Evaluating Flexibility Notions in Mass Housing of

North Cyprus through Learning from Her Rural

Vernacular Architecture

Golshid Gilani

Submitted to the
Institute of Graduate Studies and Research
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science
in
Architecture

Eastern Mediterranean University

April, 2012
Gazimausa, North Cyprus
Approval of the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research

Prof. Dr. Elvan Ylmaz

Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master
of Science in Architecture

Assoc. Prof. Dr. zgr Dinyrek

Chair, Department of Architecture

We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in
scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture

Assoc. Prof. Dr. zlem Olga Trker

Supervisor

Examining Committee

1. Assoc. Prof. Dr.zgr Dinyrek

2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. zlem Olga Trker

3. Assist. Prof. Dr. Asu Tozan

 ABSTRACT

One of the most important considerations in housing design is flexibility that

refers to the idea of accommodating change over time. This concept is covered by the

recent architecture, although it was used since the past times. In fact, flexibility is

one of the most significant principles of traditional dwellings. Hence, it is also

observed in rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus as well. But it seems that,

unlike vernacular architecture, flexibility is not considered as an axiom in recent

architecture of North Cyprus especially in build and sell type of housing projects,

which can be regarded as the subset of mass housing.

In this study, the main purpose is to evaluate notions of flexibility in recent build

and sell type of housing projects of North Cyprus through learning from her rural

vernacular architecture.

To achieve this aim, first the criteria for evaluating flexibility are going to be

extracted through reviewing the literature. Then, notions of flexibility in rural

vernacular architecture of North Cyprus are investigated based on the criteria, which

were derived from the theoretical background. After that, particular case studies from

recent build and sell type of housing projects of North Cyprus are going to be

evaluated in terms of flexibility, to indicate if they have enough potential for

flexibility or not; and if the houses can be adapted to various users and their

changing needs and wishes. Finally, some recommendations are proposed for

improving flexibility in recent build and sell type of housing projects of North

Cyprus through applying notions of flexibility of her vernacular architecture.

 The data collection method is based on observations in the forms of photographs,

maps, AutoCAD drawings including; plans, sections, elevations and site plans as

well as in situ observations and questionnaire surveys.

In general, this study attempts to improve flexibility in recent mass housing

design in North Cyprus to provide long-term and short-term flexibility of housing

through learning from her vernacular architecture, in order to give different users

possibility of taking control of their living environments.

Keywords: flexibility, adaptability, rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus

recent architecture of North Cyprus, build and sell type of housing.

 Z

Konut tasarmnda en nemli faktrlerden birisi deien zaman ierisinde

deiimi barndran esnekliktir. Bu kavram nceki dnemlerden bu yana

kullanlmasna ramen, ada mimarlk iinde yer alr. Aslnda esneklik geleneksel

konutlarn en nemli prensiplerindendir. Esneklik Kuzey Kbrsn krsal Yresel

mimarisinde de gzlemlenir. Fakat yresel mimarinin aksine, esneklik Kuzey

Kbrsn ada mimarisinde, zellikle toplu konut projelerinin alt grubu olan yap-

sat tr konutlarda, bir aksiyom olarak dnlmemektedir.

Bu almada temel ama, Kuzey Kbrsn yresel mimarisinde esneklik

nosyonlarn aratrmak; bundan karmlar elde etmek; ve ada yap-sat tr

konut projelerine uygulamaktr.

Bu amaca ulaabilmek iin, ncelikle esneklii deerlendirebilecek ltler

literatr taramasndan karlacaktr. Sonra, Kuzey Kbrsn yresel mimarisindeki

esneklik nosyonu bir nceki blmden elde edilen ltlere dayandrlarak

incelenmektedir. Bundan sonra, Kuzey Kbrstan baz ada yap-sat konut

projeleri, esneklie uygunluklar yeterince esneklik potansiyellerinin olup olmad;

eitli kullanclara ve kullanclarn deien gereksinimlerine ve dileklerine adapte

olabilmeleri asndan incelenmektedir. Son olarak, Kuzey Kbrsn ada yap-

sat konut projelerinde esneklie ulaabilmek iin, yresel mimarinin esneklik

kavramndan faydalanmasn salayacak baz neriler sunulMaktadr.

Veri toplama yntemi fotoraflar, haritalar, Autocad gizimleri; planlar, kesitler,

grnler, ve vaziyet planlar yannda yerinde yaplan gzlemler ve anketlere

dayanmaktadr.
 Sonu olarak, bu alma hem ksa hem uzun dnemde konut yapmnn

srdrlebilirliini salamak amacyla, geleneksel mimariden dersler ikararak

Kuzey Kbrsn gnmz toplu konut tasarmndaki esneklii gelitirmeyi; ve bu

sayede kullanclara kendi yaamsal evrelerinin kontroln ele alma olanan

vermeyi amalar.

Anahtar kelimeler: esneklik, adapte edilebilirlik, Kuzey Kbrsn yakn dnem

mimarisi, Kuzey Kbrsn krsal yresel mimarisi, yap-sat tr konutlar.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr.

zlem Olga Trker, whose guidance, suggestions and encouragement helped me in

all the time of research. Her wide knowledge and her logical way of thinking have

been of great value for me.

I owe a special debt of gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr.zgr Dinyrek and Asst.

Prof. Dr. Asu Tozan for their valuable advices and suggestions.

I would like to express my appreciation to all those, who supported and helped

me, especially my dear friend Negar Mahouti, during all the study.

I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, who gently offer me

unconditional love and support all throughout my studies and life. I dedicate this

thesis to them as a small symbol of my gratitude.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTiii

Z.. ..v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........vii

LIST OF TABLES...xi

LIST OF FIGURES...xiii

1. INTRODUCTION1

1.1. Aim ...3

1.2. Organization and Methodology.........3

1.3. Limitations of the Study5

2. FLEXIBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF HOUSING...7

2.1. Definitions of Flexibility and Adaptability....8

2.2. Importance of Flexibility ....15

2.3. Classifications of Flexibility....18

2.3.1. Processes of Flexibility....18

2.3.2. Types of Flexibility..........19

2.4. Chapter Conclusion .........32

3. FLEXIBILITY IN THE RURAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF

NORTH CYPRUS..33

3.1. Vernacular Architecture of North Cyprus....34

3.2. Investigating Notions of Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of

North Cyprus...42
 3.2.1. Structural Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of North

Cyprus ....43

3.2.2. Functional Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of North

Cyprus.52

3.2.3. Cultural Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of North

Cyprus.........58

3.3. Chapter Conclusion..61

4. FLEXIBILITY ISSUE IN RECENT BUILD AND SELL TYPE OF HOUSING

PROJECTS IN NORTH CYPRUS ........64

4.1. Problems of Recent Mass Housing in North Cyprus...65

4.2. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Mass Housing of North Cyprus From

Architectural Point of View: Build And Sell Type of Housing Projects from

Iskele- Famagusta Region as a Case Study........................69

4.2.1. Evaluating Notions of Structural Flexibility in the Case Studies From

Architectural Point of View...81

4.2.2. Evaluating Notions of Functional Flexibility in the Case Studies from

Architectural Point of View...90

.
4.2.3. Evaluating Notions of Cultural Flexibility in the Case Studies from

Architectural Point of View.100

4.3. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of Housing Project in

North Cyprus in Terms of Different Stages of Flexibility....107

4.3.1. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of Housing

Project in North Cyprus in Design Stage.108

4.3. 2. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of Housing

 Project in North Cyprus in Construction Stage...110

4.3. 3. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of Housing

Projects in North Cyprus in Usage Stage....112

4.4. Chapter Conclusion117

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....120

REFERENCES ........128
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Chronological list of definitions of flexibility and adaptability......10

Table 2.2: Keywords showing the importance of flexibility......17

Table 2.3. Different classifications of flexibility including the notions.........31

Table 3.1. Classification of main building units (M) in rural vernacular architecture

Of North Cyprus ........44

Table 3.2. Horizontal addition in rural vernacular houses of North Cyprus..........45

Table 3.3. Linear expansion in component/site scale 46

Table 3.4. Various formation of faade due to combination of N.A & N.A module.49

Table 3.5. Summary of Notions of Structural/Spatial Flexibility in Rural Vernacular

Architecture.....51

Table 3.6. Summary of Notions of functional flexibility in the rural vernacular

Architecture.....57

Table 3.7. Summary of Notions of Cultural Flexibility in Rural Vernacular

Architecture.....61

Table 4.1. General Information about all projects......................................................70

Table 4.2. General information about tken project................................................71

Table 4.3. Plans of type A, B, C, D, E, F houses in tken project...........................72

Table 4.4. General information about Boaz Cove Villa project ..............................74

Table 4.5. Plans of type 1 and 2 in Boaz Cove Villa Project....................................74

Table 4.6. General information about Pearl project.................................................75

Table 4.7. Plans of Pearl project..............................................................................75

Table 4.8. General information about Mutluyaka project...........................................76

Table 4.9. Plans of type A, B, and C in Mutluyaka project........................................77

Table 4.10. General information about Dovec project ..............................................78

Table 4.11. Plans of type A, B, and C in Dovec project.............................................78

Table 4.12. General information about Unique Salamis Villas project......................79

Table 4.13. Plans of type A, B, and C in Unique Salamis Villas project...................80

Table 4.14. Structural plans of all case studies...........................................................85

Table 4.15. Summary of Notions of Structural Flexibility in 19 selected projects ...89

Table 4.16. Possibility of converting living room 1 into a bedroom during the night

and convert it into living room or sitting room during the day...91

Table 4.17. Achieving versatility by removing the dividing wall and cupboards

between the two bedrooms and enlarging the space...93

Table 4.18. Summary of Notions of functional flexibility in 19 selected projects.98

Table 4.19. Summary of Notions of cultural flexibility in 19 selected projects.......105

Table 4.20. Possibility of external changes that affect the exterior shell of the

dwellings by the users during design stage...............................................................108

Table 4.21. Possibility of interior changes that have no effect on the external shell of

the dwellings by the users during design stage.........................................................109

Table 4.22. Possibility of external changes that affect the exterior shell of the

dwellings by the users during construction stage.....................................................110

Table 4.23. Possibility of changing interior spaces that have no effect on external

shell of the dwellings by the users during construction stage...................................111

Table 4.24. General information about the number of plots and sold houses..........112

Table 4.25. Inhabitants needs for making of external changes, which affect the

exterior shell of the dwellings during usage stage....................................................113

Table 4.26. Inhabitants needs for making interior changes that have no effect on
external shell of the dwellings during usage stage....................................................115
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Flexibility deals with changing in both structural system and interior

space by users.............13

Figure 2.2: Adaptability deals with changing in internal spaces: adaptable house14

Figure 2.3: Maison Dom-ino by Le Corbusier in 1919..............................................21

Figure 2.4. Five version of ground floor of Citrohan Houses.....................................21

Figure 2.5. Functional flexibility in Schroder house......22

Figure 2.6. Functional flexibility in the Dymaxion house..........................................23

Figure 2.7. Cultural flexibility in Robbie house.........................................................24

Figure 2.8. Cultural flexibility in Jaffe house.............................................................25

Figure 2.9. Incomplete or indeterminate building..27

Figure 2.10. Polyvalent Organizations: Rooms without Labels.27

Figure 2.11. Zip Up Enclosures: a significant example of flexible dwelling.............29

Figure 3.1. Four spatial elements in the formation of house plans.............................36

Figure 3.2. Private courtyard at the back of the building... 37

Figure 3.3. Garden faade and street facade ..............................................................38

Figure 3.4. The most common Cypriot traditional rural house type...40

Figure 3.5. The position of shade during winter and summer in Sundurme...41

Figure 3.6. Four spatial elements in the rural vernacular houses................................41

Figure 3.7. Three main rural house plan types of the island.......................................42

Figure 3.8. Structural system; load bearing walls with timber roofs......43

Figure 3.9. Cluster expansion.....................................................................................48

Figure 3.10. Rural houses with outer hall...................................................................53

Figure 3.11. Rural house with inner hall.....................................................................53

Figure 3.12. Formation of sub-spaces in the main living spaces................................55

Figure 3.13. Multi-functional spaces in vernacular architecture of North Cyprus.....55

Figure 3.14. Locating the wet space in a specific zone and leaving the rest as a

generic 56

Figure 3.15. Spatial relations ranging from public to private in rural vernacular

Houses.59

Figure 4.1. Possibility of extension outside the houses up to 3.05m to the site

boundaries in Otuken project, houses of type A.83

Figure 4.2. Possibility of extension outside the houses according to legal limitation in

Mutluyaka project, houses of type B..83

Figure 4.3. The existing column can restrict the horizontal extension in building

scale.84

Figure 4.4. Possibility of exchanging function of spaces into another function during

the Day ...92

Figure 4.5. Achieving versatility by removing the dividing wall and cupboards

between the two bedrooms and enlarging the space in Boaz Cove villa project......93

Figure 4.6. Orientation of type A houses is not based on environmental control

principles.95

Figure 4.7. Orientation of houses of type A in Mutluyaka project according to the

position and entrance direction of the land.95

Figure 4.8. No strategies or elements were used in windows or terraces for providing

shadow during summer...96

Figure 4.9. Using arcaded semi open terraces as decoration..97

Figure 4.10. Symbolic use of traditional architectural elements in facades of some

Projects..102

Figure 4.11.Spatial relations ranging from public to private for providing privacy.102

Figure 4.12. Exterior privacy in vernacular and recent mass housing......................103

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The concept of flexibility is an important concern in the design of housing.

Flexibility refers to the idea of accommodating change over time. Thus, flexible

housing corresponds to housing that can adapt to the changing needs of users (Till

& Schneider, 2005). The concept of flexibility is covered by the recent architecture,

although it is not a recent term, it has been used since the past times. Many

dwellings, which were built in the traditional methods, have flexible characteristics

such as multi-functionality, adaptability and variability.

In the past, people in both eastern and western societies shared the same dwelling

commonly with their families; hence different generations of the same family

inhabited and used the same houses. However, Industrial revolution and after it, the

Second World War made significant changes in many social structures, including

habitats. These changes also resulted in demographic transformation, accelerating

technological evolution and new life style tendencies. So, these changes necessitate a

new design paradigm in which, future dwellings need to be more adaptable to the

dynamic nature of peoples lives (Friedman, 2002).

Considering flexibility notions in housing design can give users ability to take

control of their environment based on their changing needs and wishes. When

existing dwellings meet the user requirements, they will not become functionally

obsolete because of their flexibility which provides user satisfaction.

1
 On the other hand, flexible housing can generally address issues of

sustainability.

Providing environmental sustainability can be an important feature of flexible

housing design. Flexible houses have multi-functional character and various

functions can be accommodated in a limited space, they save energy and materials

for housing construction. On the other hand, flexible houses are adapted to the

households changing needs and wishes due to the life style and market changes, and

thus they have a long life span. These features provide environmental sustainability

(Beissi, 2001).

As it was mentioned above, flexibility is one of the most important principles of

traditional dwellings. Generally, most of the traditional dwellings are adaptable to

climate, environment, and inhabitants needs. According to Bektas (1996) one of the

important features of traditional dwellings can be flexibility. It is possible to enlarge

the dwellings unit by unit or divide them afterwards.

Alsac (1997) stated that one of the characteristics of traditional design is its

general trend not to make distinctions between too many functions. This does not

mean that every building was designed to be multi-functional but they were used in

as many ways as possible. Houses, for example, were not only meant for living, they

were also places of work and production. They provided shelter for domestic animals

and farming was done in their immediate vicinity, in the gardens and fields adjacent

to them. Even commercial activities were combined with it, a room converted into a

shop served for trading functions.

According to various researches and publications (Turker, 2002; Dincyurek,

2002; Numan, Mallick & Dincyurek, 2003), flexibility and adaptability are also

observed in rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus as well. While it seems

2
that, unlike vernacular architecture, flexibility is not considered as an axiom in recent

architecture of North Cyprus especially in build and sell type of housing projects

which can be the subset of mass housing.

In fact, both increasing number of international universities and secondary

housing tourism contribute to the variety of user profiles in North Cyprus, so it is

expected that build and sell type of houses should be flexible enough for

accommodation of various kinds of users from different cultures with different life

styles while it seems that it is not considered in many cases.

In this respect, this study attempts to develop flexibility concept in recent mass

housing design especially in build and sell type of housing projects in North

Cyprus through learning from her rural vernacular architecture.

1.1. Aim

The main goal of this study is to evaluate notions of flexibility in recent build

and sell type of housing projects which can be the subset of mass housing on the

island through learning from her rural vernacular architecture.

This research has three main objectives: First, to investigate notions of flexibility

in rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus; second, to evaluate flexibility in

particular case studies from recent build and sell housing projects of North Cyprus

to find out if they are flexible enough or not; and finally to propose some

recommendations for developing flexibility in the recent build and sell type of

housing projects of North Cyprus through utilizing notions of flexibility of her

vernacular architecture.

1.2. Organization and Methodology

This thesis is organized in five chapters. After introduction chapter that explains

the aim, limitations and methodology of the study, in chapter two, a theoretical

3
background will be undertaken, by a literature review to build a framework for the

study. The theoretical background includes three issues; various definitions of

flexibility, importance of flexibility and different classifications of flexibility.

Through reviewing the theoretical background, the criteria for evaluating flexibility

in the case studies are extracted which are summarized in an evaluation table.

Moreover, some successful flexible examples from contemporary architecture of the

world will be explained in chapter two as well, to indicate that the flexibility concept

was already achieved in contemporary world.

In chapter three, notions of flexibility in rural vernacular architecture of

Northern Cyprus will be investigated according to the criteria, which were extracted

from reviewing the literature.

In chapter four, nineteen projects from six different contractor companies, which

design recent build and sell type of housing projects of North Cyprus, will be

evaluated in terms of flexibility issues according to the criteria, which were derived

from the second chapter.

Finally, in conclusion chapter, after summarizing the focal points, some

recommendations will be proposed for flexible design in recent build and sell type

of housing projects in North Cyprus for developing flexibility in mass housing of

North Cyprus.

In fact, this study is a qualitative and quantitative analysis based on interpretation

and observation of data. The methodology used in this research is divided into two

parts: literature review and field study.

The second chapter, which is the theoretical part of this thesis, is based on a

literature review. The literature is attained from books, articles, previous thesis and

web sources.

4
 In the third chapter, data collection method is based on existing articles,

proceeding papers, theses and researches about rural vernacular architecture of North

Cyprus as well as observations in the forms of maps, photographs, drawings, which

include plans, sections, elevations, site plans.

In the fourth chapter, evaluation of nineteen projects is based on two methods.

First, evaluating flexibility criteria in the case studies from architectural point of

view through analyzing the architectural drawings to find out if the selected

dwellings have potential for long term flexibility or not. Data collection method is

based on observations supported by photographing, Google Earth maps, and

AutoCAD drawings of each project including plans, sections, elevations and site

plans. The AutoCAD drawings are obtained from the companies who design the

projects or from their websites on the internet.

Secondly, evaluating flexibility in 3 different stages of design, construction and

usage stages in existing situation through questionnaire survey. The obtained data

from questionnaires indicate how flexible the cases can be, in different stages as well

as todays needs of the existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility. Three series of

questionnaires are prepared for three different stages of design, construction and

usage stages. The questionnaires, which are related to design and construction stage,

are filled in by construction firms and the ones related to the usage stage are filled in

by the existing inhabitants of the case studies.

1.3. Limitations of the Study

In this study, the focus is on flexibility issue in residential buildings.

In chapter two, successful flexible examples from contemporary architecture will

be selected from the world architecture after 1920s, which are the years that notion

of flexibility was accepted as a design principle in the world. The priority for

5
selecting the examples is that the examples comprise most of the notions of

flexibility which were extracted from the theoretical section.

On the other hand, notions of flexibility are investigated in the rural vernacular

architecture because the built form in urban areas changed continuously while rural

house forms remained consistent under the permanent environmental factors

(Dinyrek, 2002., Pulhan, 1997). The notions will be derived from existing

researches like articles, proceeding papers and theses which were completed already.

