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Planning Process
The COPD -
Comprehensive Operations
Planning Directive
Lieutenant Colonel Mehmet Salar, TUR-A
NATO School Joint Operations Department
1 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATOs Operational Planning
Process (OPP) and COPD
Agenda:
NATO Crisis Management Process
and Planning Categories
Collaborative mindset
The Operations Planning Process
in the Comprehensive Operations
Planning Directive (COPD)
Take away and summary (incl. Q & A)
2 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO Crisis Management Process
PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE
PHASE PHASE
1 4 5 6
2 3
Assessment Response
Options
Indications Development Planning Execution Transition
&
Warning
POLITICAL-MILITARY
ESTIMATE PROCESS
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From GOP to COPD
STRATEGIC
COMPREHENSIVE
APPROACH
OPERATIONAL STRATEGIC
PLANNING AND
OPERATIONAL
PLANNING
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Collaborative Planning
As part of the collaborative planning process documents submitted to the NAC will also be passed to subordinate Cdrs
The Evolution
Collaboration
A process where two or more people or
organisations work together to realise shared
goals
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Philosophy & Intent
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Requirements
Operational PP Product
JOPG
Tactical PP Product
OPG
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The Collaborative
Information Environment
Synchronous Collaboration Tools:
TOPFAS
JCHAT TOPFAS VTC
Asynchronous Collaboration Tools:
WEB portals/Wise
Document and management systems
E-mail
10 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Planning and Plans
Letter of promulgation
12 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
COPD Planning Phases
Joint Operational
Planning Group
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL JOPG
(JPB/J5)
TACTICAL
Phase 1 Situation Awareness
Phase 1 Situation Awareness
Purpose:
To develop and maintain a level of understanding to support
operational assessments and the provision of operational level
of advice and decision making to SACEUR during the planning
for and conduct of operations.
Products:
Commanders requests for information;
Key judgements about the situation in the area (risks and
threats);
Conditions, trends and tendencies in the area;
Assessment of NATO indicators and warnings.
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New type of conflict
Comprehensive Approach
Traditional Approach
D Non lethal
i
In plo
om y
fo m
on tar
ic
rm at
Ec ili
at ic
M
io MPEC
n
UGS UAV
GH
Ai
y
rt
r
A XXX XXX Nonlethal PMESII Agents
Homeland Pr
ec
PW Allies IS isio
JSTARS R n
Corps Marine Expeditionary
XX X Force
CIE / VIE
17 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Strategic Design
The four Instruments of Power
(MPEC)
Military. The military is NATOs main instrument. It refers to the application
of military power, including the threat or use of lethal and non-lethal force, to
coerce, deter, contain or defeat an adversary, including the disruption and
destruction of its critical military and non-military capabilities.
Political. The political instrument refers to the use of political power, in
particular in the diplomatic arena cooperating with various actors, to
influence an adversary or to create advantageous conditions.
Economic. The economic instrument generally refers to initiatives and
sanctions designed to affect the flow of goods and services, as well as
financial support to state and non-state actors involved in a crisis.
Civil. The civil instrument refers to the use of powers contained within such
areas as judiciary, constabulary, education, public information and civilian
administration and support infrastructure, which can lead to access to
medical care, food, power and water. It also includes the administrative
capacities of international, governmental and non-governmental
organizations (NGO). The civil instrument is controlled and exercised by
sovereign nations, IOs and NGOs.
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Transition to System of Systems Analysis
K
Links Social
Strengths
Economic
Key Nodes
Weaknesses
Relationships
The
Challenge
Bi/Tri-dimensional Multi-dimensional
20 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Understand the environment
and your adversaries
Phase 2 Assessment and
Operational Appreciation
Phase 2 Assessment and
Operational Appreciation
Purpose:
to understand the strategic situation and the nature
of the problem;
to understand NATOs desired end state and
objectives;
to contribute operational advice to SACEUR;
to assess the operational viability of strategic
response options .
Product:
Commanders operational advice.
