CO2 Transport

CO2 Transport, Dispersion
and Noise Analysis
Use of OLGA as basis for evaluation of design and operation of CO2

pipeline from Krst to Utsira/Sleipner A
Oddmund Kvernvold, Dunja Sultanovic

21.10.2009.
Content
Concept of storage and injection of CO2 from Krst (and Mongstad)
System data and operational requirements
Objectives
Scope Flow analysis with OLGA CO2 code
Case example Blow down of pipeline from Krst to Utsira
Consequence modelling/impact on third party
- Dispersion of CO2 from venting and rupture
- Noise analysis from venting
OLGA CO2 code

- Further development?
Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved 17 November 2009 Slide 2
Concept of Storage of CO2
CO2 to be stored in reservoirs below sea floor
Transport from shore/plant in pipelines to subsea templates
Distance from shore/plant to subsea template may be several hundred kilometers
CO2 injected into reservoir in dedicated wells
Technology for production of oil/gas is applicable
Plant/CO2 source
Impermeable soil/rock
Reservoir
Alternative Storage Solutions
Pipeline from Krst to subsea templates and
storage in the reservoirs at either the Utsira or
Johansen formation
Pipeline from Mongstad to subsea templates and
storage in the reservoirs at either the Utsira or
Johansen formation
Via Sleipner platform
Plant/CO2
source
Impermeable
soil/rock
Reservoir
Operational Envelop/Requirements
System to be operated in liquid/dense phase to minimise pipeline diameter and to increase
operational stability
Density of CO2 liquid and gas crossing the boiling point will vary by a factor of 10
In case operational envelop crosses boiling point large pressure fluctuations/slug
flow/instabilities will occur
Phase diagram CO2
200
180
Liquid/dense phase
160
Pressure (bara)
140
Solid
120 Critical point
OLGA
100
CO2
80 Tripple point
60
40 Gas
20
0
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (DegC)
Some Key System Data
12 pipeline
- Krst Utsira 230km
- Krst Sleipner A 244km
Water depth
- Utsira 74m
- Sleipner A 81m
7 (6.1 ID) monobore well

Vent line Well profile - Utsira template
- Dimension 6 0
- Vent valve/orifice 5
TVD from wellhead (m)

-200
Reservoir conditions -400

Downhole choke
- Pressure 100bar -600
- Temperature 37oC -800
- Injjectivity idex high -1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Horizontal distance (m)
Pipeline/Well Profiles Utsira Formation
K rst to Utsira
100 Horizontal well - Utsira formation

0
-100 0
Elevation (m)
-200
-200
-300
-400
-400
D ep th (m )
-500
-600 -600
0 50 100 150 200 250
KP (k m ) -800
Mongstad to Utsira -1000
100
-1200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-100
Horizontal deviation (m)
Elevation (m)
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
KP (km )
(2008) Challenges of CO2
The properties and behaviour of dense phase carbon dioxide when released are
not fully understood
Dense phase CO2 computer models, methodologies and modelling skills are not
tested or validated
The number and scale of the CO2 engineering challenges are not adequately
understood
The hazards to people from acute exposure to CO2 are not widely understood
Engineering Chalanges
Solid CO2 build up during release
Solid CO2 erosion of impacted objects
Blowdown of large dense phase inventories
Heat transfer correlations for system design
Accurate measurement of dense phase CO2 flow
Design Case (7 well) Pressure
Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation

Sensitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
400
Mongstad
350
300
Pressure (bara)
250 Mongstad - 14"

200 Mongstad 16"
Krst Krst - 12"
150
100 Well 7" horizontal
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Lenght (km)
Design Case - Well
Well 7" horizontal - Utsira formation

Senitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
200.0
175.0
150.0
Pressure (bara)
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Lenght along well (m)
Design case (7 well) Temperature
Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation

Sensitivity 2 + Sensitivity 2
50
Mongstad Krst
40
Pressure (bara)
30 Mongstad - 14"
Krst - 12"
20
Well 7" horizontal
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Lenght (km)
CO2 Pipeline Blowdown
Mongstad
Utsira/Johansen
Krst
Blowdown Simulation Challenges
Simulation of blow down from a large volume CO2
in dense phase:
Blow down rate
Sizing of vent stack and vent orifice
Low temperature of released CO2
CO2 may be released in solid phase and/or gas at low
temperature
Engineering challenges
Sublimation of CO2 in jet - heat from entrained air in
jet depends on air temperature, humidity, wind, sun
Disposal of solid CO2 at the ground and subsequent
sublimation due to heat radiation from the sun and
heat transfer from air
Solid CO2 formed/blocking vent stack/vent orifice
Low temperature in pipeline resulting in:
Solid formation
Ice outside pipe
Damage of insulation
Loss of buoyancy
Ductile failure
Liquid Release
Solid + Gas are formed if liquid CO2 is released
Solid deposit on the ground
Condensed vapour clouds can be seen as -78C gas is being released
Solid sublimation
Shortcomings for Software - OLGA
OLGA commercial code
- Developed for analysis of multi component
systems
- Gets problems for single component systems
and operation close to the boiling curve
- Applicable in dense phase and in gas phase
- Is not able to predict solid formation
OLGA new module not commercial