Since notions of flexibility are investigated in rural settlements so recent case

studies are also selected far from urban areas for having a healthier evaluation. They

are located within Famagusta and Iskele region (far from both Famagusta city and

Iskele city) as a recent rural development area.

The cases, which are from build and sell type of housing projects, were built by

six well-known local construction companies (NorthernLand, Noyanlar, Halken,

Dovec, Ilkay Genc, Levent Homes). These companies are some of the most active

companies who are constructing this type of housing projects.

Although case studies are selected from different companies, they have similar

characteristics. All dwellings are finished villas which are far from urban areas. The

basic plan of the cases consists of open, semi-open and closed spaces like rural

vernacular houses of North Cyprus. The reason of selecting case studies with such

characteristics is that, general characteristics of the recent cases should be similar to

the rural vernacular houses for having a healthier investigation.

6
 Chapter 2

FLEXIBILITY in THE CONTEXT of HOUSING

In traditional architecture, dwellers designed and constructed their own houses.

After that, architects got comprised in the design and construction processes and both

the designer and the client exchanged their ideas with one another with no difficulty.

Industrial revolution and the need to shelter many people in urban settings, caused a

development in the multi unit housing type so in decision making process, the share

of the builder or authority increased while the users who wanted to live in the houses

were not part of their home-building process (Friedman, 2011).

Friedman (2011) also stated that:

This change took place in the twentieth century as the western socio economic
structure underwent transformation. The changes affected family structure, led to
higher standards of living, and moved society into an era in which ongoing
changes took place, and where more consumer goods were stored and used did
not experience the same rapid evolution. Rather, it remained a static frame to a
dynamic process(p.2).

These limitations resulted in unwanted moves, greater expenses for demanded

internal changes and difficulty adapting to the physical constrains of the dwelling.

(Friedman, 2011).

In this respect, flexibility is a means that is proposed to bring users back to active

participation in housing and provide them with manageable tools to accommodate

their ongoing spatial needs

The focus of this chapter is on flexibility and adaptability in recent architecture.

Actually, the main purpose of this chapter is to present the conceptual framework of

7
the study through a comprehensive review of the theoretical background and finally

an evolution chart will be extracted from the theoretical background.

In this respect, three issues will be investigated. In the first section of this chapter,

various definitions of flexibility and adaptability from different authors will be

surveyed to clarify the meanings. Then, importance of flexibility in housing design

will be explored. And in the final section, different classifications of flexibility will

be investigated.

2.1. Definitions of Flexibility and Adaptability

The English colloquial usage of the words flexibility and adaptability are:

Flexibility:

1. Ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation (Cambridge

English Dictionary Online, 2011)

2. The quality of bending easily without breaking (Oxford English Dictionary

Online, 2011)

3. Able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances (Oxford English

Dictionary Online, 2011)

Adaptability:

1. Ability or willing to change in order to suit different conditions situation

(Cambridge English Dictionary Online, 2011)

2. Able to be modified for a new use or purpose (Oxford English Dictionary

Online, 2011)

All of the mentioned definitions points to change and modifications according to the

situation. Habraken (2008) mentioned briefly about the confusion in the terminology

as; flexibility and adaptability have multiple and often overlapping meanings that

8
make it virtually impossible to come up with a vocabulary accepted to

everybody(p.290) .

But in architectural discourse, different authors defined flexibility and adaptability in

different ways.

Some of these definitions are collected in the following table in the next page.

9
Table 2.1.Chronological list of definitions of flexibility and adaptability

Authors Year Definition of Flexibility Definition of Adaptability

Hooimeijer A flexible house has the ability to

remove
Priemus 1969 differences between living situation
and a customers aspiration image
(quoted in Hofland and Lans ,2005)

Flexibility is proposed against Adaptability in the housing context

Andrew 1973 tight-fit functionalism(p.698) refers to housing units that can be
Rabeneck, Flexible housing should be capable of easily altered as circumstances
David offering choice and changed (p.699).
Sheppard, personalization (p.698).
Peter Town
1974 The concept of flexibility deals with Adaptability is related to the
the constructional technique and planning and layout of a building
services including the sizes of rooms and the
Distribution (p.86). relation between them (p.86)

1975 The capacity of physical alteration

Guy Oddie by relocation, replacement and
removal of components in respect to
either the constructional elements or
services of the buildings or by
addition of further components
towards increased adaptability.
John Habraken
1976 Possibility of having different
layouts, changing the floor area,
either by additional construction or
by changing the boundaries of the
units.

William Fawcett 1978 Flexibility as the uncertainty and

changeability of the relationship
between activities and spaces.

Flexibility means adaptation without

Schroeder 1979 changing building structure
(quoted in Hofland & Lans,2005)

Flexibility refers to possibility of

. changing the structure for more
John Lang 1987 accommodating different needs.
Usually, it implies a change in the
enclosing boundary and its internal
structure. In a flexible space for instance,
the walls between rooms are easily
movable

10
 Authors Year Definition Of Flexibility Definition Of Adaptability

He introduced concept of
Herman polyvalence.
Hertzberger Polyvalence refers to a form that can
1991 be put to different uses without
having to undergo changes itself
(p.147)

Steven Grok 1992 Flexibility points to capability of Adaptability points to capability of

different physical arrangements different social uses (pp.15-17).
(pp.15-17).

Flexibility is a designed idea Adaptability is a different way of

[that leads to] the collapse of the viewing flexibility which refers to
traditional layout (p.40). Trans functionality and
Gerard multi functionality(p.40)
Maccreanor 1998 Maccreanor emphasizes that most
adaptable buildings were those not
originally
planned for flexibility
(p.40).
The confusion in meaning of
flexibility is based on two
Andrian Forty 2000 contradictory roles: it has
served to extend functionalism and so
make it viable and it has been
employed to resist functionalism.
(p.148)

He focused on 3 aspects for defining

adaptability. Generality: layout
allows multifunctional use and
Eli Stoa 2003 accessibility without changes or
rebuilding.
Flexibility: layout of the building or
area is adaptable through changes
and rebuilding,
Elasticity: extension and division of
usable spaces through or without
rebuilding.

Flexibility is based on issue of both adaptability is based around issues

social and technological adjustment of use
2005b to changing needs
Tatjana Adaptability in the context of
Schneider, Flexibility in the context of housing is achieved through
Jeremy Till housing is achieved by altering the designing rooms or units so that they
2007 physical fabric of building(p.5) can be used in a variety of ways
(p.5).
The ways that rooms are organized,
the circulation patterns and the
designation of rooms. It covers
polyvalence.

11
 The concept of flexibility and adaptability will be explained in more detail in the

following paragraphs.

Rabeneck, Sheppard and Town (1974) explained Flexibility as a concept, which is

related to permanent and fixed parts of the buildings that are the structural system

and the service spaces. The organization of the rooms, their dimensions, the relation

between the rooms and their functions are the concern for adaptability.

In 1992, Grok in his book entitled The Idea of Building: Thought and Action in

the Design and Production of Buildings explained explains adaptability as

capability of changes related to the internal space configurations in housing units.

While Flexibility is defined as suitability for different physical arrangement, which

is valid not only for interior but also for the exterior modifications of the unit itself.

In this respect, it can be stated that Grok agrees with the definitions of Rabeneck,

Sheppard and Town.

Schneider and Till (2007) further improved Groks definition to clarify these

concepts:

While adaptability is achieved through designing rooms or units so that they can
be used in a variety of ways, primarily through the ways that rooms are
organized, the circulation patterns and the designation of rooms flexibility, is
achieved by altering the physical fabric of building: by joining together rooms or
units, by extending them, or through sliding or folding walls and furniture (p.5)

According to the description above, adaptability seems to concern with the spatial

organization of housing units in order to accommodate the change in use. Besides

flexibility is not only related to changes in interior spaces and envelopes, but also to

the structural changes and position of service spaces of the building. In this respect,

flexibility includes both physical and social continuum in the housing. Thus, it can be

asserted as including adaptability, as well.

12
 Hertzberger (1991) in his book entitled Lessons for Students in Architecture

defined flexibility in the housing context as the capability of proposing different

solutions for diverse uses with no certain single solution but most appropriate

solution.

He discussed flexibility in a different perspective by introducing the term

polyvalence.

Maccreanor (1998) supported the argument of Hertzberger :

Flexibility has for a long time been a subject of interest for architects. In the years
to follow this resulted in many buildings with open, changeable planning around
fixed service cores. One conclusion is that flexibility doesn't simply imply the
necessity of endless change and breakdown of accepted formula. On the contrary,
the buildings that have proven to be the most adaptable were those not originally
planned for flexibility. (p. 40)

All above descriptions refers flexibility to capability of changing condition by

altering the physical fabric of building. So, flexibility is related to both structural

system and service spaces as well as the physical changes in the interior spaces. For

example,in Kallebck Experimental Housing ,the building provides opportunities to

the users to make physical changes in both interior space and structure system in

their houses over the time(fig.2.1)

Convertible parts

Permanent components

Fig 2.1: Flexibility deals with changing in both structural system and interior space
by users: Kallebck Experimental Housing (1960) by Erik Friberger in Sweden
(adapted by Albostan, 2009; from Schneider & Till, 2007, p. 72)

Adaptability, on the other hand, is only related to the internal organization of

housing units in order to accommodate the change in use such as organization of the

13
rooms, their dimensions, and the relation between the rooms without changing

building structure. So, it can be stated that flexibility covers concept of adaptability

as well.

For instance, Development Group of the MHLG in Britain designed an adaptable

house in 1962 which allowed users to modify and adjust interior spaces of their

houses according to their needs and wishes (fig.2.2).

Users

Terraces

Architect

Fig 2.2. adaptability deals with changing in internal spaces: adaptable house (1962),
by Development Group of the MHLG in (adapted by Albostan, 2009; from
Schneider & Till, 2007, p. 73)

In contrast to the above definitions, a few authors such as Dluhosch (1974) and

Schroede (1979) defined flexibility as the ability to change condition without

changing building structure. In fact, they believed that flexibility is the ability to

achieve change of conditions without changing the basic system.

Oddie (1975) defined adaptability as capacity of physical alteration in respect to

either the constructional elements or services of the buildings or by addition of

further components towards increased adaptability. In fact, Oddie (1975) believed

that adaptability is an inclusive concept that covers flexibility as well.

14
 To sum up, it can be stated that most of the mentioned authors considered

flexibility as an inclusive concept covers the concepts of adaptability as well.

Flexibility includes both physical and social continuum in exterior and interior parts

of the building while adaptability seems to deal with the spatial organization of

housing units without any structural alteration in order to accommodate the change in

use.

2.2. Importance of Flexibility

After surveying various definitions of flexibility and adaptability from different

authors and investigating different types of flexibility, in this part, importance of

flexibility in housing design will be explored.

One of the most important features of flexible housing is that it allows users to

take control of their environments during their occupation. It gives ability to the

users to change their environment based on their changing wishes and demands over

the time, so it can respond to their demands from the beginning of occupation and

lasting over time. In fact, flexibility can provide user satisfaction since people dont

have to move or pay more expenses for the changes needed (Schneider & Till,

2005a).

When existing dwellings meet the user requirements, the dwelling will not

become obsolescent functionally. This is another feature of flexibility that can have

positive effects on long term economic concerns (Bakkaloglu, 2006).

According to Till and Schneider (2005a):

Sense tells us that flexibility is more economic in the long term because
obsolescence of housing stock is limited, but there is little quantitative data to
substantiate this argument. However, all our qualitative research indicates that if
technological systems, service strategies and spatial principles are employed, that
enable the flexible use of a building, these buildings in turn will last longer, and
they will be cheaper in the long run because they reduce the need and frequency
for wholesale refurbishment (p.162).

15
 Affordability can also be achieved through flexible design. Freidman and Krawitz

in the NEXT Home project could achieve this aim through flexible design in 1996.

Recently, the demand for a new housing alternative have increased because of the

fundamental demographic and economic changes and The Next Home project that

was designed and constructed at the McGill University School of Architecture, can

be a respond to this demand by integrating flexibility with affordability. In this

project, the users have the ability to select the interior components of their houses

according to their individual lifestyles and budgets and can easily change these initial

parameters as the need arises. On the other hand, it can be feasible to subdivide and

rearrange the volumes both pre and post occupancy to accommodate transformation

from one housing type to another with minimal trouble and cost (Freidman and

Krawitz, 1996).

Flexibility can be a way of providing privacy as well. in fact, flexibility increases

the relationship of dweller with the dwelling so users can control their environment

based on their needs and preferences. For instance, occupants can provide their

desired privacy through changing the location of interior walls. (Shabani et al,

2000).

Actually, one of the most important advantages of flexible design is serving

sustainability. According to Till and Schneider (2005) Flexibility is an important

consideration in the design of housing if it is to be socially, economically and

environmentally viable (p.1).

Beissi (2001) in his article entitled flexible housing, compact city and

environmental preservation: a critical look at Hong Kong experience mentioned that

adaptable houses are sustainable environmentally because;

16
 First it accommodates various functional demands within a limited space so it
saves energy and materials for housing construction. Second it is adaptable to
requirement changes due to life style and market changes and thus it has a long
life span. Third, since the technical modification is easier than conventional tight
fit housing, the refurbishing, obsolescence and demolition require less material,
energy and labor (P.30).

According to Scheneider & Till (2005), if flexibility in housing is to achieve its

full potential, it has to mean more than endless change without fixed determinants.

This wider intent is examined by considering flexibility under issues of sustainability

(P.6).

Kendall (2005) mentioned that most of the corporations, which are demanding the

sustainable development; establish adaptable buildings with new construction

techniques rather than the demolition.

The mentioned advantages are collected briefly in table 2.2.

Table 2.2. keywords showing the importance of flexibility

Importance of flexibility

not only allows users to take control of their environments after occupation
Motivating Participation
but also during the design stage

Satisfying the users

Users can change their environment according to their changing needs and
demands over time
Avoiding functional
When existing dwellings meet the user requirements so the dwellings will
obsolescence
not become obsolescent functionally

Flexibility can help to accommodate large families

Resolving over crowding

Possibility of changing the house according to the users need and culture
Elongating Lifespan of the
and as a result, increasing life span of the house. Helps increase the
house attractiveness, and therefore the lifespan of buildings as well.

flexibility is more economic in the long term because obsolescence of

Considering Finance
housing stock is limited

Transformation with minimal cost

Providing Affordability
Providing privacy Because flexibility increases the relationship of dweller with the dwelling
so users can change their environment based on their need

Serving sustainability

17
2.3. Classifications of Flexibility

The purpose of the next section is to explain different ideas and categorizations

from different authors for better understanding of flexibility notion.

2.3.1. Processes of Flexibility

Time factor is a key factor in the classification of processes of flexibility

(Bakkaloglu, 2008).

According to Oxman (1977), flexibility can take place in different stages during

the life cycle of a building. These are design, construction and usage stages.

The first stage is design stage, where the designers utilize some strategies to promote

pre- or post occupancy flexibility during the conception phase. The occupants

identity can be known or un- known during design process (Freidman, 2002).

Adapting the design to clients needs prior to occupancy is harder when the identity

of the occupants is unknown. It is a process that requires foresight and forecasting

(Freidman, 2002, pp.13). In fact, the future needs of the occupants are expected to

foreseen by the architects and designers in this stage.

The second stage is construction stage. Freidman (2002) states that Adaptability

during construction stage refers to the employment of strategies that enable the

builder or the occupant to make changes to the design as the projects building

progresses (p.13).

For instance, when the users are known they may change their minds about a

space during the construction process. On the other hand, when the users are

unknown the builder can offer some choices to the client such as choosing between

alternative layouts for the same dwelling size.

18
 The third stage is usage stage, when the users move into their houses and they

may want to change it based on their needs, wishes, cultures and lifestyles. Besides,

the users may change or the same users changing needs.

2.3.2. Types of Flexibility

Beside various definitions, many authors categorize flexibility in different forms.

These classifications that will be explained below are ways of understanding how

flexibility can be obtained during design, construction and usage stages. In this

section, some of the classifications will be investigated to clarify the conceptual

framework of the study better.

Dittert (1982) which is quoted in Hofland & Lans (2005) classified flexibility into

two groups: Functional flexibility and structural flexibility.

After that in 1990, Van Eldonk & Fassbinder added one group to the Ditterets

categorization. The three classifications are explained below in detail:

-Spatial (structural) flexibility: the ability to change the condition based on

professional intervention.

This flexibility is not only related to structural changes but also to the physical

alteration occurring in the interior space. Dwellers can change their houses according

to their own preferences based on professional intervention. Although this spatial

flexibility benefits the developer indirectly, it does provide freedom for the dwellers.

-Functional flexibility: the ability to change the condition without professional

intervention. Dwellers can change the interior space of their houses based on

changing their needs and wishes without structural alteration. It is based on assigning

new functions in redundant rooms, changing the room function or the relation

between the rooms

19
 -Character flexibility: possibility of changing the faade or dwelling identity-

aspects of architectural quality.

The similar classification was done by Al-Dakheel in 2004. But his classification

was in more detail. Actually, Al-Dakheel determined some notions for each category

to clarify them better. They are explained below in detail.

-Functional flexibility: the ability to control the residential spaces by modifying

volumes, elements and furniture to the changing requirements of households.

Functional flexibility covers the following notions:

Versatility: Layout permits spatial multi-use with minor structural

modifications.

Convertibility: Ability to convert one space from one function to another

function permanently or the ability to exchange space functions with each

other temporarily without any structural modifications.

Ability to separate and rejoin units.

Pre-design service and utility zones for plumbing and electric systems.

Gulaydin (2004) quoted in Bakkalolu (2006) also added one more notion to

functional flexibility.

Ability of rearranging the furniture in volumes

As one of the first functionally flexible examples, it can be pointed to the Maison

Domino and Maison Citrohan from Le Corbusier.

According to Le Corbusier, the solution for the problems in housing could be solved

by offering standardized solutions. From this point of view, he proposed a skeleton

system called Maison Dom-ino in 1919 that can be regarded as one of the

pioneering schemes for mass-produced housing constructions. This scheme consists

of reinforce framework system with a broad flooring area. In fact, in this scheme the

20
permanent/fixed part is separated from the infill/unfixed elements and this free

standing structure gives spaces the ability of free use and convertibility of

spaces(Albostan, 2009 ) (fig.2.3).

Maison Citrohan, that was created by Le Corbusier in five versions between 1919 to

1927, is based on the Maison Dom-ino system. Actually, freedom of the space and

free standing columns left the main area open and gives possibility of versatility and

convertibility from one function to another function (Risselada, 1991) (fig.2.4).

Permanent components:

Columns

Slabs

Access unit (staircase)

Figure 2.3: Maison Dom-ino by Le Corbusier in 1919

1919 1920 1922 1926 1927

Fig 2.4. Five version of ground floor of Citrohan Houses (Risselada, 1991, p.95).

Schroder house which was designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1924 can be a significant

example of 1920s flexible house design. This house may be one of the buildings that

have been created completely according to the De-Stijl principles. The fact that the

house is both literally and figuratively open-ended is one of its most distinctive

qualities and it provides a richer, more complex definition of what the architect and

the client through modern living was all about. The main living area of the house is

also an explanatory example of modularity. Rietveld designed a cabinet with

21
modular storage compartments for swing supplies, stationery, a phonograph and a

movie projector (Friedmen, 1998, p.74).

The important features of this house are convertibility for changing space

functions and ability of separating and rejoining of the volumes by using movable

partitions. The basic requirements of the households as much as the privacy need can

be obtained by the ability of conversion. The main living area has open plan and free

structural system that gives ability of space changing (Bakkalolu, 2006) (fig.2.5)

ground floor

first floor

Fig 2.5.functional flexibility in Schroder house (Friedman,1998, p.74).

