Ci il E i

CivilEngineeringAnalysisandModelling(CIVL3140)
i A l i d M d lli (CIVL3140)

A/Prof. Yuxia Hu
School of Civil and Resources Engineering

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 A/Prof. Yuxia Hu
A/Prof
Email: hu@civil.uwa.edu.au
Offi
Office: ENCM,
ENCM 112

Dr. Long Yu
Email: Yu@civil.uwa.edu.au
Office: ENCM, 103

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 2x2hrs sessions per week

4 weeks
k iin ttotal
t l

45 min Lecture followed by 45 min tutorial in

each session

20% Assignment

40% Exam (combined)

( )

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This note has incorporated the note from
previous teaching by Dr. Richard Merifield.

The development of tutorial questions is with

th h
the help
l from
f D Zh
Dr. Zhenhe
h S Song.

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Modelling and FEM in Geotechnical Engineering

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` Soils are neither elastic
elastic, nor homogeneous
homogeneous.

` Soils around the world vary.

` Same soil with different saturations and

consolidations behaves differently.

` Soil properties are difficult to measure.

measure

` In situ vs laboratory testing

` Where to start ?
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Traditional methods of analysis often use
techniques that based on assumptions that
over simplify the problem at hand.
hand

These methods
Th th d lack
l k the
th ability
bilit tto accountt for
f all
ll
of the factors and variables the design
engineer faces and may severely limit the
accuracy of the solution.

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 Solution of Geotechnical
Problems

Exact or Numerical Limit Empirical, Based

Closed Form q
Equilibrium p
on Experience

Finite/ Boundary Finite Finite Discrete

Boundaryy Element Difference Element Element
Element

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Method of Analysis Solution Requirements Design Information
Stress Compatibility Constitutive Stability Displacements
Equilibrium behaviour
Limit equilibrium (P) X X
Rigid
g pplastic
Slip-line method (P) X X
Rigid plastic
Limit Analysis Perfectly plastic
-Lower Bound X X
-Upper Bound X X
Di l
Displacement fi i
finite
element Any

P partially
P ti ll satisfied
ti fi d

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 Receive
R i D Design
i PPrescriptions
i ti
(from a client)

Obtain Soil Properties

(
(Site investigations
g and lab testing)
g)

Model Geotechnical Problem

Detailed Design Report

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 N
Numerical
i l modelling
d lli
Geotechnical model

http://www.cofs.uwa.edu.au/Researh/centrifugeprojects.html Silo
Physical modelling http://www.pbase.com/image/41209293
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 Divide the model field (soil and/or
structure) into parts (nodes and elements)

Over each ppart (element),

( ), seek an
approximation to the solutions as a linear
combination of nodal values and approximation
functions

Derive
D i an algebraic
l b i relations
l ti among th
the nodal
d l values
l of
f
the solution over each part. Then assemble the parts to
the whole domain to obtain the solutions of the whole.

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CL FEM is a numerical
method that can provide
Footing (B/2) approximate solutions to a
particular geotechnical
problem.
A FE mesh is generated
for the model
Displacements are the
variables at nodal points
Interpolation is performed
for any point in the
element from its nodal
Element values
A constitutive law is used
x
x
x

to relate strains to
Node stresses, hence
x
Gauss point (integration point) di l
displacements t and d fforces
Force equilibrium leads to
displacements at nodes
(h
(hence thi else.)
everything l )