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Phase 2 Assessment and
Operational Appreciation
Operational
Advice
Briefing
Phase 3 Response
Options/Orientation
Phase 3 Response
Options/Orientation
Purpose:
to determine the operational problem that must be
solved;
to determine specific operational conditions that must
be achieved;
to identify the key operational factors
to identify any limitations on the commanders freedom
of action.
Product:
Comprehensive Preparation of the Operational
Environment (CPOE).
The operational design.
Commander's planning guidance.
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Phase 3 Response
Options/Orientation
Initiate Operational
Orientation
Operational Orientation
Review Strategic
Operational
Context
Level
JFC
Understand the
Operational
Environment and Main Commanders
Actors Estimate
SACEURs
Strategic
Assessment Operational Factors Operational Requirements
Strategic Context
Assumptions
Operational Factors
Time/Space/Forces/ Critical capabilities
Likely actor behavior Preconditions for success Staff Functional
Actors
Probable future events Critical Information Estimates
Information
Strategic Crisis Response Measures
Planning
Required Civil-Military Analyze the Mission
Directive
Interaction
Limits on Operational Risks
Complimentary action,
Freedom of Action Time/Space/Force Advice from
mutual support, de-
Constraints, Restraints Mitigation Subordinates
Other strategic confliction
analysis,
assessments
COG Analysis Advice from
What can be exploited? cooperating IO/GO/
The purpose of mission analysis is to establish What must be protected? NGOs
CPOE
Operational Planning
Requests to SACEUR
Directive
(CRMs, ROE,...)
Guidance for COA
development
Strategic Design
Key Collaborative Output Phase 3
The Operational Design
Action
Effect
Military Strategic Acceptable
Unacceptable DP
Condition Objective Objective Condition
Effect
Acti o Desired
n
Current Unacceptable DP Military Centre Acceptable End State
Action Effect
Situation Condition Objective of Condition (Future
Gravity Situation)
Strategic
Military Objective
Unacceptable Effect DP Acceptable
Condition Action Objective Condition
Effect
Centre of Gravity.
Decisive Point Characteristics, capabilities or
System: A functionally, Lines of Operation.
A point from which a hostile or localities from which a nation ,
physically, or behaviourally In a campaign or operation, a
friendly centre of gravity can be
related group of regularly
interacting or inter-dependent
elements forming a unified whole.
To Operational design
threatened. This point may exist
in time, space or the information
environment.
logical line (s) linking effects and
decisive conditions in time and
purpose to an objective.
an alliance, a military force or
other grouping derives its
freedom of action, physical
strength or will to fight.
29 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Operational Design
Actio
Objective
n Effect
Military Strategic Acceptable
Unacceptable DP
Condition Objective Objective Condition
Effect
Current
Situation
Unacceptable
Unacceptable
Condition
Conditions
Ac ti o
Actio
n
n
Condition Effect DP Military
Objective
Centre
of
Acceptable
Acceptable
Condition
Conditions
Desired
End State
(Future
Gravity Situation)
Strategic
Military Objective
Unacceptable Effect DP Acceptable
n
Condition Actio Objective Condition
Effect Effect
Centre of Gravity.
Decisive Point
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MARITIME SECURITY
Operational Design (example SFJE 10)
3- STELLARIA IS NOT INTERFIRING WITH SHIPPING IN JOA
4
humanitarian aid and to set the conditions for the handover of security responsibilities to a
Cerasian Union force, thereby allowing an orderly disengagement of NATO-led forces.