As a successful functionally flexible example, it can be also pointed to the

Dymaxion house which was designed by Richard Buckminster in 1929. It had a

versatile and convertible character. It has a circular plan with steel-framed

lightweight tower structure. The interior spaces included prefabricated movable

partitions and the bathroom was similarly a prefabricated factory-produced unit

(Jackson, 1996:32). Actually the movable walls give space the ability to convert the

functions. It was also possible to separate and rejoin the room because of existing

movable partitions. On the other hand, the ability of relocating wet spaces was a way

22
of achieving flexibility with independent spatial arrangement (Bakkalolu, 2006)

(fig.2.6).

fg

Fig 2.6.Functional flexibility in the Dymaxion house .

-Cultural flexibility: the ability to personalize the space.

It covers the following notions:

personalizing the unit: Arranging the dwellings based on the users taste and

identity

Improving exterior privacy: Privacy between public and semi-private areas.

Improving interior privacy: Privacy between semi-public and private areas.

Robie house that was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1909 can be a

successful functionally and culturally flexible example.

This house is widely considered as a finest example of the Prairie style. The most

important features of this style are: horizontal line, open floor plan and low-

pitched roof. In fact, Wright wanted to reduce the rooms in a house to the barest

essentials, have those spaces be free-flowing. This house with its fluid space

between living room and dining room embodied his principles for an open plan

(Elliott, 2002) (fig.2.7).

23
Fig 2.7.cultural flexibility in Robbie house

In fact, the open plan of the house gives ability to the users to convert function of

spaces with each other as well as personalizing the units based on their needs and

tastes.

The Jaffe house which was designed by Richard Rogers in 1966 can be a proper

example of culturally flexible project.

Possibility of adapting the spaces into changing needs of a family was the demand of

Jaffes. Sliding doors divided the living space into a public zone and a family zone

centred on the kitchen. The private quarters are in the eastern edge of the house and

the bedrooms can be relocated because of non structural walls (Powell, 1999).

The open plan of the house and non structural walls provide functional flexibility

as well as cultural flexibility. Using non structural walls provides opportunity to the

users to divide a room for different functions and also rejoin it for converting the

room into single function. Therefore, the users can change their houses based on their

own wishes, tastes and cultures. The open plan and non structural walls also provide

an opportunity to improve interior privacy according to the wishes of the households

as well (Bakkalolu, 2006) (fig.2.8).

24
Fig 2.8. Cultural flexibility in Jaffe house (Powell, 1999, p.40).

-Structural flexibility: the ability to extend a unit vertically or horizontally and

apply a system of standardized modularization.

It covers the following notions:

Extendibility

Gulaydin (2004) that is quoted in Bakkalolu (2006) classified expansion into

several views in housing context as below:

-Expansion according to direction; horizontal expansion, vertical expansion,

horizontal and vertical expansion

-Expansion according to scale; expansion according to component scale, expansion

in building scale, expansion in settlement scale.

-Expansion according to form; radial expansion, linear expansion and clustered

expansion (Gulaydin, 2004:P.28)

Add-on and add-in method is another method for expansion in structural

flexibility which was introduced by Freidman in 2002. He (2002) states that design

that considers expansion beyond the dwelling (add-on) or growth into a space within

the perimeter of the original volume (add-in) is another form of flexibility and also

adaptability (p.17).

Schneider and Till (2007) in their books, flexible housing, introduced two main

structural methods to attain flexibility: base structures and polyvalent

organizations.

25
 Base structures (Open plan and free structural system)

Polyvalent organizations (Standardized modularization)

Based structure covers the theory of support and infill systems, which were

introduced by Habraken in 1972. It refers to a structural system that allows a layout

that is not fixed in function. Actually, it accommodates the design idea of

incomplete or indeterminate buildings by mainly focusing on the permanent

elements, which can be listed as structural elements, access units and

servicing.

This theory was developed into an approach that has generally become known as

open building concept. The aim of this theory is regaining the natural relationship

between dwellings and dwellers on the people who use the space (Beisi, 2001).

Supports are composed of fixed/common elements. The elements are column,

girder, retaining wall, main mechanical systems ducts; vertical circulation core (stair

and elevator) whereas Infill system consists of flexible elements determined for each

single dwelling unit. These are partition walls, floor elements, doors, kitchen and

bathroom equipments, all the conduits for electricity, heating, water and gas

(Habraken, 2002).

According to till and Schneider (2005) this theory is probably the best-known

constructional principle to facilitate flexibility in housing.

In the method of base structure, which covers the theory of support and infill,

architects focus on support systems, which are permanent elements and they may

intentionally leave the rest as a generic space for the users to fill in according to their

needs and demands, as incomplete and indeterminate (fig.2.9).

26
Fig 2.9. Incomplete or indeterminate building: focusing on permanent elements and
leaving the rest for users to change it according to their wishes and needs. The
Siedlung Hegianwandweg multi-storey apartment house in Switzerland (2003), by
EM2N Architekten( adapted from Albostan,2009)

Polyvalent organizations type of structure is the second flexible structure, which

covers the term polyvalence which was introduced by Hertzberger in 1991. Unlike

indeterminate space idea of base structures, the space in polyvalent organizations

is generally divided into permanent modules with standardized dimensions,

appropriate for diverse functions. In this approach, the sizes of the modules are

standard and fixed in form, but it is possible to join two or more modules together or

to divide a module into smaller modules (Albostan, 2009) (fig.2.10).

Fig 2.10. Polyvalent Organizations: Rooms without Labels: it covers the idea of
modularity. The rooms are without labels, their dimensions are appropriate for
different uses. The flexible Woningbouw multi-storey apartment house in
Netherlands (1984), by Volkshuisvesting Rotterdam (Albostan, 2009).

27
 After Al-Dakheel, Hofland (2005) set his own framework through various

definitions and various kinds of flexibility. According to Hofland, there are different

types of flexibility. These are:

1. Neutral for furnishing, (functional).

2. Possibility for change of floor plan, (structural).

3. Possibility to reshape apartments, (structural).

4. Modernization flexibility, (structural and functional).

5. Character flexibility (identity), (cultural).

6. Flexibility for changing safety requirements, (functional).

7. Wheel chair adaptability, (functional).

8. Capacity for expansion, (functional).

9. Multi functionality, (functional).

10. Finance flexibility, (functional).

11. Capacity to shrink, (functional).

12. Parking flexibility, (functional).

13. Robustness for calamities, (functional).

Many of these keywords were covered by above definitions and classifications.

As an example, the first item refers to flexible furniture that Al-Dakheel who

considered it in functional flexibility. Another item is capacity for expansion. Al-

Dakheel (2004), Freidman (2002), Eldonk & Fassbinder (1990) pointed out to it in

their definitions and classifications. In fact, Hofland (2005) tried to extract some

keywords based on the various definitions to set his own framework.

Generally, based on the various classifications which were explained before, it

can be concluded that flexibility can be categorized into 3 main groups; functional,

cultural/character, and spatial/structural flexibility and each group can include some

28
notions, as well. On the other hand, different types of flexibility can be evaluated in 3

stages of design, construction and usage as well.

Zip Up Enclosures can be a significant example of flexible dwelling that includes

all 3 types of flexibility as well. It was designed by Richard Rogers in 1971. The

main aim of this project was to offer a wide range of choice to the users with a high

degree of environmental control. The architect predicted potential purchasers going

to their local home store to buy as many rings as they wanted or extra rings to

enlarge an existing home according to their needs. Maximum flexibility for

subdivision can be achieved because there is no internal structure in this project.

Within the house, all partitions were movable so it can be possible to change the

space functions according to users needs and wishes. It was predicted that extra

doors and windows could be provided by the householders (Powell, 1999: 82)

According to the mentioned descriptions, it could be possible to have a flexible

dwelling with the characteristics of extendibility, division and multi-functionality.

Because of movable partitions it can be possible to alter the space functions

according to the wishes. It can also be feasible to have extension beyond the building

when the population of the family increases and additional rings can be cancelled

when it declines. These additional rings give the house versatility because of the

structural modification during the addition process of the rings. The provision of

extra doors and openings can provide exterior privacy as well as climatic needs of

households (Bakkalolu, 2006) (fig.2.11)

29
 Fig 2.11. Zip Up Enclosures: a significant example of flexible dwelling

The following table shows different classifications of flexibility and the related

notions of each category.

30
Table 2.3. different classifications of flexibility including sub-definitions
Versatility: spatial multi use with minor structural modification

Ability to convert space from function to another

without any structural modification
Convertibility :
Ability to exchange or interchange space functions
without any structural modifications
Functional
Multi-functionality: the ability of having different function at a same time, at the
same place
flexibility
the ability to separate and rejoin the rooms and units in terms of movable partitions

Flexible furniture: The ability to rearrange furniture

the ability to place wet spaces within specific zones but not to be permanently fixed,
freedom of main space as generic space

Adaptable to climate

adaptable to disabled

Individuality: change of condition, based on users preferences and their culture

Character/ exterior privacy: between semi public and

semi private areas
providing privacy
cultural Interior privacy: boundaries between semi
private and private areas

flexibility cultural identity

adaptable to different users with different identities

According to component horizontal extension

scale
scale & division
Extension
dimension Horizontal
Extendibility Division
& building scale
Spatial/ Sub-division Vertical Extension

Division
Horizontal
Structural radial expansion
Vertical
According to linear expansion Horizontal
flexibility Vertical
Vertical
Form Horizontal
clustered expansion Vertical
Vertical

indeterminate / incomplete buildings

Vertical
Structural

methods standardized modularization

Form of roofs possibility of vertical extension

Flexible faade possibility of changing openings

31
2.4. Chapter Conclusion

In this chapter, three issues were investigated for a better understanding of the

flexibility concept; what flexibility is, why flexibility is important and how flexibility

is classified.

It is clear that this concept is not a recent term and many researchers and

architects considered it as a basic principle for housing design. Through reviewing

the mentioned three issues, the flexibility criteria were extracted, which were

summarized in table2.3. The criteria will be utilized for evaluating flexibility in the

recent case studies as well as investigating flexibility in the rural vernacular

architecture of North Cyprus.

To clarify the framework of this study more, it should be mentioned that in this

study, the term flexibility is considered as an inclusive concept that covers

adaptability as well. Flexibility is also classified into three main groups in this study:

structural, functional and cultural flexibility and each group include some notions as

well.

On the other hand, the house is divided into two sections; movable and non-

movable sections. Non-movable components; consist of structure, skin and core

(service space and access unit). Movable components; consist of space layout,

furniture and users.

According to the theoretical part, Functional and cultural flexibility are more

related to movable parts, while structural flexibility can be more related to non-

movable components of the dwellings.

In the next chapter, rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus will be

investigated in terms of flexibility based on the criteria which were summarized in

the table 2.3.

32
 Chapter 3

FLEXIBILITY IN THE RURAL VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH CYPRUS

There are number of names given to define certain built environments, namely,

vernacular, anonymous, indigenous, folk, spontaneous and traditional (Oliver, 1997).

In vernacular architecture, people formed their houses based on their traditions and

needs. The houses were directly and un-self-consciously representations of their

norms, values, images, lifestyle and other aspects of life. So, socio-cultural factors

shape the main characteristics of vernacular houses and dwellings (Rapoport, 1969;

Rapoport, 1982).

In addition to socio-cultural factors, natural environment also shaped the

vernacular houses physically and functionally. They adapted to the geographical

characteristics, topography ,climate of the region and available materials. Mercer

(1975) mentions that products of the folk tradition belong to a type, which is

common in a given area at a given time.

Builders of the traditional form were neither artists or designers, nor architects.

They were the specialized craftsmen or owners of dwellings working within an idiom

with variations within a framework, which can be adapted to social needs in various

ways. The form of the house, even the materials to be used, is known by the builder

and owner of the buildings. The same accepted form is applied with individual

variability and differentiation. The model is adjusted according to specific

requirements so it is additive, open-ended and generic. As mentioned by Rapoport

33
(1969) simplicity and direct solution to necessities and changes creates the basis of

traditional houses.

This chapter includes a brief explanation about general characteristics of

vernacular architecture of North Cyprus in both urban and rural areas. The main

focus of this study is on rural areas because urban settlements were under the

influence of several foreign powers and the imported lifestyles (Dinyrek, Numan,

& Pullhan, 2001). Therefore, the built form in urban areas changed continuously

while rural house forms remained consistent under the permanent environmental

factors (Pulhan, 1997; Dinyrek, 2002). After the brief explanation, notions of

flexibility in rural vernacular architecture of North Cyprus will be investigated

according to the flexibility criteria.

3.1. Vernacular Architecture of North Cyprus

The island of Cyprus has a unique traditional built environment due to her multi

cultural identity. Throughout the history of the island, many sovereignties existed

emerging different ethnical groups, who have coexisted on Cyprus island. The

vernacular architecture of the island could be investigated under two fields, which

can be subjected as rural and urban settlements. As stated by Pulhan (1997)

although rural and urban settlements underwent diversified impacts of prevailing

rulers, particular differentiation is traced in their architectural developments ( p.85).

In fact, there are certain differences between rural and urban dwellings, although

geographical, topographical, climatic parameters and availability of building

materials generally signify the similar characteristics lifestyles (Dinyrek, Numan,

& Pullhan, 2001).

In fact, rural vernacular architecture of the island has been under influence of

both agrarian ways of life and economical production (Dinyrek, 1998) while

34
traditional urban forms of the island are mainly influenced from the prevailing

cultures and the imported styles (Pulhan, 1997). For instance, people from different

ethnical backgrounds lived in the capital city, Nicosia and gave the city a

multicultural identity. Consequently, the built form in urban areas changes

continuously opposing to the consistent development of the built form in rural

settlements (Pulhan, 1997; Dinyrek, Numan & Pullhan, 2001).

In the following paragraphs, general characters of firstly the urban and then the

rural vernacular architecture will be explained briefly. But, as it was mentioned

before, the main focus of the study is on rural settlements so rural vernacular

architecture will be investigated in more detail.

Christodoulos (2008) explained that:

Nicosia, capital of Cyprus from as early as the Byzantine era, developed chiefly
during the period of Frankish Rule, which could be described as its golden age.
During this time, the city acquired the structure of a western medieval city. When
Nicosia passed into the hands of the Venetians and under the threat of the
forthcoming Ottoman invasion, the structure of the city changed and it lost a large
part of its medieval beauty and glory. After that, in 1570, Ottoman conquered the
city. The organizations of the city changed as it was forced to adapt to the Islamic
worldview, customs and way of life brought to it by the conquers. (p.7)

Ottoman period continued until the end of the 19th century and in the late

nineteenth century, because of international impacts and westernization, the social

structure, lifestyle and built environment of the city changed ( Dinyrek, Numan &

Pullhan, 2001).

Generally, it can be said that the Ottoman Empire was one of the prevalent

powers in the island. In this period, various cultures and religions emerged because

of the multi-cultural nature of the empire. Pulhan mentions (1997) that the traditional

Cyprus Turkish houses are one of the most identical architectural forms in urban

areas as a reflection of this nature.

35
 During Ottoman period, the basic ground plan of the houses consisted of four

spatial elements which are closed, semi-closed, semi-open and open spaces.

Combination of these spaces leads to various types of house plan organization. In

fact, Turkish culture shaped spatial organization of the house. Family structure,

gender roles in the family and society, their attitudes toward privacy, social

intercourse and daily life of Turkish people determined organization of houses

(Numan & Pulhan, 2001).

According to Pullhan (2002) the urban house plan type was classified into 2 main

groups during Ottoman period (fig.3.1):

1. Plan type with outer hall- Sndrme

2. Plan type with inner hall-Sofa

Closed space

Semi-closed space

Semi-open space

Open spaces Plan with inner hall plan with outer and inner hall.

Fig 3.1.four spatial elements in the formation of house plans (adapted from Oktay,
2001 ; Pulhan & Numan, 2006)

Rooms, which are closed spaces, were utilized for more than one purpose. Multi-

nucleated structure of the family required multi-purpose and self-sufficient living

units (Pulhan, 1997). It has been commonly called, both in urban and rural areas, an

ev, which means house in the Turkish language because it was a multi functional

space. The daily needs of the family were carried out in this space and when one or

more rooms were needed, linear addition was observed in the houses (Numan &

Pulhan, 2006).

36
 As it was mentioned before, hall was divided into two categories in urban houses,

outer hall and inner hall.

Outer Hall (sndrme) is a semi-open space, which is an intermediate and

transition space between indoor and outdoor spaces of the house and between public-

street and private family lives. It was a multi-functional space, which was located on

walled garden side due to privacy and climatic conditions of the island (Pulhan,

1997; Dinyrek, 1998; Numan & Pulhan, 2001; Turker, 2002; Erturk, S., Erturk, Z

& Gunce, 2007).

According to Dinyrek (2002), formation of the semi-open spaces on the first

floors of the urban dwelling was the important plan organization, which was not

found in the rural very often.

Inner hall is a semi-closed space, which is a transition space between indoor and

outdoor spaces of the house as well. It is a multi-functional space like sndrme but

in comparison to the outer hall, it is more enclosed and introverted.

Courtyard is an open space in urban houses, which is locally called Havli or Avlu.

It is enclosed from all sides by the building mass and additional peripheral walls for

achieving privacy from the outside. They were also located at the back of the

building away from the street (Ateshin, 1997; Pulhan, 2008) (fig.3.2).

Private outdoor Private indoor PRIVATE INDOOR PRIVATE

(Public outdoor) SEMI-OPEN

Fig 3.2.private courtyard at the back of the building (adapted from Oktay, 2001 and
Pulhan, 2008)

The courtyards of the houses formed climatically comfortable spaces for the

dwellers, and included diverse functions such as social gathering and entertainment

for the afternoons and evenings. During the hot summer months, the courtyard traps

37
the dense, cool air in the center of the house, helping air circulation and decrease the

general temperature inside (fig.2) (Oktay, 2001; Murat, 2001).

So open space in urban houses is a multi- functional space, which is completely

adaptable to climatic condition as well. Generally, existing open, semi-open/semi-

closed and closed spaces in traditional urban settlements allowed flexibility of use as

the need or the climatic demands.

During Ottoman period, facades of urban houses could be divided into 2 parts:

open facades and closed facades. Achieving privacy was an important factor in the

formation of open and closed facades. Actually, adaptability can be observed in the

facades. Facades were adapted to peoples attitudes and beliefs toward privacy

(Pulhan and Numan, 2005).

The open or extroverted courtyard (havli) faade, which includes the arcaded

sndrme is utilized for circulation and meeting place for doing the daily works or

welcoming the guests in the house. Within the boundaries of the enclosed courtyard

(havl), privacy was achieved for the inhabitants. In contrast to the open faade

facing the courtyard, street faade of the traditional houses of Cyprus comparatively

have less opening (Pulhan, 2008) (Fig 3.3).

Fig 3.3.garden faade and street facade (Pulhan, 2008 )

38
 Ateshin (1997) also describes the residential architecture in the urban sectors of
the island as:

In town, adobe and stone have always been used together in the vernacular
buildings, adobe being plastered internally as well as externally. Street facing
walls were mostly built in stone or had their windows and doors lined with a
molded stone frame. In town houses, courtyards would be comparatively small
and placed at the back of the building away from the street. Single and two-storey
buildings would be roughly balanced with no apparent social reason. A regional
hallmark in North Cyprus, as in Turkey, is the extension of the living space at the
second floor level by a Cumba into the street; this usually had additional
treatment in the form of cantilevered timber bracket beams and woodwork screens
to provide privacy for the interior.

In brief, urban settlements started to become populated with the people migrating

from rural to urban areas of the island at the turn of the 20th century and international

influences became effective in the consistent of rural vernacular architecture of the

island (Dinyrek, 2002).

In the following section, characteristics of rural vernacular houses will be

investigated in more detail.

