PROJECT REPORT

submitted

in partial fulfillment

Master of science

Dual leds flasher using 555 timer

Supervisor Submitted By;

Mr. SANDEEP BAIRWA VIKASH KUMAR 25
VIKASH KUMAR 24
SURENDER SINGH
 I hereby declare that the work, which is being
presented in the seminar report in partial fulfill-
ment for the award of the degree of MASTER OF
SCIENCE on the topic DUAL LEDS FLASHER USING
555 TIMER and submitted to the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engeneering, Jaipur
National University is a rocord of my own
investigation carried under the Guidance of
Sandeep Bairwa Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Jaipur Ntional
University
I have not submitted the matter presented in this
training report any where for the award of any
other degree.
[Name and Signature of Candidate]
Vikash kumar
Vikash kumar
Surender singh
Jaipur National University

Jaipur,Rajasthan,India

Counter Singed by
Name of Supervisor

Mr. Sandeep Bairwa

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,JAIPUR

APRIL 2017

CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in
the M.Sc minor project report entitled DUAL LEDS
FLASHER USING 555 TIMER in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of master of
science and submitted to the department of electrical
engineering ,Jaipur National University , jaipur is
an authentic record of my team work carried out during
the period from 6 jan 2017 to 27 april 2017 under the
supervisor of prof. Sandeep Bairwa

The content presented in this project has not been

submitted by my team for the award of any other degree
elsewhere

Signature of candidate

This is to certify that the above statement made by the

candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge

Date :-
Construct a LED flasher using 555
Timer IC
LED Flasher Circuit Description
If you are looking for your first project in electronic
design, this LED flasher is one of the simplest project
that you can embarked on. There are only a few
components that are used with the LM555 timer as its
core.

There are many different manufacturers of 555 timer

hence you can get one at your electronic shop or
online. However, the part number may be slightly
different but the numeric 555 will still be part of the
number.

In this project, we will show how to build a simple LED flasher

circuit using a 555 timer chip.

An LED flasher circuit is a circuit which flashes the LED- meaning

turns it ON-OFF, ON-OFF, ON-OFF.

To make the 555 timer chip create pulses, it must be placed

in astable mode. Astable mode simply means that the 555
timer has no stable state. It switches constantly between high and
low, or on and off. This is why this mode is also called oscillator
mode, because it uses the 555 timer an oscillator, which creates
square wave signals.

0Save

In this circuit, the 555 timer is configured into an

ASTABLE mode operation where a square wave is
consistently generated from the output pin 3 of
the integrated circuit. If you have an oscilloscope, you
will see a square waveform being displayed.
The frequency of the circuit is given by the standard
formula:
frequency = 1.44/[(RA + 2RB)E1]

Try changing the values of RA, RB and E1 and you will

notice the change in the ON/OFF frequency of the light
emitting diodes. You can vary the power supply from 5V
DC to 15V DC.
The best way to vary is by using a regulated DC power
supply but if you do not have one, a 9V battery will also
do. The LED 1 will flash alternately with LED 2. You can
also connect additional LEDs in series with each of the
LED 1 and LED 2 to increase the intensity of the light
output from the circuit.
The voltage drop across each LED is about 1.8V when it
is operating with a current of about 15mA. The resistors
R1 and R2 are used to limit the current flowing through
the LEDs.

When the output from pin 3 is HIGH (close to VCC), LED

1 will turn OFF but LED 2 will turn ON. The current
flowing through the LED 2 will be (Vcc-1.8V)/470 which
will be about 15mA if Vcc=9V. If additional LED is
connected in series with LED 2, then the current flowing
through the LED 2 circuit will be (9V-1.8V-1.8V)/470 =
11.5mA.

When the output from pin 3 is low, LED 2 will turn OFF
and LED 1 will turn ON. In this case the current flowing
through LED 1 will be about 15mA for a 9V power supply
system. Similarly, if another LED is connected in series
with LED 1, the current will drop to 11.5mA hence a
lower luminen of light will be emitted.

Try to use different colours of light emitting diodes and

compared the brightness of each LED.