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` Element size
` Element type
yp
` Boundary conditions
` Constitutive model
` Soil parameters
` Displacement increment
` Understanding of the real problem
numerical model
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Element Type Degree of Plane Strain Axisymmetric
Freedom
per Integration Constraints Ratio Degrees Suitable Integration Constraints Ratio of Degrees Suitable
Element rule per of Freedom rule per of Freedom
Element Constraints Element Constraints
Constant 1 1-point 1 1 Y 3-point 3 1/3 N
Strain
triangle
Linear 4 3-point 3 4/3 Y 6-point 6 2/3 N
Strain
triangle
g
Quadratic 9 6-point 6 3/2 Y 12-point 10 9/10 N
Strain
triangle
Cubic 16 12-point 10 8/5 Y 16-point 15 16/15 Y
Strain
triangle
4-noded 2 2x2 3 2/3 N 3x3 5 2/5 N
quadrilateral
8-noded 6 3x3 6 1 Y 3x3 9 2/3 N
quadrilateral
12-noded 10 4x4 10 1 Y 4x4 13 10/13 N
quadrilateral
d il t l
17-noded 16 5x5 14 8/7 Y 5x5 19 16/19 N
quadrilateral
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Sloan, S. W. and Randolph, M. F. (1982) Numerical prediction of collapse loads using finite element analysis, Int. J. Num. Ana. Meth. Geo.
 (x3, y3) y
u3, v3 3
x Function:
v u(x,y)
( ,y) = a1 + a2x + a3y
f(x,y) = {1, x, y}T
u
1 a = {a1, a2, a3}T
u=? 2
(x1, y1) (x2, y2) u1 = w(x1, y1) = a1 + a2x1 + a3y1
u1, v1 u2, v2 u2 = w(x2, y2) = a1 + a2x2 + a3y2
u3 = w(x3, y3) = a1 + a2x3 + a3y3

u1 1 x1 y1 a1

u 2 = 1 x2 y 2 a2
u 1 x y3 a3
3 3
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 (x 2 y 3 x 3 y 2 ) + x(y 2 y 3 ) + y(x 3 x 2 )

N1 2A
((x 3 y1 x1y 3 ) + x(y y(x1 x 3 )
(y 3 y1 ) + y(
N = N2 =
N 2A
3 (x1y 2 x 2 y1 ) + x(y1 y 2 ) + y(x 2 x1 )
2A

u1
v
1
u N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u2
=
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 v2
u3

v3
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 y Function:
(x3, y3)
u(x,y) = a1 + a2x + a3y + a4x2 + a5xy + a6y2
u3, v3 3 x
f(x,y) = {1, x, y, x2, xy, y2}T
(x6, y6) a = {a1, a2, a3}T
u6, v6 6 v (x5, y5) u 1 1 x1 y1 x12 x1 y 1 y 12 a1
5 u ,v u
u
5 5
2 1 x2 y2 x 22 x2 y2 y 22 a 2
u 3 1 x3 y3 x 32 x3 y3 y 32 a 3
1 u=? 2 =
u 4 1 x4 y4 x 42 x4 y4 y 42 a 4
(x1, y1) ( 2, y2)
(x
4 u 5 1 x5 y5 x 52 x5 y5 y 52 a 5
u1, v1 (x4, y4) u2, v2
u 6 1 x 62 y 6 a 6
2
u4, v4 x6 y6 x6 y 6
u1
v
1
u 2

v2
u3

u N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 v3
=
4 5 6

v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 0 N 5 0 N 6 u 4
v4

u 5
v5

u 6
v 18
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Displacement
p at nodes displacement
p points Strain at Gauss p
at Gauss p points
Constitutive model
Global equilibrium
q Force at nodes Stress at nodes Stress at Gauss p
points

F1 B11 B12 B13 ... B1n 1

F B21
... B2 n 2
2
B22 B23
F3 B31 B32 B33 ... B3n 3

. = . . . ... . .
. . . . ... . .

. . . . ... . .
Fn
Bn1 Bn 2 Bn 3 ... Bnn n
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 CL

Footing (B/2) 4 ` Find symmetrical features,

features
central line can be a roller
boundary. y ((CL)) ((1))
` Soil domain needs to be large
1 10x(B/2) 3 enough to avoid boundary
effect. (10x(B/2), 10x(B/2))
` The bottom boundary can be
10x(B/2) fi d boundary.
fixed b d (2)
` The side boundary can be
roller boundary.
boundary (3)
2
` Top boundary is normally a
boundary (4)
free boundary.

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Less elements to reduce computation time
S ll elements
Smaller l t to
t increase
i accuracy

Optimum Mesh
Combination of coarse and fine mesh

How ?

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` 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional analysis ?
` Plain strain or axisymmetric ?
` Drained, undrained or consolidation analysis?
` Displacement control (prescribed
displacement) or load control (prescribed
load) ?

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