Vernacular architecture is mainly expressed by the traditional houses of the

island. For ages rural house form remained consistent under the permanent

environmental factors of the island in contrast to urban form, which was under

impacts of imported cultures and life styles (Pullhan, 1997; Numan, Dinyrek &

Pulhan, 2001). Actually, forms and shapes, sizes and dimensions, and also locations

and orientations of the units were specially generated according to the answers to

environmental, climatic, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the regions

(Dinyrek, 1998).

Rural settlements in the island were adapted to the morphology of the ground. In

the mountains, the building density was higher than the plains in the villages

(Georgiades, 1997).

39
 In rural vernacular houses, the basic plan consisted of four spatial characters:

closed, semi-closed, semi-open and open spaces like urban houses.

Closed spaces are rooms, which are multi-functional spaces. Mostly, the rooms

can be seen in the ground level, however with the presence of the first floor in the

dwellings rooms can be seen in both ground floor and first floor.

The courtyard as an open space, were used for daily activities as well as a play-

groung for children. Actually, flexibility of use could be observed in the courtyard

(Oktay, 2001; Numan & Dinyrek, 2005).

Hall or sndrme is a semi-open space which is a transitional space between

indoor and outdoor space. It has a multi-functional atmosphere as well as providing a

comfort zone condition for inhabitants (Murat, 2001; Dinyrek, 2002; Turker, 2002)

Mostly, the hall was generated on the north of the courtyard in the form of an

arched (or post and beam) loggia between the yard and the house (fig.3.4)

(Dincyurek & Turker, 2007).

Fig 3.4. the most common Cypriot traditional rural house

type (Dincyurek & Turker, 2007; adapted from Turker,
2002)

This provided shade to the habitable rooms in summer but allowed the penetration

of sunshine in the winter. Habitable spaces were placed behind the loggia (fig.3.5)

(Ateshin, 1997).

40
 Fig 3.5. the position of shade during winter and
summer in Sundurme (Dinyrek, Mallick,
Numan, 2003)

In general, the spaces in rural houses were oriented according to the direction of

the sun and wind. Houses mostly faced south to take advantages of the sun. The

arcades or the semi-open spaces are mostly located towards the south. The

orientation of openings was arranged to get cross-ventilation according to the

prevailing wind (Dinyrek, 2002; Turker, 2002; Erturk, S., Erturk, Z & Gunce,

2007).

Generally, it can be stated that rural houses were adaptable to the climatic

conditions, topography and other environmental aspects of the region to make

sustainable use of natural resources.

As it was mentioned before, four spatial elements formed the living units of the

rural houses, which are closed, semi-closed, semi-open and open spaces. These

elements are combined to each other to form various types of plan organizations and

this modularity also ensures the flexibility of the houses as well ( fig.3.6).

Closed space semi-closed semi-open space open space

Fig 3.6.four spatial elements in the rural vernacular houses

Dinyrek in 2002 classified the vernacular rural house plan type of the island

into three main groups (fig.3.7).

-single unit/units without hall

-those with outer hall

-those with inner hall

41
 The classifications are based on the modular combination of the structure of the

building

single unit/units without hall units with outer hall units with inner hall

Fig 3.7.three main rural house plan types of the island (taken from Dincyurek and
Turker, 2007)

Turkers classification (2002), which was parallel to Dincyureks classification in

North Cyprus was related to rural houses of Kaplica village as one of the villages of

North Cyprus.

In the next section, flexibility will be investigated in the rural houses according to

the criteria in the table.2.3.

3.2. Investigating Notions of Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular

Architecture of North Cyprus

As it was mentioned before, vernacular architecture is mainly expressed by the

rural house of the island so after describing general characters of vernacular

architecture of North Cyprus, in this section, notions of flexibility in rural vernacular

architecture will be investigated according to the types of flexibility, which were

derived from the previous chapter.

42
3.2.1. Structural Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of

North Cyprus

The construction system in rural vernacular houses is load bearing walls with timber

roofs and the shape and dimension of the rooms depended largely on the length of

available wooden beams and trusses. The average length of beams is around 6m

(Demetriou et al, 2003; Numan, Mallick & Dinyrek, 2003; Oktay, 2006) (fig.3.8).

Fig 3.8.Structural system; load

bearing walls with timber roofs

On the other hand, as it was mentioned before, four spatial elements formed the

living units of rural houses. These are closed, semi-closed, semi-open and open

spaces and Combinations of them leaded to form various types of plan organizations.

In this study, rural house plan type is classified into four groups. This

classification is based on the combination of Turkers and Dinyreks classification

that was indicated before (table.3.1).

43
Table 3.1. Classification of main building units (M) in rural vernacular architecture
of North Cyprus (adapted from Dinyrek, 2002; Turker, 2002)

Group 1. single unit ( S.U)

Group 2. units with outer hall

(U.O)

Faade with arches

Group 3.units with inner hall

(U.I)
Faade without arches

Faade with arches

Group 4.double with passage

Floor units (D.U)

without passage Faade without arches

So, as it is indicated in table 3.1, main building units of rural houses were

classified into 4 groups, which are S.U, U.O, U.I, and D.U. In addition to main

building units, which consist of closed, semi-closed and semi-open spaces, the rural

houses include other closed spaces such as service spaces and open space, which is

courtyard/backyard.

Rural house main building (S.U /+ U.O /+ U.I /+ D.U) + yard (courtyard +/

backyard) + service space. This is explained by Turker (2002) with a formula

U = M+C+S.

Today, this method of structure is known as polyvalent organizations, which is

one of the main structural methods for achieving flexibility. This method was based

44
on the permanent modules with standardized dimensions which were appropriate for

different functions. It was introduced by Hertzbeger in 1991 as a flexible structure.

So, the formation of the rural houses is based on the modular combination of the

structure in the buildings (Dinyrek, 2002). The modularity of the rural house

ensures the flexibility as an answer to possible functional changes such as the family

growth. Utilizing the modular flexible structure in vernacular architecture of North

Cyprus also allowed for different types of expansion and division (Dinyrek, 2002).

Horizontal extension in component/site scale could be observed during if enough

land was available and due to modularity, it may not disturb form, or construction of

the dwellings as well as unity and harmony in the facades. While, vertical extension

is limited due to load bearing wall system, timber roofs and lack of access to

technology, just possibility of adding one story to the house design stage (table.3.2).

For instance, it was possible to add one room next to the other room due to the

inhabitantsneeds for more functional spaces.

Table 3.2. horizontal addition in rural vernacular houses of North Cyprus(adapted

from Dinyrek, 2002; Turker, 2002)

single unit
( S.U)

units with outer hall

(U.O)

45
 units with inner hall
(U.I)

Linear addition was not observed horizontally but it was

double floor units vertical in component scale in this type of house

(D.U)

In Turkers study, addition as a way of transformation was observed in both

typology and arrangements of archetypal units. The transformation of a single cell

towards a rectangular main building unit by the addition of single square rooms is

frequently observed as well as the addition of main building units into a complex

domestic unit (U=M+C+S). In the following table, some samples of expansion in

component/site scale is indicated (table.3.3) (Turker, 2002)

Table 3.3. Linear expansion in component/site scale (adapted from Turker, 2002)

S.U+S.U U.O+U.O U.I+U.I

D.U+ D.U S.U+ D.U U.O+U.I

S.U+ U.O U.I + D.U S.U+U.I

It should be mentioned that the limitation in the dimension of local materials

limited linear expansion. In fact, it was not possible to have a room with our ideal

dimension and it was not also possible to extend the rooms or buildings as much as

the users wanted due to limitation in the construction system. In other words,

dimensions of the wooden beams limited the maximum space between load bearing

46
walls or arches (CCEAA, 2003, p.119). So, it can be said that various types of

expansion could be observed in rural houses but with considering limitation in

material dimension.

On the other hand, presence of modular coordination provides flexibility of the

inside divisions for requirements. So, inner divisional variations between the

opposite sides and between the ground floor and upper floor could be seen

(Dinyrek, 1998).

In fact, it was possible to observe the large space which is divided into a number

of sub-spaces used as the main living spaces. The flexibility in the formation of

spaces is formed as a result of structural and constructional modularity. For instance,

the large space is usually separated by an arch or arches or post and beam in the mid

points of the space, forming two or more sub-spaces. Level differences are

sometimes used to determine these sub-spaces in the living units (Dinyrek, 2002).

So, there are three tools for dividing a large space into a number of sub-spaces

and each space can have various functions and this is completely adaptable to

flexibility principles. However, in division process, this point should be considered

that people in the past had no access to contemporary building elements such as

movable partitions and sliding panels etc. So, divisions were done by using the

mentioned tools or masonry materials and they were permanent and non-changeable.

In other words, it was not possible to change or remove them during the time based

on the users changing needs and tastes and it is against principles of flexibility.

As a result, it can be said that horizontal division could be observed in rural

houses and it is completely adaptable to principles of flexible design, but the dividing

tools were permanent due to load bearing walls and using masonry materials and it is

against flexibility principles.

47
 In addition to linear expansion, rural houses of North Cyprus have the potential to

expand as a cluster as well. For instance, if enough land was available, it would be

possible to add one or several rooms and storages to the building according to the

inhabitants need (fig.3.9).

Stage 1(design stage) stage 2 (usage stage) stages 3(usage stage)

Fig 3.9. cluster expansion (adapted from Turker, 2002)

In fact, due to modularity Cluster and linear expansion in site scale could be

feasible without disturbing the form or construction of the dwellings as well as

harmony in the facades.

The modularity and plan organizations of the houses were also reflected to the

facades directly.

According to Dinyrek (1998) there are two modules in the formation of facades

of rural houses.

-Arcaded module (A)

-Non arcaded module (N.A)

Actually, in different plan types of rural houses semiopen and semi-closed

spaces transformed into arched faade module. In this way arcaded faades can be

obtained where an arch meets with a module (Dinyrek, 1998)

Combination of these two modules with themselves and with each other leaded to

numerous faade variations in different house types (table 3.4).

48
Table 3.4. various formation of faade due to combination of N.A and N.A module
(adapted from Dinyrek, 2002)

Single unit
S.U.

Units with outer

hall
U.O.

Units with
inner hall
Arcaded
type faade
U.I

Non-arcaded faade
type N.A+N.A

Double floor units With inner hall

D.U. N.A + A

Without inner
hall
N.A+N.A

So it can be stated that, flexibility could be observed in the formation of facades

during design stage. While, it was not possible to change the faade during

construction stage. On the other hand, the changes in the usage stage, e.g. closing the

arcaded sndrme, changed the archetype completely.

In rural areas, forms of roofs were related to the region. In flat areas such as

Mesaoria the roofs were flat, while in the mountainous areas, they were not

(Dinyrek, 2002) and this limited vertical expansion. In the following chart,

summary of notions of structural flexibility are mentioned.

49
 Table 3.5.Summery of Notions of Structural/Spatial Flexibility in Rural Vernacular
Architecture It could be possible if the land
Extension was available and no disturbance
of the form, construction or
According unity and harmony in the
component facades due to modularity.
to / site Horizontal
scale It could be possible due to
Division modularity
Scale &
Due to modularity, possibility of
direction adding one space next to the
Extension other space..While load bearing
extendibility walls limited combining two
rooms into a larger one.
Building Horizontal
and It could be possible due to
Scale constructional modularity. On
Division the other hand, the dividing tools
division were permanent due to load
Non- Movable Parts; Structure, Skin & Core

bearing walls and using masonry

materials

Extension It is limited due to load bearing

Spatial / Structural Flexibility

walls and timber roofs

Vertical
Division It could be restricted due to
limited heights of the spaces

Horizontal It is not considered in the evaluation because

Radial
this type of expansion may not be possible
expansion
Vertical in residential buildings

according Due to modularity, possibility of horizontal

Horizontal extension if the land was available.
to Linear
expansion Vertical extension is limited due to load
Vertical bearing walls and timber roofs.
form

cluster Horizontal Due to modularity, Possibility of having

expansion clustered expansion if enough land was
Vertical available.
Incomplete/
indeterminate
Structural
buildings:
method
Polyvalent organization: Various types of rural house organization due to
permanent modules Combination of the 4 spatial elements (close, semi-close,
with standard dimensions semi-open and open spaces) .dimension of the modules
appropriate for diverse were suitable for diverse functions
functions.
Most of rural houses have flat roofs.
Form of Flexible (Flat roof) or
Using inclined roofs only in the mountains areas of the
Roofs Non-flexible
island
Modularity and plan organization reflected to the facades
Without hall during design, no change during construction and usage
Flexible
stage
faade With inner hall Closing the arches during usage stage was observed
sometimes
With outer hall Closing the arches during usage stage was observed
sometimes

50
 As a result, according to table 3.5., it can be stated that structural flexibility was

restricted in vernacular dwellings due to load bearing wall system, timber roofs and

lack of access to technology. Although it was limited, modular structure ensures the

flexibility as an answer to functional changes. Utilizing the modular structure also

allowed for different types of expansion and division as well. Horizontal expansion

and division could be observed in both building and component (site) scale due to

modularity. While, vertical expansion was limited because of load bearing wall

system and timber roofs. Vertical division in building scale was limited as well due

to limited heights of the houses.

On the other hand, as it was mentioned before, faades are flexible during design

stage but the possibility of changing the facades during construction and usage stage

is limited.

3.2.2 Functional Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of

North Cyprus.

Rural vernacular houses of the island consisted of four spatial elements (open,

semi-open, semi-closed and closed spaces) allowing flexibility of use as the need or

the climate demands. Most of these spaces were used for different purposes.

Semi-open space which is called hall or sndrme is a transitional space between

indoor space and outdoor space. Outer hall was utilized as multi-functional space,

where resting, sleeping, hosting guests could be observed in it. It was located in a

functional way in order to get appropriate ventilation and sunlight as well. Actually,

it stimulates human comfort zone conditions (Dinyrek, 2002; Turker, 2002; Erturk,

S.,Erturk, Z & Gunce, 2007) (fig.3.10).

51
 Inner hall is a semi-closed space which is a transition space between indoor and

outdoor spaces of the house as well. It is a multi-functional space like sndrme but

in comparison to outer hall, it is more enclosed (fig.3.11).

So, the halls (outer and inner halls) are multi functional spaces which are adapted

to climatic conditions as well.

Fig 3.10.rural houses with outer hall ( Author, 2011)

Fig 3.11.rural house with inner hall ( Turker, 2002)

Mediterranean moderate climate and lifestyle, dictate the efficient uses of outdoor

spaces as well. In addition to the usage of transitional space, open space as one of the

important components of the domestic unit, was developed in the form of courtyard.

The courtyard was utilized as childrens playground as well as parents space for

doing their jobs; grapes, olives, tomatoes and carobs were cleaned and processed

(Oktay, 2001; Dinyrek & Turker, 2007), so it can be stated that it is a multi

functional space where most daily activities took place in it.

52
 Living space which is a closed space was utilized as a multi-purpose space for

daily activities such as cooking, eating, and sleeping. Generally, living spaces

occurred on the ground level. However, with the presence of the upper floors in the

dwellings, it was possible to establish living spaces on the ground and/or first floor.

Additionally, the family members preferred to stay at the first floor during the

summer periods because of the cooler atmosphere and ground floor was utilized

during the winter (Dinyrek, 2002; Numan, Mallick & Dinyrek, 2003; Oktay,

2006).

So, the rooms in vernacular houses were multi-functional and also had the ability

to exchange their functions without any structural modifications during day and night

or summer and winter. For instance, it could be possible to utilize the rooms for daily

activities during the day and exchange its function during the night for sleeping.

Living space in vernacular houses of the island was usually a large single

rectangular space in which most activities took place in it (Ateshin, 1997). It is

possible to observe the large space which is divided into a number of sub-spaces by

using some tools such as an arch or post and beam in the mid points of the space.

Each of these sub-spaces could have various functions and they could exchange and

convert their functions with each other as well (Dinyrek, 2002) (fig.3.12).

For instance, the flexible spaces were used as bedrooms that include parts for

parents and children, or a bedroom and living room, or a kitchen and storage area.

Besides, the hearth was usually used for cooking and boiling facilities, it was also

used for raising the temperature inside the living space especially in the cold winter

times (Dinyrek, 2002; Numan, Mallick & Dincyurek, 2003).

53
 Sleeping part

Living part (includes cooking and

eating)

Fig 3.12. .Formation of sub-spaces in the main living spaces (Dincyurek, 2002).

It is observed that in some rural houses, people are still utilizing the living space as a

multi-functional space (fig.3.13).

Sleeping area

Sitting area

Eating area

Fig 3.13.multi-functional spaces in vernacular architecture of North Cyprus

Because of structural and constructional modularity, flexibility could be observed

in the formation of the spaces. But it should be considered that the dividing tools

which were utilized in rural houses were permanent and it was not possible to

remove them or change their locations according to the users need and it is against

flexibility principles.

On the other hand, using movable elements such as curtains for dividing the spaces

into a number of sub- spaces was not observed in the rural houses of the island.

As a result, it can be said that multi-functionality and convertibility were the two

important features of rural houses in North Cyprus while versatility was not observed

in rural houses. In other words, it was not possible to have structural modification in

the rooms for spatial multi-use while the rooms could have various functions and

exchange and convert their functions with each other as well.

54
 In rural houses, wet spaces were located in a specific zone and the rest were left

as a generic space and these days, it is a proper method for achieving flexibility. In

fact, when WC became useless and functionless, it was possible to rebuild it in

another location in the same courtyard and users were free to construct it anywhere

in the courtyard (fig.3.14).

W.C

Fig 3.14. Locating the wet space in a specific zone and

leaving the rest as a generic space
Possibility of reconstructing it in another location in the same
W.C W.C
courtyard

In living spaces of rural houses, the furniture was not fixed. They might have some

fixed niches and shelves which are formed by gypsum or woodworks (Dincyurek,

2002; Turker, 2002). So users could rearrange the furniture based on their needs and

tastes because the interior was left free from any constructional elements, so furniture

could be arranged anywhere based on the users need and users could change it again

at a later time according to their need and culture.

As explained by many authors (Dincyurek, 2002; Turker, 2002; Dincyurek,

Numan & Mallick, 2003), the houses are completely adaptable to climate. They were

well oriented toward south direction to take advantages of the sun. Using open and

semi-open spaces help air circulation as well as orienting the house toward wind

direction. In the following chart, summary of notions of functional flexibility are

mentioned briefly:

55
Table 3.6. Summary of Notions of functional flexibility in the rural vernacular
architecture
Versatility: spatial multi use
with minor structural
modification
Ability to
convert space
from one
function to
another without
any structural
modification
Convertibility
Ability to
exchange or
interchange
space functions
without any
structural
Movable Parts (Layout & furniture)
modifications
Multi-functionality: the ability
of having different function at
the same time, at the same
place
Functional flexibility
the ability to separate and
rejoin the rooms and units in
terms of movable partitions
Flexible furniture: The ability
to rearrange furniture
the ability to place wet spaces
within specific zones but not to
be permanently ,fixed,
freedom of main space as
generic space
Adaptable to climate
Adaptable to people with
physical disabilities
56
It is limited due to load bearing wall system, timber
roofs and lack of access to technology,
It is possible due to non-labeled spaces as well
as the dimension of rooms was suitable for
any function.
Possibility of exchanging rooms function due
to nonlabeled spaces and dimension of rooms
was suitable for any function
It is possible due to appropriate dimension of
rooms and nonlabeled spaces
Because of load bearing wall system and lack of access
to technology, no possibility of joining two rooms with
each other and then separate them.
Possibility of separating and rejoining the rooms by
curtains, although it was not observed in most of the
rural houses.
The structural arch dictates the division of spaces.
It is possible due to non-labeled spaces, non-fixed
furniture, non-fixed cupboards.
Dimension of the rooms were suitable for rearrangement
of furniture
leaving the interior free from any constructional
elements
Locating WC in the courtyard and leaving the
rest as a generic space. Possibility of rebuilding
it in another location in the same courtyard
Using Local materials: using stone in mountain villages
and adobe in the flat regions .
Orientation towards the Sun: Houses mostly faced south
to take advantages of the sun.
providing natural ventilation: orientation towards
direction of wind/cross ventilation .
utilizing external Sun control devices: using semi-open
and semi-closed spaces for providing thermal comfort.
In flat regions, there is not too much level difference in the
dwellings. In mountain regions, ramp like topographic solutions
at appropriate locations.
 As a conclusion, it can be stated that in rural vernacular houses all spaces (open,

semi-open, semi-closed and closed spaces) were adaptable to climatic conditions and

the houses mostly faced towards south to control the effect of the sun.