- Is able to treat single component CO2 systems
- Still not able to predict solid formation, but solid
formation can be assessed from temperature
results
- SPT group has been contracted to perform the
blow down simulations
Example: Blowdown from CO2 Pipeline
Pipeline operated at typically 220bar
Shut down of pipeline
Starting blow 30minutes after shut down
Blow down from a CO2 pipeline
Venting to atmosphere
Pipeline shut down
350
300 Open to flare
Pressure (bara)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
Blowdown Rate

250
Blow down rates (kg/s)
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-50
Time (hours)
Temperature

100
75
Temperature (DegC)
50
25
0 Pipeline
-25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atmosphere
-50
-75
-100
Solids Time (hours)
Blowdown Analysis New OLGA Module
Pipeline from Krst to Utsira
Base case injection requirements
Scope
- Steady state
- Shut down
- Blow down of onshore part of pipeline
- Blow down of full pipeline
- Shut down of pump and production to reservoir until equilibrium

- Blow down of onshore part of pipeline
- Blow down of full pipeline
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Krst
Pipeline
Keep in mind that the holdup in the dense phase region is a purely numerical property
21
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup in Well
22
New OLGA Functionality
The new OLGA code has demonstrated to be able to handle single component
CO2 flow at both steady state and transient operational conditions.
It has been demonstrated that blow down of the total pipeline and the onshore
part of the pipeline is feasible provided the blow down is performed nice and
slowly.
The minimum temperature in the pipeline can be controlled by utilising a blow
down valve with a controller regulating opening size.
The time to fully depressurise the 10 pipeline from Krst to Utsira has been
estimated to be in the order 8-10days dependent on the selected blow down
philosophy.
Controlling the opening of the vent valve may also be applied to reduce the
formation of solid CO2 released to the atmosphere.
The pipeline topography has been found to have significant impact on the blow
down characteristics.
New Functionality Transient Simulations
Blowdown of full pipeline Temperature controllers
Case description
Simultaneous closure of offshore and onshore valves
Closure time: 1minute
Cool down: 24hours
Maximum vent size: 102mm (modelled as a leak)
Vent opening time: 3minutes
Set point for temperature controller -40oC
1Day After Initiation of Blowdown
25
2 Days After Initiation of Blowdown
26
Blowdown 5.5 Days After Initiation of Blow
down
27
Hydraulic, Dispersion and Noise Analysis (2009) - Objectives
Basis for the pre- engineering of the pipeline and vent/dispersion system at
Krst
Procedure for first-fill, re-start and depressurisation at Krst
Operational aspects of the pipeline related to normal and incidental operations
Impact of CO2 on third party during pipeline blow down and pipeline failure
Noise generation during normal operation and blow down operation and assess
impact on third party
Scope Hydraulic Analysis
First fill from empty pipe
Steady state operation/capacity
Settle out
Restart from settled out conditions
Line unpacking
Line packing
Water hammer
Blow down
Rupture
All OLGA simulations have been subcontracted to SPT Group DNV did
verification of results generated using the new functionality
Krst Utsira OLGA Model
Case example
- Blow down of full pipeline from Krst to Utsira template
- Blow down start from settle out conditions
- Vent valve opening
- 30% (5 vent valve) for first 12hours
- 20% for next 3days
- 100% for remaining of the blow down period
Pressure, Temperature and Holdup Along
Pipeline During Blowdown
Holdup
8days
6days Temperature
Pressure
Pipeline
12hours
1day
Steady state
2days
Blowdown Duration and Rate
Maximum blow down rate 116kg/s
Liquid/solid 1.5days
Duration of blow down 10-11days
Pressure and temperature

Vent rate
upstream and downstream vent
Discharging a
mixture of CO2
gas and solid
Consequence Modelling
Results from OLGA simulations used as input to
- Dispersion modelling impact on third party
- Noise modelling impact on third party
- Input to risk analysis
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown
High velocity jets
May include some fraction of CO2
in solid form in the jet
Uncertainties
- Analysis of gas jets with solids
- Sublimation in jet
- Solid drop out and accumulation at
ground
- Subsea releases formation of solid
CO2
PHAST new generation
- Work is ongoing to develop a code
which may handle also solid
behaviour in jet
- Combine results from OLGA with
Phast
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown - CFX
ANSYS CFX is a high performance,
general purpose CFD program that has
been applied to solve wide-ranging fluid
flow problems for over 20 years
Takes into account:
- effect of the terrain
- any combination of release and wind
direction
- effect of air humidity
- solid CO2 The grey cloud is
- atmospheric boundary layer (Pasquill
the 0.5vol% CO2
stability classes)
cloud.
Uncertainties
- analysis of gas jets with solids
- sublimation in jet
- solid drop out and accumulation at
ground
- subsea releases formation of solid CO2
CFX-4. Wind 10 m/s, Stability Class D.
The dark grey cloud is the 5vol% CO2 cloud, the light grey is the 0.5vol% CO2 cloud.
Hearing Damage Risk
Acute hearing damage risk close to the source
- noise levels in the range 115 dB(A) to 135 dB(A) are expected close to source (red
circle =100m), good hearing protection required.
Hearing damage risk reduces with distance from source.