LED Flasher Parts List

R1, R2 470 ohm

10kohm 5%
RA 1/4W Carbon
Film Resistor

100kohm 5%
RB 1/4W Carbon
Film Resistor

LED 1, 5mm or 3mm

LED 2 LED

10uF/25V
E1 Electrolytic
Capacitor

0.01uF/25V
C2 Ceramic
Capacitor

555 LM555 or
Timer similar IC
For this circuit, you can use a 9-volt battery as the power source
or if you have a DC power supply, you can just adjust so that it
gives out 9 volts.

For this circuit, you will need several jumper wires because to
connect all the resistors and capacitors to the 555 timer chip does
become complicated. To simply the breadboarding of this circuit,
jumper wires help to space out the circuit so that everything isn't
jumbled on top of each other.

This circuit will flash the LED on and off, on and off.

The rate that the LED flashes is determined by the resistors R1

and R2 and the electrolytic capacitor C1.

Again, the output of a 555 timer are square waves. There are 3
important time measurements for a square wave. There is the
total length of the square wave (the time it is on and off or high
and low), there is the length of time it is high (Thigh), and the
length of time it is low (Tlow). The total time of a square wave is
equal to the sum of Tlow and Thigh. The amount of time that the
square wave is high is its duty cycle. So, for example, if the total
time of a square wave is 1 second and it's high for 0.2s, it has a
duty cycle of 20%, because it's on for only 20% of the cycle.

The duty cycle is very important for an application like this LED
flasher circuit. The duty cycle we choose determines how long the
LED will stay on for compared to how long it is off for. Again, as
an example, if we set our duty cycle to be 20%, this means the
LED will flash on for 20% of the cycle and be off for 80% of the
cycle. If we choose a duty cycle of 80%, the LED will be on for
80% of the cycle and off for 20% of the cycle. Thus, our duty cycle
is very important.

The formulas to calculate these values in our circuit

is:

T= 0.7 * (R1 + 2R2) * C1

Thigh= 0.7 * (R1 + R2) * C1

Tlow= 0.7 * R2 * C1
C1 charges through both R1 and R2 but discharges only through
R2. That's why we must add the 2 resistor values for the
Thigh calculation, but only use R2 for the Tlow calculation. It's
also why you must double R2 but not R1 for the total time (T)
calculation.

According to the above formulas, the larger value we use for the
resistors and the capacitor, the longer the cycle will be. If we use
very large values such as 100K or 100F, we will have very
large cycles. For example, let's say we make R1 and R2 resistors
both 1M resistors and C1 100F. This would produce a total
time period of 210 seconds for the cycle. Of this 210s, the LED
would be on for 140s and off for 70s. This is not what we want at
all. This is way too long. This would not produce a LED flasher.
We must choose much lower resistor and capacitor values in
order to see a flashing or flickering effect.
However, on the other extreme, we do not want to choose values
which are too small as well. If we do, the human eye won't be
able to detect that it has even turned on. For example, if we
choose 1K resistors and a 0.1F capacitor, the time cycle and
the on-off cycle would be too short. It will be as if the LED is
constantly on. Therefore, we must choose a precise range of
values to see the flashing effect. With these values, each cycle
would last just a few millionths of a second.

For the values we must in our circuit, our duty cycle is just about
50%. With a 50% duty cycle, the LEDs are on for about the same
time that they are off.

With R1= 1K and R2=10K and C1= 10F, our calculations will
be:

T= 0.7 * (1K + 2(10K)) * 10F= 0.147s

Thigh= 0.7 * (1K + 10K) * 10F= 0.077s

Tlow= 0.7 * 10K * 10F= 0.07s

These values for resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C1 allows us
to see the flashing of the LED.

Flashing 2 LEDs
We can slightly modify the circuit above so that it flashes 2 LEDs.
The LEDs will flash alternatively. As one flashes on, the other
flashes off.
 This happens pretty quickly but it still can be seen with the human
eye.
Additional Parts

1K Resistor

Red LED

We need all the parts listed for the first circuit, now with the
addition of 1 more 1K resistor and 1 red LED.
Circuit
The schematic diagram of the 2 flashing alternative LEDs is
shown below:
Again, this will create a circuit where 2 LEDs now flash,
alternative, like police sirens rotating between a blue siren and a
red siren.