Multi-functionality and convertibility were two important features of spaces in

rural houses. While, versatility was not observed in rural houses due to load bearing

walls, timber roofs and lack of access to technology.

Using movable elements such as curtains for dividing the spaces into a number of

sub-spaces was not observed in the rural houses of the island, although it could be

possible to use it. The dividing tools, which were utilized in the houses, were

permanent so it was not possible to remove them or change their locations according

to the users need and it is against flexibility principles. On the other hand, the

structural arch, which defined two sub-spaces in the room, dictates the division of the

space into two

The users had the ability to rearrange the furniture because furniture was not fixed

except the niches and shelves at the heights of the room which are formed by gypsum

or woodworks. Actually, in the rural dwellings the interior was generally left free

from any constructional elements, so furniture could be arranged anywhere based on

the users needs and tastes and users could change it at a later time according to their

taste and culture.

3.2.3 Cultural Flexibility in the Rural Vernacular Architecture of

North Cyprus

In addition to influence of the economic factors on form, shape and size of the

units of the dwellings, socio-cultural factors are among the most important factors

that defined the characteristics of vernacular dwellings on the island.

57
 According to the culture of residents of the island, privacy was an important

requirement for them.

Generally, in some of the rural houses there is no direct access from Public Street

to private and indoor space. In fact, in many rural vernacular houses there was a

hierarchy among spatial components of a domestic unit which is from the public

exterior to the private interior for achieving privacy (Turker, 2002). Although,

direct entrance to the transitional space (Sundurma) or to the closed space was

observed in some dwellings as well (Dincyurek, 2002).

In rural dwellings, rooms can be classified as private spaces. The outer and inner

halls, which were semi-open and semi-closed spaces, can be classified as semi-

private spaces. They connected the rooms to the courtyard. The courtyard, which was

an open space, can be classified as a semi-public space. And finally, streets are

classified as public spaces and the dwellings generally have an opening facing the

street. So the spatial relations ranging from public to private provided privacy for the

residents (Turker, 2002) (fig.3.15).

Public semi-public semi-private private

Open Open semi-open/semi-closed Closed
streets yard outer and inner hall rooms

Fig 3.15. spatial relations ranging from public to private in rural vernacular
houses

On the other hand, people in rural areas have their own memories, habits and

lifestyles in their houses and their lifestyles played an important role in the formation

of the dwellings. Actually, formation of open, semi-open/ semi-closed and closed

58
spaces with different functions, originated from socio-cultural and environmental

factors in vernacular architecture of North Cyprus (Oktay& Orcunoglu, 2007).

For instance, residents of rural houses of the island have strong relations with

their neighbors. Women in rural areas socialized with their neighbors inside their

homes and these meetings also took place in sndrme which is shaded in summer

and sunny in winters or, in the absence of a sndrme,the yard took over the role of

the sndrme. So, formation of open and semi-open spaces were based on users

need for socializing, doing their daily activities and having better climatic conditions

(Turker, 2002; Dincyurek & Turker, 2007; Gunce, Erturk, Z & Erturk, S, 2007).

According to an interview with the users of traditional houses in Ozankoy village,

which was done by Oktay and Orcunoglu in 2007, the users were satisfied with their

houses and did not want to move to recent houses which are more luxuries. The users

said that they have good relations with their neighbours and have strong memories

related with these houses. This proves that socializing and having close relations with

relatives and neighbors is one of the important issues for inhabitants of rural areas.

On the other hand, the agrarian life style together with climatic precautions were the

main determinants of the house formation.

People in rural areas could change their conditions based on their needs and

preferences. For instance, it could be possible to use the room for daily activities

during the day and then replace its function with sleeping function during the night.

Users could also arrange the furniture of their houses according to their culture

and taste because the interior was left free from any constructional elements, and

furniture could be rearranged anywhere later based on the users changing tastes.

59
The following chart summarizes the notions of cultural flexibility.

Table 3.7. Summary of Notions of Cultural Flexibility in Rural Vernacular Architecture

Individuality: It is possible due to non-Labeled spaces and
change of condition based
appropriate dimension of spaces for various
on users preferences and their culture
functions
In many houses with outer and inner
exterior hall, yard could be a transitional
privacy: Physical space for providing physical privacy
Cultural / privacy for semi-private spaces. In other
privacy for semi-
private spaces words, in some cases there is no
providing (outer and inner direct access from street to the halls
character
hall) Visual No legal limitation related to heights
privacy
privacy of the garden walls so the walls
flexibility heights provide privacy for the outer
and inner halls in many houses.

Physical In many rural houses, there is no

Interior privacy: privacy direct access from street to the
interior spaces due to existing yard
Privacy for private
or the halls (outer and inner halls)
spaces
Visual Existing visual privacy Due to
privacy appropriate dimension of the
openings as well as appropriate
heights of the walls in many houses
Adaptability to different cultural tastes due to Non-
cultural identity labeled spaces, dimension of the spaces is suitable for
various functions, non-fixed furniture and non-fixed
cupboards. Although, structural system may limit the
openings

It is possible due to Non-labeled spaces,

adaptable to different users
appropriate dimension of spaces for various functions,
non-fixed furniture, non-fixed cupboards and leaving
the interior free from constructional elements. So users
can change their condition based on their cultural
background, taste and needs

3.3. Chapter Conclusion

The main aim of this chapter was to investigate notions of flexibility in rural

vernacular architecture of North Cyprus to learn from it to apply in recent mass

housing design in North Cyprus.

As it was mentioned before, vernacular architecture is mainly expressed by the

rural house of the island. So, at the beginning of this chapter, general characteristics

of rural vernacular architecture were explained. The formal characteristics of rural

60
houses can be interpreted mainly as; the modular combinations of cubic/prismatic

forms; arcaded facades and semi-open/semi-closed spaces/transitional spaces; flat or

slightly inclined roofs except in the central highlands of the island which are steeply

inclined; awareness of topography; respectful relations amongst neighbors and

defined private yards ( Dincyurek & Turker, 2007)

After that, notions of flexibility were investigated in the rural houses according to

table.2.3 and it can be concluded that vernacular dwellings had limited structural

flexibility due to limited access to technology at that period, load bearing wall

structure and timber roofs that restricted structural flexibility. Although, structural

flexibility was limited; functional and cultural flexibility was provided due to

modularity, appropriate space dimensions and the open system of courtyard as a

potential for infill.

Generally, it was recognized that the notions of flexibility in vernacular houses

include:

-Modularity

- Multi-functionality

-Convertibility

- providing Individuality

-providing cultural identity

-providing privacy

-adaptability to climate

-adaptability to different users

-possibility of horizontal extension and division in both building and component/site

scale

61
 In the next chapter, particular case studies from recent build and sell type of

housing projects in North Cyprus will be evaluated in terms of flexibility issues to

indicate if these dwellings have potential for flexibility or not.

62
 Chapter 4

Flexibility Issue in Recent Build and Sell Type of Housing

Projects of North Cyprus

From historical periods to nowadays, requirements and wishes of households

displays a great difference in the basis of social and economical conditions of their

lifestyles. On the other side, users expectations and needs can also change in time.

Transformation in the family, which are getting married, having children, getting

divorced, changing lifestyle are some of the changes in the lives of the users that

need various space organizations. In fact, Households requirements are different and

dynamic; they become older; their habits and lifestyles change. For this reason, the

use of space, change in the course of the time due to users requirements jointly. So

flexibility concept in housing design can provide ample solutions to these changes

in peoples lives (Friedman, 2002).

According to the above statements, the purpose of this chapter is to evaluate

flexibility in recent build and sell type of housing projects in North Cyprus, which

can be the subset of mass housing, to indicate if they have potential for flexibility or

not; and if the houses can be adapted to various users and their changing needs and

wishes.

In this respect, firstly problems of recent mass housing in North Cyprus will be

explained briefly. Then nineteen build and sell type of housing projects from six

contractor companies are going to be evaluated in terms of flexibility issues

according to the criteria which were derived from the second chapter.

63
 The evaluation is based on two methods.

First, flexibility is going to be evaluated in the case studies from architectural

point of view through analyzing the architectural drawings of the cases to find out if

the selected dwellings have potential for long term flexibility or not. In other words,

according to the definition of flexibility adaption to changing needs of users over

time, do the houses have potential to be adapted to users changing needs and

wishes during the time or not.

Secondly, existing situations of the case studies are going to be evaluated in terms

of flexibility in 3 different stages as design, construction and usage stages, through

questionnaire survey. The obtained data from questionnaires indicate how flexible

the cases can be in different stages as well as todays needs of the existing

inhabitants in terms of flexibility (according to the flexibility criteria).

4.1. Problems of Recent Mass Housing in North Cyprus

Being between the Asia and Europe, the island of Cyprus is on the crossroads of

trade and culture in the region so it has been under the influence of different various

cultures with different civilizations. Each civilization influenced the architecture of

the island with its own cultural and architectural values. In fact, they reflected their

social and cultural background to their environment and architecture as well (Ozay,

1998; Orcunoglu, 2006; Hokara et al, 2009).

During the British period (1878-1960) a large number of people migrated from

rural to urban areas and this has necessitated the large number of houses and

consequently the first social mass housing units were implemented by British

officials. The unique examples include: the row houses in Nicosia and Famagusta for

peasants along with the CMC workers housing in Lefke (Hokara et al, 2009;

Orcunoglu, 2006).

64
 From 1963 to 1974, many Turkish Cypriots were forced to leave their lands,

villages, and homes in the southern part, and migrated either to live in small ghettos

or in other countries (Szen, 1998, 13). Thus, the Turkish-Cypriot administration

developed a Refugee Housing project to upgrade the living conditions of at least

some of the refugee families in 1965. Finally, in 1974 the island was divided into two

parts and around 65000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the north of the island. Although

some of them were settled into the abandoned houses of the Greek Cypriot who

moved to the south, under such circumstances, the government was forced to

intervene in the housing market by introducing the social housing law because of

increasing demands for housing in 1978 (Hokara et al, 2009).

After 1983, there is an increase in construction sector because of establishment of

the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) (Orcunoglu, 2006).

In 1986, social / mass housing was designed by the government and built in 1989

in three different stages in different parts of Northern Cyprus.

According to Hokara et al (2009):

In these social housing developments neither the spatial nor the social and
cultural demands of households were considered during the design process.
Social housing units have not to date met the household demands and spatial
needs, which therefore led to the owners or tenants of these houses regularly
carrying out their own alterations, both internally and externally in order to
change the house based on their own needs at both cultural and spatial
levels(p.90).

Later, along with the expansion of the university sector in Northern Cyprus due to

the excessive demand for higher education in Turkey (Yorucu and Kele, 2007,

78), the housing demand has increased.

In 2002, a construction boom took place during the discussions on a re-unification

plan called Annan Plan. Kofi Annan, the general secretary of the United Nations

prepared a plan to find a solution for the problem of Cyprus. The most significant

65
part of this plan was based on the problem of immovable possessions and exchange

of them to the previous owners. Although the re-unification plan could not be applied

since the Greek Cypriots did not accept it, the Annan Plan had a major impact on the

construction sector (residential, commercial and industrial), as well as the property

and housing market in Northern Cyprus. Actually, possibility of this matter, that the

island would be European land, increased the popularity of the island all over the

Europe (Trker & Pulhan, 2006; Dinyrek & Trker, 2007; Hokara et al, 2009;

Orcunoglu, 2006; Yorucu & Kele, 2007).

In fact, foreigners from different countries started to come and buy land and

property with reasonable prices, especially from the north part. Consequently, value

of land increased and natives of the north part also started to sell their lands to

construction firms and foreign people (Pulhan & Orcunoglu, 2005). According to

Orcunoglu (2006), till the years of 2002 the application of foreign people to buy

immovable possession, was around 1000; but between 2002 and 2005, this has

incredibly increased to around 6000 applications (Pulhan & Orcunoglu, 2005). The

main reason for the foreigners to choose the north part is reasonable prices of lands

and properties compared to other European countries.

So, it is clear that the issue of housing development within North Cyprus over

recent years has accelerated due to the emergence of the Annan Plan. Accordingly,

massive and disorganized housing projects, which neither have neither an appropriate

legal site-selection approach, nor any planning permission have appeared in various

locations throughout the island. As a result, this approach has generated a fragmental

growth in housing environments that has led to unconscious use of land and

environmental resources.

66
 Actually, during the process of housing construction, there is no doubt that the

user profile and market policies in respect of housing supply have not been well

defined. Land is consumed very quickly and unconsciously (even much faster than

the growth in population), which in turn leads to the unsustainable use of resources

and this issue is emerging as one of the most problematic issues in many urban

regions in Northern Cyprus, such as Girne, Lefkoa, and Gazimausa as well as rural

areas of Girne coastline and Salamis coastline (Hokara et al, 2009).

As it was mentioned before, all these new housing types and developments have

been constructed in a rapid and unplanned manner without considering both social

and cultural demands of the users who want to live in these houses and the

environmental conditions such as topography, natural resources and climate. It is

clear that the houses are copied and pasted, everywhere without demonstrating

any thought or consideration for the existing environmental context (Hokara et al,

2009).

According to a research which was done by Kele (1998), the recent buildings in

North Cyprus were built unconsciously from the climatic design point of view.

Starting from site selection, in every step of design many incorrect decisions had

been taken.

A similar research was done by Tursoy in 2006. He stated that vernacular houses

are in harmony with the environment, besides being environmentally sustainable.

While, last period mass housing has not been carrying any feature in the context of

environmental sustainability. Especially, in the last years rapid developments, there

is no sensitive formation towards environment in housing developments and this

cause destruction to environment in non returnable way (Tursoy, 2006).

67
 On the other hand, the development of mass housing is under the impact of rapid

socio-economic and technical transformations and social and cultural demands of the

occupants were not considered during design process. So, the occupants were forced

to change their houses based on their own needs during usage stage. The changes

were sometimes time and cost consuming or sometimes they could not change the

house because of structural and functional limitations so they were forced to move to

a newer house. (Pulhan& Orcunoglu, 2005)

According to the above statements, it can be mentioned that lack of adaptability to

environmental conditions and socio-cultural demands of households can be observed

in recent mass housing of North Cyprus while flexibility and adaptability are

significant characteristics of vernacular houses of North Cyprus as it was

investigated in the third chapter.

So, in the following sections, it is going to be more focused on flexibility issue in

nineteen recent build and sell type of housing projects from Iskele - Famagusta

region, to find out their flexibility levels.

4.2. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Mass Housing of North Cyprus

from Architectural Point of view: build and sell type of housing

projects from Iskele - Famagusta region as a case study

The main purpose of this section is to investigate flexibility in nineteen case

studies from six companies through analyzing their architectural drawings to find out

if they have potential to be adapted to various users and also their changing needs

and wishes over the time. The cases were selected from the build and sell type of

housing projects by six well-known construction companies. They were built around

68
Iskele - Famagusta region as a recent rural development area. In fact, the case studies

are far from urban areas, both from Famagusta city and Iskele town.

Although, the cases were selected from six different well-known local

construction firms (Dovec, Halken, Ilkay Genc, Levent Homes, Noyanlar,

Northernland ), the nineteen case studies have similar characteristics. All projects are

finihed villas, which are far from urban areas. The basic plan of the cases consists of

open, semi-open and closed spaces like rural vernacular houses of North Cyprus.

Table 4.1. General information about all projects.

No of projects Name of company Name of projects Type of houses location

P.1 Dovec Dovec project 33 detached A Boaz-Iskele

B
villa, 3 types C
P.2 Halken Mutluyaka A Famagusta-
40 detached B
houses villas, 3 types C Mutluyaka

P.3 lkay Gen Unique Salamis 21 detached A Salamis-

Group villas, 3 types B Famagusta
Villas 10 semi-detached C
villas, 1 type
P.4 Levent Homes Boaz Cove 1 Iskele
Group Villa 31 detached 2
villas, 2 types
P.5 Noyanlar tken site 6 A between Salamis
B Bay and Long
22 detached C Beach(Salamis-
villas, 6 types D Famagusta )
E
F
P.6 Northernland Pearl village 66 detached Silver Bahceler (Boaz
villa, 2 types -Iskele)
golden

P.1
P.4
P.6
P.5
P.2
P.3

69
In the following tables, general information about each project will be explained

briefly.

Table 4.2. General information about tken site 6

General tken site
information 6 Site plan

Noyanlar
Construction firm group

Location between
salamis bay
and long beach

This project
General consist of 22
detached
information houses which
are in 6 types
of A, B, C, D,
E, F. they are
different in
size and plan
organization

Reinforce
Construction concrete and
brick walls
methd
Notions of flexibility are going to be
evaluated in all 6 types.

70
Table 4.3. Plans of type A, B, C, D, E, F houses in tken project

Plan Ground floor plans First floor plans

types

Plan
type A
closed
area:
254.4m

Plan
type
B
Closed
area:
327.7 m2

Plan
type C
closed
area:
254.4 m

71
Plan
type D
closed
area:
350m3

Plan
type E
closed
area :
300.30m

Plan
type F
Gross
area:
296m

72
Table 4.4. General information about Boaz Cove Villa project
Generall
information Boaz Cove Villa

Construction Levent Homes Group

firm

Location Iskele

This project consists of 31

General detached houses which are
in 2 types.
information These 2 types are different
in size and plan organization

Construction Reinforce concrete &

brick walls
method

Table 4.5.Plans of type 1 and 2 in Bogaz Cove Villa Project

Plan Ground floor plan First floor plan
types

Plan
type 1
gross
area:
164m

Plan
type 2
Gross
area:
183m

73
Table 4.6. General information about Pearl village project
General information Pearl village

Construction firm NorthernLand group

Location Bahceler (Boaz -Iskele)

This project consists of 66

General detached duplex villas with
2 types of plans. Golden pearl village
information
Construction concrete & brick walls

The pearl village is a project that

comprises of a collection of 66 detached
villas and 1 apartment blocks. The
detached villas are in 2 types named
Golden and Silver pearls. In this study the
focus is on silver pearl village.

Silver pearl village

Table 4.7.Plans of pearl project

Ground floor plan First floor plan

Silver
pearl
project
Gross
area:
258m

74
Golden
pearl
project
Gross
area:
285m2

Table 4.8. General information about Mutluyaka project

Information Mutluyaka houses

Construction firm Halken group

Location Famagusta- Mutluyaka

This project consists of 40

General detached duplex villas with
3 types of plans.
information
Construction concrete & brick walls A A A B B
A
A A A A A
A

C A
market

A A C A A A B

A
A A A
B A
A

C
A
A A

B
B

75
Table 4.9.Plans of type A, B, and C in Mutluyaka project.
Plan
types Ground floor plans First floor plans

Plan
type A
Gross
area: 270
m

Plan
type
B
Gross
area:
250 m2

Plan
type C
Gross
area:
215 m

76
Table 4.10.General information about Dovec project
Information Dovec project

Dovec construction
Construction firm

Location Boaz

This project consists of 33

General detached duplex villas with
3 types of plans.
information
A
Construction concrete & brick walls A A
A A
C A C C
A B B A
A A
A A A
B B A
A A A
C
B C C C B
B
B B

Table.4.11. Plans of type A, B, and C in Dovec project.