- Outside yellow circle (500m) hearing damage risk is low and will not require hearing
protection.
Hearing
protection
required
Introduction of Sound Barriers
As the noise generated by a blow down might pose a problem, it was decided to
investigate the effect noise barriers would have on the dispersion pattern.
New flatbuilt
area
CO2 cloud
Vent with release
Barriers
Sea
Effect of Barriers With Tailwind
Weather: D10
Weather: F3
CFX-1 F3 - Headwind. Release Rate 53 kg/s, Solid
Fraction 0.4, Expanded Temperature -78oC.
Dispersion of CO2 from Blowdown - PHAST
High velocity jets
May include some fraction of CO2
in solid form in the jet
Uncertainties
- Analysis of gas jets with solids
- Sublimation in jet
- Solid drop out and accumulation at
ground
- Subsea releases formation of solid
CO2
PHAST new generation
- Work is ongoing to develop a code
which also handles solid behaviour
in jet
- Combine results from OLGA with
Phast
Discharge and Dispersion
From Olga results
- Vent upstream pressure
- Vent upstream temperature
- Vent upstream liquid fraction
- Mass flow rate
This is used as input to ATEX model in non-commercial version of PHAST to

obtain solid fraction in expanded release
Results from ATEX are used as input to
- UDM in PHAST (flat terrain)
- CFX (real terrain or crosswind)
Uncertainties in the Modelling of Solid CO2
When modelling the cases with solid CO2 PHAST assumes that the solids
follow the cloud until sublimated. The solids are not modelled with size but
rather treated as a very dense gas that influences the density and the heat needed
to warm up the release. A similar assumption is made for the CFD simulations.
Hence if very large particles were produced in the initial phase of the release
with a potential for snow out neither PHAST nor the CFX simulations would
be able to predict the dry ice falling out and separating from the gas cloud.
The simulations of the cases with solid CO2 thus rely on the assumption that the
solid CO2 is in the form of dust rather than lumps. The effects of this
assumption is most likely conservative regarding the effect on the bulk cloud
as it makes the CO2 cloud denser. If the dry ice is snowed out, the remaining
cloud would be lighter and heat faster.
There are limited/none available data from experiments with solid CO2 to
validate the models.
There are no data from experiments with large releases of CO2 hence there is
uncertainty about the shape and size of the solid particles from large releases.
OLGA Single Component Module
Experience and Additional Functionalities
Experience
Found to be valuable tool with respect to an analysis
of steady state and transient operations of single
component (100% CO2) pipeline system.
Additional functionalities
Able to handle CO2 with impurities
Able to predict solid formation both in pipeline and
during blow down/leak calculations
Able to predict water drop out hydrate/corrosion
CO2 Characteristics
Mol weight 44kg/kmol
Critical point 31oC and 73.3bara
Triple point -56oC and 5.2bara
Sublimation temperature at 1bara -78.5oC
Latent heat of sublimation 570kJ/kg
Density of dry ice 1200-1600kg/m3
Latent heat of evaporation 285kJ/kg
Phase diagram CO2
200
180
160 Liquid/dense phase
140
P ressu re (b ara)
Solid
120 Critical point
100 CO2
80 Tripple point
60
40 Gas
20
0
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (DegC)

CO2 Transport

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CO2 Transport

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CO2 Transport, Dispersion

and Noise Analysis

Use of OLGA as basis for evaluation of design and operation of CO2

Oddmund Kvernvold, Dunja Sultanovic

OLGA CO2 code

Phase diagram CO2

7 (6.1 ID) monobore well

TVD from wellhead (m)

Reservoir conditions -400

- Pressure 100bar -600

- Temperature 37oC -800

- Injjectivity idex high -1000

100 Horizontal well - Utsira formation

Mongstad to Utsira -1000

Solid CO2 erosion of impacted objects

Blowdown of large dense phase inventories

Heat transfer correlations for system design

Accurate measurement of dense phase CO2 flow

Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation

250 Mongstad - 14"

Well 7" horizontal - Utsira formation

Krst and Mongstad to Utsira formation

OLGA new module not commercial

Blow down from a CO2 pipeline

Blow down from a CO2 pipeline

- Shut down of pump and production to reservoir until equilibrium

Blowdown of full pipeline Temperature controllers

Pressure and temperature

Hearing damage risk reduces with distance from source.

Vent with release

This is used as input to ATEX model in non-commercial version of PHAST to

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