might recall that this was the a erage distance we found in Example 8, Section
it is even or odd.
2.2. Another application involves the notion of an average late of change.
I X AMPLE 7 Even and odd functions
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE I.Issi[y the given functions as even, odd, or neither.
Letf be a function defined on some interval [a. hj. Then the average rate of change from a. [(a) = 2
a
(a. Ru)) to (h. 1(b)) is the difference quotient Ii. q( a) =
1(b) - 1(u) 1(r) = .r + 5.r
Lx 1) a
/(a) = 2 is even because
a
You might note that the average rate of change of a function fbet een two points is the slope of the (.)2 = (.2 Ii I
f,) = [(.) I,,
line (called the secant line) connecting these points. That is., in calculus this is often stated in ternis The graph at the right sho s that the graph ,, ./
.L
of a starting point i, and an incremental change ii so that a = :r and b = i + A. so that of the even function f(.r) r;p2 is symmetric
with respect to the yaxis. ::.::t1irv11 Hirv10
j f(.r+1,)f(.r) ::.::P1.::<=1e M.::1
/1
4 \I19::<2
::.::5c.11 Sc1=1
EXAMPLE 6 Average rate of change of a function 2 is odd because
I). !/(E) rr a
= (a:) = a;
2 = q(x)
Consider the function (from Example 5) defined by f(x) = (.s 5)2
4
The graph at the right shows that the graph
a. Find the average rate of change over the interval [2, 6]. of the odd function q(a) = a; is symmetric
Ii
>::Min=113 F1in=-1O
b. What is the equation of the secant line passing through (2, [(2)) and (6,1(6))? with respect to the origin. x[lax=1O iMa:1O
::5:.11 SC11
112 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.3 Graph of a Function 113
c. h(s) = x
2 + 5z is neither because is. a. Point T 25.
(-1

h(x) = ()2 + 5(x) = 5x b. Point
Note that h(x) h(s) and h(x) h(s).

xNin=-13 Min=-1
xMax=le 9Max=1O
xScl=1 Sc1=1 S \1Eab. (x29)
1 \,/ x
+
0 h xMiri=1 Min1 xMin1 Min=-1
T xrlax=1 Ma1 xNx=1O M=12
xSc.11 5c11 xc1=1 c1=1
Graph of K
PROBLEM SET 2.3
27.

(3s + i)(s 2)
10. a. f(x)= ,s6 Find the domain, intercepts, and turning points of the fimctions
Sketch each of the functions in Problems 12, and classif each as s2
defined b the graphs indicated in Problems 1930. Also give the
odd, even, or neither. (3s+1)(x6)
,s2 intervals or which the function is constant, where it is increasing,
1. a. identity function s6 and It here it is decreasing.

(5s i)(s 4)
b. absolute value function b. f(r)= -
x1x42x28
c. standard reciprocal function s+4 xMin4 dMin=-12 >Min=-3 irliri=-1
d. standard square root reciprocal function (5s 1)(s 2)
xMax=4 Max=8 >Max=3 Max=1
g(s)= 19. 5 20. y <Sc1=1 c12
.s2 >Sc.1=1 5c11
2. a. standard quadratic function s2
b. square root function 4

c. standard reciprocal squared function Find the domain for the functions defined by the equations in Prob
d. standard cubic function lems 1116. 29. 30.
I I

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is the graph of a function? 11. a. f(s)=2s3 5\ -5 5
4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How do you find the domain and range of a func b. g(s)2s3,x1 ...1flN....
tion?
= (2s + 1)(s -1)
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Distinguish between an s-intercept and a zero of a 12. a. f(s)
function. si
6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS In the book we state that functions can have sev b. g(x)=2s--i
= (3x -f-i)(s 3) 21. V 22.
\11(x+1)/Cx216) 1f(9x2)
eral s-intercepts (or no s-intercepts) but can have at most one y-inter 13. a. f(s)
x2i2 Y xMin=-1 iMin=-2 xMin=-7..5 r1in=-5
cept. Explain why this is true. xMax=1 iMax=2 xMax=7.5 Max5
b. g(s)=s
2
+3s5 xScl=1 iScl=1 xSc.1=1 5G11
State whether the flinctionsfand g defined in Problems 710 are
14. a. f(s) 3s 9
equal.
b. g(s) _4
32 PROBLEMS FROM CALCULUS In calculus, the average rate of change of a
+s
7. a. f(s)z 15. f(x)__J2_s_s2 function fbetween sand s + h is defined to be the quantity
5
16. g(s)=2+s_s2
g(s)=
s
3 +i
f(x+h)-f(s)
2
2x 754 PROBLEMS FROM CALCULUS Graphs similar to those shown in Problems 17
b. f(s)r h
54 and 18 are common in calculus. Specify the coordinates of the re
g(s)= 2s+1, s
4 quested points by looking at the given graphs. 23. 24. Find the average rate of change from 2 to 2 + /zfor the functions
y
4
5
3
f()(
) +l)(5_ 17. a. Point R in Problems 3 134.
8. a.
s-i b. Point S 31. Identity function. f(s) =s.
5)
g(s)=3s+i 32. Standard quadratic function. f(s) = s.
5
3
f() 052
b. I 33. Standard reciprocal function. f(s) = i/s.
3s+i G 34. Consider the average rate of change for the standard quadratic func
g(s)=s2 tion, f(s) = 52
6
5
2
f()_
. 5 a. Which is larger, the average rate of change from 2 to 3 or from 10
9. a.
s2 to ii?
0 + Ii
x
g(s)= 2s+3, s 2 b. What is the average rate of change from 2 to 2.1?
5s2
2
3s B c. What is the average rate of change from 2 to 2.01?
b. f(s)= s2 d. What is the average rate of change from 2 to 2.001?
s2 Graph of G
g(s) = 3s + 1 e. What value does the sequence of calculation seem to be approach
ing?
In calculus, this value is called the instantaneous late of change.
114 CHAPTER 2 Functions with Problem Solving 2.4 Transformations of Functions 115