Plan types Ground floor plans First floor plans

Plan type A
Gross area:
290 m

77
Plan type
B
Gross area:
280 m2

Plan type C bedroom

Garage
Kitchen
gross area:
240 m

salon
living bedroom bedroom
room

Table 4.12.General information about Unique Salamis Villas project

Information Unique Salamis Villas
Construction firm lkay Gen Group

Location Salamis-Famagusta (7Km

from city center)

General This project consists of 21

detached triplex villas with
information 2 types of A and B.
10 semi-detached duplex
villas with 1 type of plan

Construction concrete & brick walls

78
Table 4.13. Plans of type A, B, and C in Unique Salamis Villas project.
Plan
types Ground floor plans First floor plans

Plan
type
A,
triplex
villa
Gross
area:
233 m

Plan
type
B
Triple
x villa
Gross
area:
218 m2

Plan
type C
Duple
x villa
Gross
area:
197 m

79
4.2.1. Evaluating Notions of Structural Flexibility in the Case

Studies from Architectural Point of View

In all projects structurally frame system is used. Columns, beams and slabs are

from reinforcing concrete and interior dividing walls are made up of brick with both

10 and 20cm thick. In some parts of the houses, beams divide the spaces into two

parts. Actually, none of the flexible structural methods which were explained in

chapter 2 are utilized in the cases. This can limit functional and cultural flexibility as

well.

In fact, the cases were designed neither according to incomplete buildings

method which focuses on the permanent elements and leave the rest for the users to

fill in and change according to their wishes and needs; nor based on modular system

that permanent modules are appropriate for various functions.

On the other hand, unlike the past periods, in recent times there are some legal

limitations about maximum permitted extension both horizontally and vertically in

the dwellings; and inhabitants are able to extend their houses based on the

limitations.

Some of the regulations in housing design in North Cyprus, which are important

and helpful in analysis of the case studies are mentioned in the following paragraphs.

There is a regulation about vertical extension of dwellings. The following figure

indicates how maximum height of the buildings is calculated during design stage.

According to Fasil 96:

80
 A: width of road

B: height of building
H: AXtg55 (tg55= 1.428)

According to Fasil 96, maximum construction area is 50% of the land if there is

no secondary building in the site. On the other hand, all buildings must be 3.05

meters away from the site boundaries.

Min.3.05
50% of land
E 0.5

Site Area = E (m2)

If there is a highway in front of the building, the distance between house and site

boundaries must be 15.24m.

50% of land Min.3.05

Min.15.24m

Highway

According to fasil 96, maximum usage area can be the land area multiplied by 2.2.

A (m2) + B (m2)+ C (m2)+D (m2)

= 2.2
E (m2)
Site Area = E (m2)

81
 In all projects, due to inclined roofs and the mentioned legal limitation users may

not extend their houses vertically based on their needs.

Horizontal extension in component scale can be restricted due to legal limitations

and building codes as well as limited land area that does not allow users to have

extension in component scale.

In fact, the gross area in the selected cases is ranging from 150m2 to 350m2 and total

land area is also ranging from 500m2 to 800m2. Based on the regulation that 50% of

land can be used as construction area, construction firms tried to make best use of

land area so with considering the legal limitation (the minimum distance between

dwellings and the site boundary must be 3.05m), it is only possible to have maximum

extension of 2m outside the dwellings in site scale (fig. 4.1) (fig.4.2).

4.60m

3.05m

1.55m

1.86m

4.91m

3.05m

1.52m
Fig 4.1. Possibility of extension outside the
houses up to 3.05m to the site boundaries in
4.57m

3.05m
Otuken project, houses of type A

3.05m

1.90m

3.05m 2m

1.90m
Fig 4.2. Possibility of extension outside
the houses according to legal limitation in
3.05m Mutluyaka project, houses of type B

82
 In fact, it can be very time and cost consuming for them to extend their houses

only 1 or 2 meters. For instance in the houses of type 1 in Boaz Cove Villa project,

it can be attainable to extend the living room up to 3.05m by removing the non load-

bearing wall but the indicated existing column can restrict the extension.(fig.4.3).

Living
room

Fig 4.3. the existing column can restrict the horizontal extension in building scale

On the other hand existing non-movable dividing walls and columns and beams
may restrict users to extend their houses in building scale.

In the following table, structural plans of all case studies have been drawn by the

author to clarify how the columns and beams can limit extension and division in

building scale (table.4.13).

83
Table 4.14. Structural plans of all case studies

Ground floor First floor

tken project Type A

tken project type B

tken project type C

tken project type D

tken project
Type E

tken project Type F

Boaz Cove Villa project

Type 1

84
Boaz Cove Villa project
Type 2

Silver Pearl project

Golden Pearl project

Mutluyaka project
Plan type A

Mutluyaka project
Plan type B

Mutluyaka project
Plan type C

85
Dovec project.
Plan type A

Dovec project.
Plan type B

Dovec project.
Plan type C

Unique Salamis Villas

Plan type A

Unique Salamis Villas

Plan type B

Unique Salamis Villas

Plan type C

86
 Horizontal division in building scale can be achieved by using some movable

partitions. But existing columns and beams may restrict horizontal division as well.

On the other hand, vertical division during design stage can be feasible in all case

studies because of accessibility to recent technologies, modern structure and

materials. The designer have the ability to design a house with 2 separated floors

during design process but during usage stage it cannot be feasible because of two

reasons. In all cases stair box, which is a permanent and fixed element, is located

inside the houses and changing its location into outside cannot be achieved so this

can limit the floor division. On the other hand, in all cases, private and public zones

are in separate floors, the bedrooms are in upper floor and kitchen and living rooms

are in the ground floor so each floor does not include all essential spaces such as

kitchen, bath room and WC.

In the following chart, summary of notions of structural flexibility in 19 cases are

mentioned briefly.

87
88
 As a conclusion it can be stated that according to the evaluation chart, the case

studies are not flexible enough structurally. Actually, in recent times, unlike the past

periods, limited land area and the building codes and regulations limit users to have

extension outside their dwellings based on their needs. In other words, according to

the mentioned regulations, users in the selected cases are able to extend the spaces up

to 2 meters outside the dwellings. On the other hand, non-flexible structural

organization and non-movable brick dividing walls can also restrict users to extend

some spaces within the interior organisation. Vertical and horizontal divisions are

also restricted because of structural organization, limited heights and space

dimensions. Non-flexible structural organization and existing non-movable brick

dividing walls restrict them to make internal changes due to beams which are coming

down the slab as well as the columns.

Due to legal limitations and inclined roofs, vertical extension is also restricted during

usage stage.

4.2.2. Evaluating Notions of Functional Flexibility in the Case

Studies from Architectural Point of View

According to Friedman (2002), the traditional residential design and construction

process often tends to ignore the occupants evolving needs. When designers drawn

up plans, the rooms have clear and defined functions. The uses are marked on the

drawings themselves: master bedroom, bedroom or kitchen to further clarify these

notations, architects also draw furniture to provide a sense of scale for the space.

These characteristics restrict adaptability and functional changes in homes.

The selected case studies are not exceptions as well. Designers did not utilize any

strategies during design and construction process for achieving functional flexibility

in usage stage. In all cases, as it was indicated in the plans, they defined the rooms

89
function as well as the arrangement of furniture clearly. Actually, designers did not

leave the interior for the users to fill in and change it based on their wishes and needs

and this can restrict functional changes in houses.

According to the above statements, convertibility may be restricted in the case

studies. In fact, in most of the cases it can be possible to exchange function of a few

spaces into another function especially in the ground floor but not in all spaces. In

other words, just a few spaces have potential for convertibility in the cases. For

instance, in the all types of houses in tken project, it can be possible to convert the

living room 1 in the ground floor into another function during usage stage. For

instance, living room 1 can be converted into a bedroom during night and during the

day, it can be utilized as a living room again (table.4.16).

Table 4.16. possibility of converting living room 1 into a bedroom during the night
and convert it into living room or sitting room during the day by opening and
closing the door or using movable partitions in tken project.
Plan Type A (ground floor) Plan Type C (ground floor)

Living Living
room 1 room 1

Plan Type E (ground floor) Plan Type F (ground floor)

Living
room 1

Living
room 1

90
 The houses of type B and C in Doves project are other examples that have

potential for flexibility just in a few spaces (fig.4.4).

plan type B (ground floor) plan type C (ground floor)

Fig 4.4.possibility of exchanging function of spaces into another function during the
day

On the other hand, defined and clear functions restricted multi-functionality of the

spaces as well.

Yard is also utilized for leisure activities and fun, unlike the courtyard in the rural

houses which was utilized as a multi functional space. Just living room has the

potential of having different functions at the same time like, watching TV, eating,

studying and sleeping. So, it can be said that multi-functionality can only take place

in living room in all case studies.

In addition, achieving multi-functionality through minor structural modifications

can be achieved in most of the case studies especially in the first floor but it can be

time and cost consuming.

For instance, in tken project versatility could be achieved in the upper floors

through removing the dividing wall and cupboards between two bedrooms and

enlarging the space and using it as a multi functional space (table.4.17).

91
Table 4.17. achieving versatility by removing the dividing wall and cupboards between the
two bedrooms and enlarging the space and using it as a multi-functional space.
Plan Type A (first floor plan) Plan Type C (first floor plan)

Plan Type E (first floor plan) Plan Type F (first floor plan)
The
location of
column and
beam may
prevent
users from
creating an
open and
multi-
functional
space.

In two types of houses in Boaz Cove Villa project and all types of houses in

Mutluyaka project, similar strategy can be utilized in the upper floor for achieving

versatility as well. While in Pearl project, houses of type A and B in Dovec and

Unique Salamis Project, the houses do not have potential for achieving versatility

(fig.4.5)

Type 1 (first floor) Type 2 (first floor)

Fig 4.5. achieving versatility by removing the dividing wall and cupboards between the
two bedrooms and enlarging the space in Boaz Cove villa project
92
 On the other hand, the users are not able to separate and rejoin the rooms

whenever they want, based on their needs because of non-movable brick dividing

walls. Only, by using movable partitions, it can be possible to divide a room into two

parts and rejoin it at a later time but it should be considered that the rooms

dimensions are limited. For instance, in all cases, bedrooms are about 12m and this

is too small to divide them into two, hence the created spaces are too small to use

them appropriately.

All case studies include open plan kitchen, except six projects, and it can be

possible to convert the open kitchen into a closed one by using dividing partitions or

closing the open kitchen can be attainable as well by removing the brick dividing

walls that can be time and cost consuming.

As it was mentioned before, in all cases, designers defined the rooms functions

clearly. They also drew the furniture to provide a sense of scale for the space.

Although furniture is not fixed, defined functions, limited size of the rooms and fixed

cupboards may restrict users to arrange furniture in different ways.

Despite this, arranging furniture can still be feasible in all cases, especially in living

room, while in bedrooms it is more limited because of existing fixed cupboards and

limited size of the rooms.

On the other hand, the selected cases may not be suitable for people who have

physical disabilities to live in them, because of existing bedrooms in the upper floor.

In addition, it may not be also possible to convert a room in the ground floor into a

bedroom permanently because of fixed and defined functions as well as the

limitation in space dimensions. Adding one room in the ground floor can have legal

limitations as well. So, it can be too difficult for disabled people to live in such

circumstances.

93
 According to the architectural drawings, it can be said that the cases are not

adaptable to climate. Actually, in all cases except Silver Pearl Village, the houses

were not in the same orientation in the site plans and rotated according to the location

and entrance of the land.

For instance in tken project, the houses of type A were not oriented towards north-

south direction to take advantages of sun but rotated according to the position and

entrance direction of the land (fig.4.6).

Block
type c

Block
type D

Block Block
type B type D Fig 4.6. orientation of type A houses is not based on
environmental control principles. They were oriented
according to the position and entrance direction of
the land

The houses of type A in Mutluyaka project are other examples which were oriented
according to the position and entrance direction of the land (fig.4.7).

Fig 4.7. orientation of houses of type A in Mutluyaka project according to the

position and entrance direction of the land

94
 On the other hand, in all cases the windows were located in 4 sides of the houses

and they are not in appropriate directions for catching the prevailing wind. In fact,

no strategies were used for providing natural ventilation in the selected houses. In

none of the case studies, the openings are opposite to each other for cross ventilation.

On the other hand, no external sun controlling devices are used in the projects as

well, only interior curtains can be utilized for controlling the sun which is not

sufficient for Cyprus climate.

In all case studies no strategies or elements were used for shading during summer,

while in vernacular architecture, there was an arcaded semi-open space in front of the

closed spaces in south direction. As explained in chapter three, the semi-open space

was beneficial for providing shadow to the habitable rooms in summer but allowed

the penetration of sunshine in winter. It was also utilized as a multi functional space.

Actually, in all case studies the terraces and balconies are open to sky and no

elements were used for shading so inhabitants cannot use it during summer (fig.4.8).

Fig 4.8. No strategies or elements were used in windows or terraces for providing
shadow during summer. The terraces and balconies are open to sky

In Silver Pearl project, designers designed arcaded terraces and balconies which

look similar to the arcaded semi-open spaces (sndrme) in the rural houses. But,

unlike sundurme that provided thermal comfort for the inhabitants, the arcaded

terraces are just used as decoration because they are roofless, unlike sndrme, and

they cannot provide shadow during summer (fig.4.9). So it can be stated that

designers just copied and pasted the traditional elements in the houses without
95
considering the concept behind them (Dinyrek & Turker, 2007; Turker & Pulhan,

2006).

Fig 4.9. Using arcaded semi open terraces as decoration

Reinforced Concrete skeleton constructional system with non-insulated brick

walls were utilized in all cases instead of using local materials such as sun-dried mud

brick or sand. In fact, concrete has gained popularity because of ease of construction

and maintenance and people prefer them. Concrete construction has a modern

value and therefore adds prestige to its owners. So, using local materials and natural

resources has been ignored in recent mass housing of North Cyprus.

In the following chart, notions of functional flexibility will be described briefly.

96
97
 According to the evaluation chart, it can be stated that none of the case studies are

functionally flexible enough from architectural point of view.

Generally, it should be mentioned that throughout centuries, meaning and use of

the house changed according to the communities changing condition such as

economic situations, increase in populations, changing lifestyles and structure of the

families (Friedman, 2011). In the past period, large and multi-functional rooms were

observed while in the beginning of 20th century, lifestyle of people started changing

and separation of spaces became extreme. Children were separated from parents and

odd assortment of function rooms appeared such as living room, dining room, lobby

and etc. Every aspects of domestic existence were compartmentalized and it affected

the layout of house design (Geddis, 2008).

With considering this fact, designers are expected to provide a more flexible

environment that allows users to control their environment and change the interior

spaces of their houses based on their changing needs. While, in all case studies

designers defined the rooms functions clearly and dimensions of most of the spaces

are suitable for only a specific function. On the other hand, non-movable brick

dividing walls and fixed cupboards can restrict users to change the dimension or

space organization of interior spaces as well. All these characteristics can restrict

functional flexibility in the house. For instance, in most of the case studies

versatility, convertibility and multi functionality can be achieved in only one space or

one floor not in all spaces so we cannot say that the spaces of the houses have

multifunctional or versatile character.

In Silver Pearl project, the houses are more adaptable to climate than the other

case studies but it cannot be enough. In fact, the designers just tried to utilize natural

light effectively but they did not use any other resources such as wind for providing

98
natural ventilation and users have to use mechanical systems for achieving thermal

comfort during summer. Environmentally sensitive materials were not used on

external walls or interior design.

On the other hand, in all cases, although furniture are not fixed, the defined

functions and limited size of most of the rooms as well as existing fixed cupboards,

fixed telephone or TV sockets can restrict users to arrange them based on their tastes

and needs.

4.2.3. Evaluating Notions of Cultural Flexibility in the Case Studies

from Architectural Point of View

Cultural flexibility is more concerned with beliefs, attitudes and values of the

users so it can be more related to the interior spaces and personalisation as well as

external facade characteristics.

In fact, the house is a position that directly reflects the personality and status of

the occupants, so architects are expected to design the houses in such a way to be

adaptable to various users with different culture, beliefs, life styles and needs. The

users should have the ability to change their conditions based on their needs, tastes

and cultures.

After evaluating architectural drawings of the case studies, it was considered that

the cases are not flexible structurally and functionally enough and this can negatively

influence cultural flexibility as well. In other words, the following problems in the

case studies may restrict users to personalize their houses based on their tastes:

-labelled and defined functions

-dimensions of most of the spaces are suitable for a specific function

99
 -non-movable brick dividing walls and fixed cupboards that may restrict users to

change the size and space organization of interior spaces of their houses based on

their tastes.

Generally, leaving the interior for the users and using movable partitions, allow

users to change the space locations and dimensions according to their tastes and

needs while in all cases, 10cm or 20cm brick dividing walls which are non-movable,

restrict users to enlarge and reduce the space dimensions whenever they want.

As Bakkaloglu states (2006), one of the necessary characters that form cultural

flexibility can be a free open plan with movable interior partitions. Modular design

with movable walls can be other important characters that can form cultural

flexibility as well. This method was utilized in vernacular architecture of North

Cyprus as well. The modules are standard and fixed in form, but it is possible to join

two or more modules together or to divide a module into smaller modules. But in all

cases the dimensions of most of the spaces are appropriate for a specific function and

because of non-movable walls; users cannot separate and rejoin spaces based on their

tastes and needs.

In most of the cases, designers abstracted and utilized some traditional

architectural elements in the facades because of clients tastes without questioning

the concept behind them, such as using local yellow stone just in some parts of the

facades or arcaded terraces and balconies in all directions. Actually, the arcaded

faade character has a symbolic meaning. On the other hand, in all projects the roofs

are inclined not only for climatic design but also because of peoples tastes and

preferences (fig.4.10).

100
 tken Inclined Roofs

Project Triangular entrance

Arcs

Inclined Roofs
Boaz Cove
Fireplace and chimney
Villa Project Iron works-ferforge
Yellow stone sills around windows
Local yellow stone

Silver Pearl
Inclined Roofs
Project
Fireplace and chimney
Arcaded terraces
Local yellow stone

Mutluyaka Inclined Roofs

project
Yellow stone sills around windows

Local yellow stone at corners

Fig 4.10. Symbolic use of traditional architectural elements in facades of some

projects

As it is indicated in fig.4.11, in all case studies there is a hierarchy among spatial

components of the dwellings for providing privacy for the residents.

Public semi-public private

(street) ( yard and entrance terrace) (the house)
open open closed

Fig 4.11. spatial relations ranging from public to private for providing privacy

In fact, there is not any direct access from Public Street to private and indoor

spaces in the selected houses, but they enter through an open yard and/or entrance

terrace. On the other hand, according to regulations, maximum height of the garden
101
walls cannot be higher than 1.20m (fasil 96, 1996) and due to this regulation; the

yard and entrance terraces, which are open semi-public spaces have direct physical

and visual contact with the streets although users can utilize plant fences for

providing more privacy. Unlike the selected cases, most of the rural houses there are

semi-open or semi-closed spaces (outer or inner hall), which were semi private

spaces and had not direct physical and visual contact with the streets and this provide

more privacy for interior spaces as well (fig.4:12). Actually, these spaces were

transitional spaces between open and closed spaces and they were utilized as semi-

private and multi-functional spaces while in recent architecture there is no semi-

private space in the houses and terrace is an open space that have direct visual and

physical contact with the streets.

Outer hall as a semi-open The terrace is an open

space may have indirect space that has direct
visual and physical contact visual and physical
with the streets. contact with the streets

Outer hall is a semi-open No semi-private space

and semi-private space
Street Street

Fig 4. 12. Exterior privacy in vernacular and recent mass housing

In the selected dwellings, the designers also tried to separate public and private

area inside the house by moving the private area into upper floor for providing more

interior privacy. Although, it may not be suitable for the users with physical

disabilities to live in these houses because of existing bedrooms on the upper floor. It

is too difficult for them to use the stairs many times during the day so the bedrooms

in the upstairs may become useless and adding a bedroom in the ground floor

becomes obligatory.

102
 On the other hand, during design stage, designers did not consider users and their

cultural background in their designs so they designed houses with the following

characteristics:

-Labelled spaces,

-Dimensions of most of the spaces are suitable for a specific function,

-Non-movable brick dividing walls,

-Fixed cupboards and fixed wardrobes,

These characteristics can restrict users to change their environment based on their

tastes, beliefs and cultural backgrounds.

In the following chart, summary of notions of cultural flexibility in 19 cases from

6 companies will be mentioned briefly.

103
104
 After evaluating architectural drawings of the 19 cases according to the flexibility

criteria, it can be stated that none of the cases are flexible enough structurally

functionally and culturally. The following reasons are the main reasons for lack of

flexibility in the selected build and sell type of housing projects from architectural

points of view.

- using non-flexible structural method

-defined and labeled functions
-limited dimension of most of the spaces (the dimensions are suitable for only a
specific function)
-non-movable brick interior walls
-not locating wet spaces in a specific zone
-restricting furniture arrangements by using fixed cupboards,
-no adaptability to climate

Generally, it should be mentioned that in modern times legal limitations and

limited land area may restrict users to make some exterior changes outside their

dwellings such as vertical or horizontal extension. On the other hand, peoples

lifestyle has changed during the time and most of the inhabitants prefer to modernize

their houses to present a civilized face to the world. By considering these facts,

designers are expected to provide a flexible environment that allows users to change

the dimension or space organization of interior space of their houses based on their

needs and tastes.

In the next section, existing situation of the case studies is going to be evaluated

in terms of flexibility in 3 different stages of design, construction and usage through

questionnaire survey to find out how flexible the cases can be in different stages as

well as todays needs of the existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility.

105
4.3. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of

Housing Project in North Cyprus in Terms of Different Stages of

Flexibility

The purpose of this section is to evaluate existing situation of the case studies in

terms of flexibility in 3 different stages of flexibility (design, construction and usage)

through questionnaires survey to find out how flexible the cases can be in different

stages as well as todays needs of the existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility.

To achieve this aim, 3 series of questionnaires were prepared for three different

stages of flexibility: design, construction and usage stages. The questionnaires, which

were related to design and construction stages, were conducted by construction firms

and the usage stage questionnaires were filled in by the existing inhabitants of the

case studies.

The questions in design and construction stages are divided into two main groups

(appendix A, B)

-Possibility of making the modifications related to exterior shell of the dwelling by

users.

-Possibility of making the modifications, which are more related to interior spaces by

users.

The questions in usage stage are divided into two main groups as well (appendix c).

- The inhabitants needs for making the modifications related to exterior shell of their

dwelling.

- The inhabitants needs for making the modifications, which are more related to

interior spaces.

106
4.3.1. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of

Housing Project in North Cyprus in Design Stage

In this stage, the questionnaires (Appendix A), that include 21 questions were

filled in by the 6 selected companies. And the following tables indicate the results

about flexibility criteria in the selected case studies during design stage based on the

companies response.

Table 4.20.possibility of external changes that affect the exterior shell of the
dwellings by the users during design stage

Construction Maximum Extension Changing changing Faade Changing

firms Customers outside Faade finishing Form of
the house material roof
Noyanlar
Local No No No No
Dovec
Local No Yes +extra cost Yes + extra cost Yes + extra
cost
Northernland
Local No No No No
Halken
Local No Yes + extra cost Yes + extra cost No
Ilkay Genc
International No No No No

Levent Homes International No No No No

Number of Yes 0
Number of Yes+ extra cost 5
Number of No 19
Total number of replies 24

Findings indicate that most of the companies did not allow users to make changes

at the exterior shell of their dwellings due to importance of similarity and unity

among the dwellings as well as legal limitations.

The inhabitants did not have possibility of extending the spaces outside their

dwellings in design stage. In other words, all companies did not allow users to make

this change in their dwellings because of legal limitations as well as importance of

similarity and unity among the dwellings. Only 2 companies gave customers

107
possibility of changing the faade or faade finishing materials during design stage

by asking extra cost.

Table 4.21. possibility of interior changes that have no effect on the external shell of
the dwellings by the users during design stage

Construction space function interior model electricity pipe fireplace

Firms organization of space finishing of system system
material kitchen
Noyanlar
Yes + Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
extra cost
Dovec Yes+ Yes+ Yes Yes Yes+ Yes Yes
extra cost extracost extra cost
Northernland Yes+ Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
extra cost

Halken Yes + Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

extra cost
Ilkay Genc Yes + Yes + Yes Yes Yes + No No
extra cost extracost extra cost
Levent Homes Yes+ Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
extra cost

Number of Yes 24
Number of Yes+ extra cost 10
Number of No 8
Total number of replies 42

Findings reveal that possibility of making interior changes by users during design

stage is higher than external changes that affect the exterior shell of the dwellings

and most of the companies gave the customers possibility of changing the interior

spaces of their houses during design stage although they had to pay extra cost for

some of these changes.

All companies allowed users to change space organization of interior spaces (wall

arrangement, size of interior spaces ) by demanding extra cost.

On the other hand, they allowed the users to change interior finishing materials

and model of their kitchens (converting closed kitchen into open one or vice versa)

without demanding extra cost.

108
 Four companies out of 6 did not allow users to change pipe systems (changing the

location of wet spaces) while 4 companies out of 6 allowed users to change

electricity system by demanding extra cost.

4.3. 2.Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of

Housing Project in North Cyprus in Construction Stage

In this section, flexibility in construction stage is going to be evaluated through

surveying questionnaires (appendix B). The questions are similar to the questions in

design stage. The following tables indicate the results about flexibility criteria in the

selected case studies during construction stage based on the companies response.

Table 4.22. possibility of external changes that affect the exterior shell of the
dwellings by the users during construction stage

Extension Changing Changing Faade Changing Form

outside Faade finishing material of roof
Noyanlar company
No No No No
Dovec
No Yes + extra cost Yes + extra cost Yes + extra cost
Northernland
No No No No
Halken
No No Yes + extra cost No
Ilkay Genc
No No No No
Levent Homes
No No No No

Number of Yes 0
Number of Yes+ extra cost 4
Number of No 20
Total number of replies 24

Findings indicate that the obtained results from surveying questionnaires in

construction stage are similar to the obtained results in design stage and most of the

companies did not allow users to make some external changes at the exterior shell of

the dwellings in construction stage as well due to importance of similarity and unity

among the dwellings of the projects as well as legal limitations.

109
Table 4.23. possibility of changing interior spaces that have no effect on external
shell of the dwellings by the users during construction stage

Space Function of Finishing Model of Electricity Pipe Fireplace

organization space material kitchen system system
Noyanlar Yes + Yes + Yes + Yes No No Yes
extra cost extra cost extra cost
Dovec Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ Yes + Yes+ Yes
extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost
Northernland Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ No No No
extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost

Halken Yes + Yes + Yes + Yes+ No No Yes

extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost
Ilkay Genc Yes + Yes + Yes + Yes+ Yes No No
extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost

Levent Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ Yes+ No No No

Homes extra cost extra cost extra cost extra cost

Number of Yes 5
Number of Yes+ extra cost 25
Number of No 12
Total number of replies 42

The findings reveal that possibility of making interior changes by the users are

restricted more during construction stage. In fact, in design stage, the total number of

yes is 34 out of 42 while the number of yes + extra cost is 10 out of 42. In

construction stage, the total number of yes is 30 out of 42 while the number of yes+

extra cost is 25 out of 42. It indicates that making modifications by demanding extra

cost in design stage is lower than construction stage so most of the changes in

construction stage required extra cost and it is against flexibility concept.

All companies allowed users to change space organization of interior spaces,

function of spaces as well as interior finishing materials by asking extra cost.

All companies, except one, allowed users to change the model of their kitchens by

demanding extra cost.

On the other hand, five companies allowed users to change the location of wet

spaces.

110
 Based on the findings, it can be stated that design stage is more flexible than

construction stage in the selected case studies. On the other hand, possibility of

making interior changes was higher than the ones related to the external shell of the

selected cases.

4.3.3. Evaluating Flexibility in Recent Build and Sell Type of

Housing Projects in North Cyprus in Usage Stage

In this stage, the questionnaires (appendix C) were filled in by the existing

inhabitants of the selected case studies to find out how flexible the cases can be in

usage stage as well as todays needs of the existing users in terms of flexibility

criteria.

77 inhabitants out of 123 filled in the questionnaires and according to the

findings, most of the existing inhabitants are local families, who are middle-aged

couples with one or two children and most of them bought their houses during

construction stage.

In the following table, the information about the number of plots in each project

and the number of existing inhabitants will be mentioned.

Table 4.24.general information about the number of plots and sold houses

Construction Projects Number of total Number of sold Number of families who fill

firms plots houses in the questionnaires

Noyanlar Otuken 22 22 15

Dovec Dovec 33 23 12

Northernland Pearl project 66 27 14

Halken Mutluyaka 40 10 7

Ilkay Genc Salamis 21 21 18

Levent Homes Bogaz villa 31 20 11

Number of families who filled the total: 213 Total : 123 77 inhabitants or families
questionnaires out of 123 sold houses

111
 The following tables indicate the obtained results from surveying todays needs of

existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility through questionnaires in the case studies.

Table.4.25.inhabitants needs for making external changes, which affect the exterior
shell of the dwellings during usage stage

nationalities No of Number of extension facade Material of faade Form of roof

users users in each
stage
y N B Y N B Y N B Y N B
Local 65 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C 49 11 38 0 15 34 0 19 20 10 0 49 0
U 28 9 19 0 14 14 0 22 6 0 0 28 0
D 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
International 12
C 5 1 4 0 0 5 0 0 2 2 0 5 0
U 6 0 6 0 4 2 0 5 1 0 0 6 0
Total D 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
inhabitants 77 C 54 12 42 0 15 39 0 19 22 12 0 54 0
U 34 9 25 0 18 16 0 27 7 0 0 34 0

42 54
Bar chart related to the total 39 22
inhabitants who bought their houses N 19 N
12
during construction stage and their Y N 15 Y 12 Y N B
needs for making external changes
need for extension need for faade need for faade need for roof
modification material modification modification

34
Bar chart related to the total 25 18 27
inhabitants who bought their houses N Y N
during usage stage and their needs for 9 Y
Y 16 N 7 N
making external changes
need for extension need for faade need for faade need for roof
modification material modification modification

Yes (Y): yes, we need No (N): no we do not need Before (B): we did it already

Findings indicate that most of the existing inhabitants (85%) are local people

who bought their houses during construction stage and they had the chance to

contribute in the formation of their houses and made some changes in their houses

based on their needs and tastes by paying extra cost.

Obtained results from the above table indicate that most of the inhabitants (both

local and international) do not need to make external changes that affect the exterior

shell of their houses such as extension, changing facades, changing the size or

location of the openings, and changing the form of roofs while changing the faade

finishing material is mostly preferred by most of the inhabitants.

112
 Most of the inhabitants who bought their houses in construction stage changed the

faade finishing materials based on their taste; while the users, who bought their

houses in usage stage need to change them and personalize their houses based on

their tastes. On the other hand, all inhabitants are happy about the form of their roofs.

113
 Table 4.26. inhabitants needs for making interior changes that have no effect on
external shell of the dwellings during usage stage
1.Space 2.Function of 3.Use 4.Model of 5.Electricity
Nationality No of Number organization space space for kitchen system
users of users various
in each purposes
stage Y N B Y N B Y N Y N B Y N B
Local 65 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C 49 18 17 14 5 19 25 0 49 7 25 17 6 40 3
U 28 17 11 0 12 9 7 0 28 10 18 0 11 17 0
international 12 D 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
C 5 2 2 1 0 3 1 0 5 0 4 1 1 3 1
U 6 4 2 0 2 3 2 0 6 1 5 0 2 4 0
total 77 D 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
C 54 20 19 15 5 22 26 0 54 7 29 18 7 43 4
U 34 21 13 0 19 12 5 0 34 11 23 0 13 21 0
Bar chart related to the total 54 43
inhabitants who bought their 26 29
20 22
houses during construction 19 18 N
N B N N B
stage and their needs for 15 Y N B 7
5 7
making internal changes Y Y 4 Y B

34
Bar chart related to the total 19 23 21
inhabitants who bought their 12
Y YN 11
houses during usage stage and 5 N Y N 13 Y N
their needs for making internal N B
changes Need for changing need for changing need for multi- need for changing need for changing
space organization function of spaces purpose space the model of kitchen electricity system

6.Pipe 7.fireplace 8.Finishing 9.Furniture 10. Do you have enough 11.Do you have
system material rearrangement Privacy related to your: enough space for
helding a
openings wall layout ceremony
Y N B Y N B Y N B Y N B Y N Y N Y N Y N
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 47 1 20 23 6 13 9 27 30 9 10 47 2 21 28 49 0 32 7
4 24 0 13 15 0 19 5 4 19 6 3 24 4 9 19 28 0 26 2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 5 0 0 2 3 0 1 4 4 1 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
0 6 0 2 4 0 5 1 0 5 1 0 6 0 5 1 6 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 52 1 20 25 9 13 10 31 34 10 10 52 2 26 28 54 0 37 7
4 30 0 15 19 0 24 6 4 24 7 3 30 4 14 20 34 0 32 2

52 52 54
31 34
9 25 28 37
N 20 10 Y 26 Y N Y Y
Y B N 13
1 Y N B 2 N 7
Y B 10 Y N B N
9
N
2 34
30 30 32
19 24 24 20
N 15 Y 14 Y
Y Y Y
4 Y Y N 6
N
B 7 B 4 N Y N 2 N
4 3 N
2 2

Need for changing need for changing need for changing need for rearranging need for privacy need for more
pipe system fireplace interior materials furniture 2or larger space

Yes (Y): yes, we need No (N): no we do not need Before (B): we did it already

114
 Findings reveal that the existing inhabitants (both local and international) mostly

prefer to change the interior spaces of their houses and personalize them based on

their needs and tastes instead of exterior changes.

Findings also indicate that most of the local people, who bought their houses

during construction and usage stages need more privacy related to the height of

garden walls while international users did not. In fact, according to legal limitations

maximum height of boundary walls can be 1.20 m and one of the solution for

removing this problem is using plant fence for providing more privacy. Only, a few

inhabitants used this method for providing more privacy.

Generally, the results, which were obtained from the questionnaires, reveal that

existing inhabitants, who bought their houses during usage stage mostly, prefer to

make the following changes in their houses:

-need to change space organizations of interior spaces (changing wall arrangements

dimensions of interior spaces etc )

-need to change function of spaces (changing location of space)

-need to arrange furniture in different ways

-need to change interior and exterior finishing materials

While, most of the inhabitants, who bought their houses during construction stage

only need to rearrange furniture in different ways. In other words, most of them

made the above mentioned changes during construction stage based on their needs

and tastes by paying extra cost.

Generally, it can be stated that most of existing users, who bought their houses

during construction stage had the chance to make some modifications in their houses

based on their needs and taste whereas the users who bought their houses during

usage stage need to make some modifications in their houses but it can be very time

115
and cost consuming for them; and this indicates that usage stage is less flexible than

design and construction stages.

On the other hand, it can be concluded that changing interior space of the houses,

which are more related to functional and cultural flexibility, are mostly preferred by

all of the existing inhabitants (both local and international).

4.4. Chapter conclusion

In new housing designs, climate and environmental factors such as topography,

direction of sun and wind are not taken into account. While, in rural vernacular

architecture of North Cyprus, climate was a key factor in the formation and

orientation of houses.

Instead of using environmental friendly materials, reinforced concrete is used

together with bricks predominantly in the recent Cypriot architecture as building

materials. The skeletal system is used in a restricting design instead of using its

potentials as open plan. On the other hand, series of reinforce concrete arches with

different styles and dimensions or other traditional elements such as arcaded terraces

and balconies are copied as forms in the recent built environment of Cyprus without

questioning the concept behind them.

In this chapter, nineteen type of projects and 77 dwellings from recent build and

sell type of housing projects of North Cyprus were evaluated in terms of flexibility

criteria, which were derived from the second chapter.

After evaluating architectural drawings of the case studies according to the

flexibility criteria, the following problems as the main problems that restrict users to

change their houses were extracted.

-using non-flexible structural method

-defined and labeled functions

116
-limited dimension of most of the rooms (the dimensions are suitable for only a
specific function)
-non-movable brick interior walls
-not locating wet spaces in a specific zone
-restricting furniture arrangements by using fixed cupboards and fixed infrastructure
tools
-no adaptability to climate

Then, existing situation of the case studies was evaluated in terms of flexibility in

3 different stages (design, construction and usage) through questionnaire survey to

find out how flexible the cases can be in different stages as well as todays needs of

the existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility.

After evaluation it was considered that the existing inhabitants (both local and

international) mostly prefer to change the interior spaces of their houses and

personalize it based on their needs and tastes, instead of external changes that affect

the exterior shell of their dwellings. These changes mostly include:

-need to change space organizations of interior spaces (changing wall arrangements

dimension of interior spaces etc),

-need to change function of spaces (changing location of space),

-need to rearrange furniture in different ways,

-need to change interior and exterior finishing materials.

On the other hand, findings revealed that design stage is the most flexible stage

among the three stages but most of the houses were bought during construction and

usage stages and flexibility is mostly dependent on paying extra cost in these stages.

In other words, the people, who bought their houses during construction and usage

stages, have to pay higher cost for making modifications in their houses than design

stage and this is against flexibility principles. And the problems, which were

extracted from evaluating architectural drawings of the case studies, can be the main

117
reasons that restrict existing users to make some modifications in their houses with

minimum payments or without paying any extra cost.

This is the responsibility of designers to provide a more flexible environment that

allows users to make modifications based on their needs and tastes through removing

the mentioned problems and proposing and applying some flexible strategies in

design stage.

It can be concluded that unlike vernacular architecture, flexibility is not

considered as an axiom in recent mass housing design in North Cyprus especially in

build and sell type of housing projects. Doubtlessly, the past experiences suitably

respond to the cultural and environmental needs of the context so designers can learn

from vernacular architecture and apply its notions of flexibility in recent build and

sell type of housing design for having more flexible dwellings

In the following chapter, some recommendations will be proposed for improving

flexibility in recent build and sell type of housing projects of North Cyprus through

applying notions of flexibility of its vernacular architecture.

118
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate notions of flexibility in recent

build and sell type of housing projects in North Cyprus through learning from her

rural vernacular architecture.

In this respect, through reviewing the theoretical background, the criteria for

evaluating flexibility were extracted and summarized in an evaluation table.

According to the theoretical background, flexibility was classified into three main

groups in this study: structural, functional and cultural flexibility. Each group covers

some notions as well. Functional and cultural flexibility are more related to movable

parts of the dwellings, while structural flexibility can be more related to non-

movable components of the dwellings.

In the next stage, after investigating flexibility criteria in the rural vernacular

houses, it was concluded that vernacular dwellings have limited structural flexibility

due to limited access to technology, load bearing wall system and timber roofs.

Although structural flexibility was limited; functional and cultural flexibility was

provided due to nonlabeled spaces, appropriate space dimensions, leaving the interior

free from any constructional element and the open system of the courtyard as a

potential for infill.

The following parameters are the notions of flexibility, which were extracted

from investigation of rural vernacular houses:

- Multi-functionality

119
- Individuality
-Convertibility
-Modularity
-open plan system (courtyard)
-adaptability to climate
-possibility of horizontal and linear extension and division in both building and
Component / site scale

After extracting notions of flexibility of rural vernacular architecture, nineteen

projects from build and sell type of housing projects were evaluated based on the

flexibility criteria, which were extracted from the theoretical background. The

evaluation was based on two methods.

First, evaluating the cases form architectural point of view through analyzing the

architectural drawings to find out if the selected dwellings have potential for long

term flexibility or not.

After evaluation, it was revealed that legal limitations and limited land area may

restrict users to make some exterior changes on the external shell of their dwellings

such as vertical or horizontal extension, changing the facades, changing the size and

location of the openings and etc, while it is possible to change the interior spaces of

the houses without any legal limitation. Through analyzing the architectural

drawings, the following problems were extracted as the main problems that restrict

users to change their houses, especially the interior spaces, based on their changing

needs and tastes over the time.