Find the domain and range for the graphs defined by the equations 55. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation
in Problems 3552. If the equation does not represent a function, so 2x + 2x The graph defined by the equation
state, and if it does, classij5 it as even, odd, or neither.
k = h)
p f(z
35. y=x+4 36. crosses the vertical line x 1.
11
56. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation is said to be a translation of the graph defined by p f(z). The translation (shift, as shown
37. p = 38.
52 in Figure 2.10) is
39. p = 8x 40. y[ 8x
41. xj 1 42. yx
+4
2 2x1 to the right if h >
43. y=x
8
2 44. y=Jx_9 crosses the horizontal line y = 4.
57. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation to the left if h < 0
45. y=Ix_4 46. y=ix9x
11 + 212 2x up if k> 0
3
47. yx+x12 48. y = --

x- +1 down ifk<0
4 crosses the line y x + 1.
49. xp+l3=O 50. y= 58. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation
x+1
Si. x=S
3
52.lyl+ )) IN OTHER WORDS The procedure for graphing a translated graph is a two-step process:
313+412+3
53. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation (1) Plot (h, k). The numbers h and hare directed distances.
312+1
5x2 8x crosses the horizontal line y x + 2. Horizontal translation h units; to the right if h is positive and to the left if h is
2x+1 negative.
crosses the horizontal line p = 3. II*, _J Similarly, the vertical translation is 1 units; up if k is positive and down if k is
54. Find the points (if any) where the curve defined by the equation 59. If f is increasing throughout its domain, prove that f is one-to-one. negative.
5r2 60. If a function f is decreasing throughout its domain, prove that f is one-
8x (2) Graph the curve y = f(x) using (h, k) as the starting point.
to-one.
2x+1
crosses the vertical line x 4.

EXAMPLE 1 Translations of a standard curve

2.4 Transformations of Functions Given the standard quadratic function p = x(see Table 2.1). Graph the given curves by transla
Sometimes the graph of a function can be sketched by translating or reflecting the graph of a related tion.
function. We call these translations and reflections transformations of a function. a. y4=x
2 b. y+6=x
2 2
c. y=(x5) d. y=(x+5)
2

Translations Solution Begin with the graph of p = x 2

, as shown in Figure 2.11. The vertex of this standard
= .x2

We begin by considering two examples. Graph the functions y and y 2 = (x 6)2 by plot quadratic function is (0, 0). We call this the starting point.
I
ting points, as shown in Figure 2.10. 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
2

-4


I y = 12 y = (x 6)2 y a. Write y 4 = 12 as p k = (x h) , and
2 b. Write p + 6 12 as y k (x h) , and
2
y + 2 6
=
= x2 x2
0 0 0 38 compare it to p to see that (h, k) = compare it to y to see that (h, k) = 8
0
(0, 4). Draw the curve shown in Figure (0, 6) Draw the curve shown in Figure
1 1 1 27
2,11 with the starting point shifted up 2.11 with the starting point shifted down Figure 2.11 Graph of y =
1 1 2 10 4 units. 6 units.
x
2 4 3 11
2 4 5
4 6 x
5 tO
3 9 5 3
3 9 6 2 6)2
a. Graph ofy =x
2 b. Graph ofy 2 = (x
7 3
t
Shift up
8 6 x

9 11
Shift down
Figure 2.10 Graphing by plotting points
8
4
Notice that the graphs in Figure 2.10 are identical, except they are in different locations. You
also should have noticed (if you did the arithmetic) that the first table of values was much easier to Compare the equations in parts a and b with the shift up and shift down directions of the graph.
calculate than the second. When two curves are congruent (have the same size and shape) and have
the same orientation, we say that one can be found from the other by a shift or translation.