- using non-flexible structural method,

-defined and labeled functions,
-limited dimension of most of the rooms (the dimensions are suitable for only a
Specific function),
-non-movable brick interior walls,
-not locating wet spaces in a specific zone,

120
 -restricting furniture arrangements by using fixed cupboards and wardrobes.

Then, flexibility was evaluated in 3 different stages of flexibility: design,

construction and usage in existing situation through questionnaire survey to find out

how flexible the cases can be in different stages as well as todays needs of the

existing inhabitants in terms of flexibility.

After evaluation of 77 dwellings from 19 types, it was revealed that among

external changes that affect exterior shell of the dwellings, changing the facade

finishing material is mostly preferred by most of the inhabitants. On the other hand,

findings indicated that the existing inhabitants (both local and international) mostly

prefer to change the interior spaces of their houses and personalize them based on

their needs and tastes instead of external changes. These modifications mostly

include:

-need to change space organizations of interior spaces (changing wall

arrangements dimension of interior spaces and ),

-need to change function of spaces (changing location of space),

-need to arrange furniture in different ways,

-need to change interior and exterior finishing materials.

The considerable point was that the people, who bought their houses during

construction stage made most of the above mentioned changes in their houses during

construction stage while the people, who bought their houses during usage stage need

to make the changes in their houses and it can indicate that usage stage is less

flexible than construction stage.

In fact, findings revealed that flexibility in design and construction stages was

more than usage stage. In other words, during usage stage the case studies may not

have enough potential to be adapted to users needs and tastes and inhabitants have

121
to pay extra cost for making modifications in their houses. And the problems which

were extracted from analysing architectural drawings of the case studies can be the

main reasons that restrict existing users to make modifications in their houses with

minimum payments or without paying any extra cost.

This is the responsibility of designers to provide a more flexible environment that

allows users to make changes based on their needs and tastes through removing the

mentioned problems and applying some strategies in design stage.

In this respect, vernacular architecture can be used as a successful model for

achieving both long-term and short-term flexibility in recent mass housing design. In

fact, designers should try to apply the notions of flexibility of vernacular architecture

such as: Multi-functionality, Individuality, Convertibility, Modularity and open plan

system in recent mass housing design in a contemporary process with the help of

available technologies and tools.

In the following paragraphs, some recommendations will be proposed for

improving flexibility in recent build and sell type of housing projects of North

Cyprus.

-Longterm flexibility can be achieved in dwellings by predicting future changes

during design and construction stages. Structural system as a non-movable and

permanent part of the building can be important for achieving long term flexibility.

Utilizing flexible structure can allow users to make changes in future based on their

needs and preferences. In this respect, two flexible structural methods can be

proposed for flexible designs:

1. indeterminate / incomplete buildings method: in this method permanent

elements (supports) which can be listed as structural elements, access units and

servicing are determined by the designer and the interior is left for the users to fill

122
in according to their needs and tastes. In fact, in this method, the occupants

themselves will be able to decide how to divide the space and live in it, where they

will sleep and where they will eat. If the composition of the family changes, the

house can be adjusted, and to a certain extent enlarged. The structural skeleton is a

half product which can be completed according to different needs. Applying this

method in recent mass housing design can allow occupants to take control of their

environment according to their changing needs and tastes and as a result, many of the

notions of flexibility in vernacular houses can be obtained.

2. Polyvalent organization: in this method, that is more determinate than the

previous one, the space is generally divided into permanent modules with

standardized dimensions that are appropriate for diverse functions. The sizes of the

modules are standard and fixed in form, but it is possible to join two or more

modules together or to divide a module into smaller modules and users can

determine, the usage of these modules. In fact, in this method, architects organize the

usage of spaces by folding furnishing elements and moving / folding / sliding walls;

and occupants are able to define the function of spaces based on their needs and

taste; exchange function of spaces with each other based on their changing needs; or

change the dimension of spaces by joining two or more modules together or dividing

a module into smaller modules.

This method was already utilized in the vernacular architecture of North Cyprus

and designers can also apply this method in recent housing design to achieve some of

the notions of flexibility of vernacular architecture such as convertibility,

individuality, modularity and etc.

As also stated by Bakkaloglu (2006) when structural system is flexible, possibility

of having a flexible layout will be higher, so possibility of obtaining functional and

123
cultural flexibility can be higher as well. Hence, different structural systems such as

steel construction that are more flexible can be proposed. If reinforced concrete

skeletal system is selected, waffle slabs with invisible beams can be preferred.

- Designing flat roofs also give users opportunity to extend their houses vertically

in the future according to their changing wishes and demands

- The openings will be more flexible if they are made of sliding transparent

surfaces and controlled by movable shading devices.

-Instead of non-movable brick dividing walls, different types of demountable wall

partitions such as sliding panels, folded accordion partitions and folding-up partitions

can be utilized as dividers between spaces so users can change the dimension of the

rooms based on their needs and tastes. In fact, it gives users opportunity to extend,

divide and separate and rejoin the spaces easily.

-Instead of fixed and single-purpose furniture, furnishing for flexible use can be

achieved by using furniture as a surface or as a functional unit. They can also be used

as a stable or movable / foldable element in the house. The use of movable / foldable

furniture, such as a kitchen or a bed utility, is to transform space during day and

night according to the needs and demands of the users. On the other hand, furniture

can be used as a functional unit that can make rooms appropriate for different

functions during night and day. For instance, instead of fixed cupboards and bulky

walls in the bedrooms, storage devices as a partition element can be utilized. These

partition cupboards could be flexible and movable to be relocated according to the

users needs for permanent and temporary uses. This can also provide more spaces

by the cancellation of the partition element easily. Hence, cupboards can be

converted to multi-purpose furniture through applying this method that allows

124
inhabitants to change the room dimensions based on their needs as well as possibility

of converting the bedroom space into another function.

As a matter of fact, utilizing both movable partitions and flexible furniture can

give users opportunity to control the interior spaces of the houses based on their

preferences and needs. Some of the notions of functional and cultural flexibility in

the rural vernacular architecture such as: convertibility, multi-functionality,

individuality and the ability of separating and rejoining the rooms can be obtained

through utilizing both movable partitions and flexible furniture as well.

Generally, it can be stated that it can be possible to obtain functional and cultural

flexibility in recent build and sell type of housing projects through applying the

above mentioned strategies in housing design, In other words, users have possibility

of controlling the interior spaces of their houses based on their needs and preferences

through utilizing the mentioned strategies. Besides, due to legal limitations and

limited land area in modern times, users are restricted to make some exterior changes

to their dwellings such as vertical or horizontal extension

- Designers are also expected to consider climate and environmental factors. The

houses are expected to be well oriented towards south for controlling the sun; as well

as orienting the openings towards prevailing winds; and allowing cross ventilation

for providing natural ventilation and removing humidity.

Designing semi-open, semi-closed spaces in a proper direction can be taken into

account such as vernacular architecture, where semi-open, semi-closed spaces were

utilized as multi-functional transitional spaces between indoor and outdoor spaces.

Generally, designing open and semi-open spaces can be considered by architects as

an important architectural element in Mediterranean climate as well as in North

Cyprus.

125
 -Locating the wet spaces in a specific zone can be a proper technique for leaving

the rest free for the users to furnish in, as in vernacular houses of North Cyprus.

Unfortunately, in the contemporary architecture, flexibility is not considered as an

axiom during usage stage. New houses are pasted everywhere without showing any

consideration to existing context and user expectations. In this respect, as also stated

by Dincyurek & Turker (2007), learning from the principles of vernacular

architecture and adapt in the notions of flexibility to contemporary houses is vital(p.

for obtaining long-term and short-term flexibility. It is possible to utilize the notions

of flexibility of vernacular architecture in recent houses, with cooperation of recent

construction techniques and materials parallel to the latest technologies. Architects

and design / construction companies are expected to pay more attention to these

values while designing new houses to provide cultural sustainability, continuity,

environmental appropriateness and user satisfaction.

This study can be used as a background for further researches on the issue of

flexibility in housing design. In this sense, further researches on flexibility in housing

context or in different functional buildings can investigate other strategies and

methods to achieve flexibility. This study can be a departure point for further studies

on the functional transformation of existing buildings to residential ones. The

potentials of the functional transformations of existing buildings can be explored and

new strategies can be developed. Furthermore, sustainability can be included into the

discussion of fulfilling the changing needs of users with diverse lifestyles. The notion

of sustainability in flexible design approach brings to mind another issue called

sustainable communities; designing multi use spaces for people with diverse

lifestyles. Therefore, further studies related to flexibility and sustainability can

benefit from this study.

126
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Technical University, Turkey.

137
APPENDICES

138
 APPENDIX A: Form of Questionnaires in Design Stage

Design stage
Hello
I am Golshid Gilani.
I am studying master of architecture at EMU University with the ID number of (095316).
I am working on my thesis that is about flexibility in the houses and the following questions
are only used for improving my thesis.
Thank you for your help and cooperation.
Best regard,
Golshid Gilani

1. Who is your user profile mostly?

National users (locals)

International users
Turkey
Other countries
2. Do customers contribute during design stage?

Yes No

3. Since When your consumers can contribute projects during design stage?

Recently since we have started our business

4. Do customers have possibility of ..

-extending the spaces outside the during design stage? Yes

No

- changing the faade (size and location of openings) Yes

during design stage? No

Yes
- changing faade finishing materials (paint, covering materials,
No
door and window materials, roof materials)?

Yes
- changing the form of roofs during design stage?
No

Yes
- changing the space organizations of interior spaces?
(Wall arrangements, dimension of spaces) No

139
 Yes
- changing the function of spaces? (e. g. locating one bedroom
No
in the ground floor or a sitting room in the first floor)

Yes
- changing the closed kitchen into an open kitchen or vice versa?
No

- changing the place of electricity systems Yes

(E.g. TV or telephone sockets) during design stage? No

- changing the position of wet spaces by moving the pipe system? Yes
No

- changing the place of fireplace during design stage?

Yes
No

Yes
- changing the finishing materials of the spaces during design stage?
No

Swimming pool
5. Do the costomers have chance to ask for extra facilities? Yes Jacuzzi
No Central heating
Satellite
Fireplace
Attic

..

140
 APPENDIX B: Form of Questionnaires in Construction Stage

Construction stage

1. Do customers contribute during construction stage?

Yes No

2. Since When your consumers can contribute projects during design stage?

Recently since we have started our business

3. Do customers have possibility of :

- extending the spaces outside the dwelling during construction stage? Yes
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the faade (size and location of openings) Yes

during construction stage?
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing faade finishing materials (paint, covering materials, Yes

door and window materials, roof materials)? No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the form of roofs during construction stage?

Yes
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring? No
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the space organizations of interior spaces?

Yes
(Wall arrangements, dimension of spaces)
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the function of spaces? (e. g. locating one bedroom

Yes
in the ground floor or a sitting room in the first floor)
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the closed kitchen into an open kitchen or vice versa? Yes
No
141
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the place of electricity systems(E.g. TV or telephone sockets) Yes

during construction stage? No

What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?

................................................................................................................................................

- changing the position of wet spaces by moving the pipe system? Yes
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the place of fireplace? Yes

What kinds of difficulties does this change bring? No
................................................................................................................................................

- changing the finishing materials of the spaces during

construction stage?
Yes
No
What kinds of difficulties does this change bring?
................................................................................................................................................

4. Do the customers have chance to ask for extra facilities? Yes Swimming pool
No Jacuzzi
Central heating
Satellite
Fireplace
Attic

..

142
 APPENDIX C: Form of Questionnaires in Usage Stage

Usage stage

Ben Golshid Gilani, Dou Akdeniz niversitesi, Mimarlk blmnde Master

yapyorum. renci numaram 095316.
Master tez konum; Evlerdeki Deikenlik ile ilgilidir ve aada belirtilen sorular
tezimi gelitirmek amac ile uygulanmtr.
Yardmlarnz ve desteiniz iin teekkr ederim.

Sayglar
Golshid Gilani golshid_g1985@yahoo.com

1. How many users are living in this house?...........................

2. Which nationalities are the users?

National users (locals).number of users
International users
Turkey....................number of users
Other countries.number of users
3. Are you?

Owner
tenant

4. In which stage did you buy this house?

Design stage
Construction stage
Usage stage(it was complete)

5. Did you have the chance to contribute in the formation of your house?

Yes design stage No

Construction stage
Usage stage

5. Do you need to:

YES
- Extend the spaces outside the dwelling? No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
- change the facades of your house? YES
(size and location of openings) No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
-change faade finishing materials (paint, YES
covering materials, door and window materials)? No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
143
 YES
- change the form of roofs?
No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
- change the space organization of interior YES
spaces? (E.g. enlarging your living room No design stage
without changing the faade) We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage

Yes
- function of spaces? (E.g. locating a sitting No design stage
room in the first floor of a bedroom in the We did it already Construction stage
ground floor Usage stage

-use a space for different purposes? YES

If yes, which spaces and which purposes?...... No
..

YES
- change your closed kitchen into an open kitchen
No design stage
or vice versa?
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage

- change the place of electricity systems YES

(E.g. TV or telephone sockets) No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage

YES
- change the place of wet space? (WC, kitchen)
No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
- change the place of fireplace? YES
No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
- change the finishing material of the interior YES
spaces? No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage

- rearrange your furniture in various ways? YES

No design stage
We did it already Construction stage
Usage stage
144
6. Do you have enough privacy
YES
- related to your openings? No
-related to your garden walls? YES
No
-related to the interior layout? YES
No

21. Do you have enough spaces in your home for helding a ceremony such as
birthday party or..?
Yes No

If No, do you need it?

Yes No

22. Are there any users with physical movement restrictions in your house?
Yes No

If yes, do they have any trouble with?

Stairs wet spaces
Entrance level differences in your house
Kitchen height

145
146
Table.4.26. inhabitants needs for making interior changes that have no effect on external shell of the dwellings during usage stage

147
 Otuken project Bogaz Cove pearl village Mutluyaka Dovec Salamis
Project Project Project Project Project

Table.4.15. Summary of Notions of Structural Flexibility in 19 selected projects

A B C D E F 1 2 silver golden A B C A B C A B C

It can be restricted due to legal

According to limitation and building codes, non-
flexible structural organization and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Extension
limited land area
Component scale horizontal
Legal restriction and building codes,
Scale and non-flexible structural organization _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
division
restricted division
Due to non-flexible structural
Non- Direction
organization and non-movable brick
extension dividing walls it is restricted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Movable horizontal
Limited space dimension with
Extendibility
Spatial/ irregular structural organization of
Parts: and
division spaces restricted it. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Structural division
(Structure No possibility due to inclined roofs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Flexibility Vertical extension _ _ _ _ _
Building scale and legal restrictions
Skin &
No possibility due to Limited _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Division heights of spaces
Core)

Radial expansion Horizontal it is not considered in the evaluation because this type
of expansion is not possible in this type of buildings
According Vertical
legal limitation and building codes, non-flexible
to Horizontal structural organization, non-movable brick dividing
Linear expansion walls & limited land area restricted horizontal
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
expansion and division
form
No possibility of vertical expansion and division due to _ _ _ _ _
Vertical _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Legal limitations, inclined roofs and limited heights of
spaces

Horizontal Legal limitation and building codes, non-flexible

Clustered expansion
structural organization, and limited land area restricted it - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Legal limitations, inclined roofs and limited heights of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Vertical spaces restricted vertical expansion & division
Incomplete/ indeterminate buildings:
permanent elements, which can be listed as Designers did not leave the interior space for the users to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
structural structural elements, access units and fill in, based on their needs and taste .All spaces are
Servicing. The rest is left as a generic determined and labeled.
methods space
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
standardized modularization
No permanent modules with standardized dimensions which
permanent modules with standardized can be utilized for different functions except type D in Otuken
dimensions appropriate for diverse functions. project

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Forms of roofs Flexible (Flat roof) or non-flexible no flat roofs were constructed
Constructing inclined roofs due to demands of optimum users

Fixed facades without any facility for achieving flexibility.

Openings are limited and predicted and no sun controls were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Flexible faade
used.
 Otuken project Bogaz Cove pearl village Mutluyaka Dovec Salamis

Project Project Project Project Project

Table.4.18. summary of Notions of functional flexibility in 19 selected projects A B C D E F 1 2 silver golden A B C A B C A B C

Versatility: spatial multi use with minor

structural modification It can be achieved in some case studies by removing non-load bearing dividing walls and - - - - - - - - _ _ - _ _ _ -
utilizing movable partitions instead of them in some spaces.

Ability to permanently Due to labeled and fixed functions, in most of the cases it cannot be possible to permanently
convert space from convert a function into another function
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Convertibility: function to another - - - -
without any structural
modification

Functional Ability to exchange or

interchange space Possibility of exchanging space functions with each other only in a few spaces in the cases ,
functions without any because of fixed and defined functions, as well as limitation in dimension of most of the spaces - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - _ _ _
structural
modifications
Movable flexibility

Parts: Multi-functionality: the ability of having

No multi-functional spaces due to fixed and defined functions, dimension of most of the spaces is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
suitable for a specific function , Fixed cupboards
different function at the same time, at the
(Layout
same place Just living room has the potential of having different functions at the same time

& the ability to separate and rejoin the rooms

Because of non-movable brick dividing walls, no possibility to separate and rejoin the rooms based
and units in terms of movable partitions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
on users needsOnly, possibility of dividing one space into sub-spaces by using movable
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Furniture) partitions but with considering the limitation in rooms size.

Flexible furniture: The ability to rearrange Possibility of arranging furniture in different ways due to non-fixed furniture especially in living room,
furniture
Fixed and defined functions , Dimensions of most of the spaces are suitable for a specific function as - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - -
well as fixed cupboards and wardrobes may restrict users to arrange furniture in various way

The ability to place wet spaces within

specific zones but not to be permanently , Wet spaces are fixed and permanent in all case studies and they were not located in a specific zone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fixed, freedom of main space as generic
space
Using environmentally sensitive materials: in all cases, using contemporary materials without _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Adaptable to climate environmental precautions in both shell and interior spaces

Orientation towards the Sun: Orientation of houses is based on position and entrance direction of the land _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
instead of being located according to the north-south direction to take advantages of the sun
Providing natural ventilation: No strategies for natural ventilation in all cases
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Utilizing external Sun control devices: only interior curtains can be utilized for controlling the sun.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Adaptable to disabled locating private zone in the upper floor may not be suitable for old age or disabled people
 Otuken project Bogaz Cove Pearl Village Mutluyaka Dovec Salamis

T Project Project Project Project Project

Table.4.19. summary of Notions of cultural flexibility in 19 selected projects A B C D E F 1 2 silver golden A B C A B C A B C

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-Labeled spaces,
Individuality:
-Dimension of most of the spaces is suitable for a specific function,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-Non movable brick interior walls _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Furniture is not fixed and the style of furniture is selected by the users

exterior privacy: Due to regulations, maximum height of the walls cannot be Physical privacy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Character between higher than 1.20cm so terrace and yard that have direct
public and semi- physical and visual contact with the streets. Although users
(identical) private areas can use plant fence for providing more privacy
Improving privacy Visual privacy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

flexibility Interior privacy: No direct physical access to the interior spaces due to the entrance
Boundaries door. Physical privacy
between semi Direct visual access to a few parts of interior spaces through
public and private windows due to direct physical and visual access to the entrance
areas
terrace.
Visual privacy
Separating interior space into private and public area is another - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
method for providing more interior privacy in all cases.

No fixed cultural symbols but a specific architectural style

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cultural identity

- Only furniture is not fixed but there are some limitations in furniture arrangement
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
because function of spaces are defined, dimension of most of the spaces is suitable for
a specific function and existing fixed cupboards

Both interior and exterior Finishing material can be changed whereas openings or
faade style is fixed. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Adaptable to different users
Space organization of interior spaces is fixed

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