Stellaria is complying SLOC in JOA:
A sufficiently secure and stable environment in East Cerasia to allow the delivery of
with international sufficiently
maritime laws secure to
2-SHIPPING TRAFFIC
1-PIRACY NO LONGER INPACTS ON FON
3 PIRACY exercise
IN JOA UTILISE VTMS 1
Hostile interference freedom of
Maritime traffic control with shipping navigation for
effective acceptable the delivery HA
HA ships reach 2
destination SPODs
HA delivery enabled
SLOC sufficiently
secure to permit
27-IAG Groups ACTIVITIES MITIGATED
FoN and the
8 delivery of HA
7-ARMS REGISTRATION PROGRAM SUCCESSFUL
TYTAN SECURITY
Stability is
SUFFICIENT STABILITY IN
maintained in the
REGIONAL STABILTY
Review Strategic
Operational
Context
Level
JFC
Understand the
Operational
Environment and Main Commanders
Actors Estimate
SACEURs
Strategic
Assessment Operational Factors Operational Requirements
Strategic Context
Assumptions
Operational Factors
Time/Space/Forces/ Critical capabilities
Likely actor behavior Preconditions for success Staff Functional
Actors
Probable future events Critical Information Estimates
Information
Strategic Crisis Response Measures
Planning
Required Civil-Military Analyze the Mission
Directive
Interaction
Limits on Operational Risks
Complimentary action,
Freedom of Action Time/Space/Force Advice from
mutual support, de-
Constraints, Restraints Mitigation Subordinates
Other strategic confliction
analysis,
assessments
COG Analysis Advice from
What can be exploited? cooperating IO/GO/
The purpose of mission analysis is to establish What must be protected? NGOs
CPOE
Operational Planning
Requests to SACEUR
Directive
(CRMs, ROE,...)
Guidance for COA
development
Phase 4a
CONOPS Development
Phase 4a
CONOPS Development
Purpose:
Determine how best to carry out operations that will
accomplish the mission.
Product:
Concept of operations.
Proposed target sets and, as appropriate, target
categories.
Rules of Engagement Request (ROEREQ).
Combined Joint Statement of Requirements
(CJSOR).
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Course of Action
COA 1 CO A 2 COA 3
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Phase 4a
CONOPS Development
Decision
Briefing
ACTION
Wargaming
REACTION
Game Recorder
COGNITION/ Red Players Referee
ADJUSTMENTS
Game
Facilitator Red COA
Lead Game Map/Tokens
WHITE
Own COA
Lead Component LNO
CELL
GREEN
Additional Recorder
CELL Blue Players
COA Decision Briefing
P h as e 1
P has e 2
Ph as e 3 COGs
Ph as e 1 Own O p D e sign
Inten t E n em y
D e scription
DP s
S tart/E nd
O w n/O PF O R
O p T im e lin e
O bjec tiv es
D e cis iv e
E nd State s
P oin ts
a ch ie ved
C2
A ssu m ptions Arra nge m en ts
(T as k O rg an iz ation)
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Phase 4b
OPLAN Development
Phase 4b
OPLAN Development
Purpose:
to develop the arrangements and further specify the
required activities;
to implement and specify the concept of operations;
to provide a basis for planning by
subordinate/supporting commands.
Product:
Crisis Response Planning: an executable OPLAN.
Advance Planning:
Contingency Plan (COP), or
Standing Defence Plan (SDP).
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Phase 5 Execution/
Assessment/Plan Review
It is a trial/interim
version
An evolution, not a
revolution
Still discrepancies
A lot of good new
ideas in COPD
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Summary & take away (2)
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Summary & take away (3)
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Questions
46 NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Current Situation
END
STATE
OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE
JHQ MAIN COM
POLA D
COS
SUPPORT OF STAFF
SPECIAL S TAF F
BI M FACILITIES
MANAGEMENT
DCOS DCOS
DCOS
PARTNERSHIP & SUPPORT
OPERATIONS
READINESS
Knowledge Mgt Exercises &
NATO Exercise
& Acquisition Preparation Spt Manpower
& Preparation
J2 * NFS Readiness J1 Human
Intel Support J7 Force MIL Pers
Knowledge Preparation DJHQ Readiness/Trg Resources
Knowledge Eval & Certification Civ Pers
Analysis &
Production Joint Doctrine Ops & Plans
Doctrine & NFS J4
Interoperability Land Doctrine Logistics Mvt & Transp
JOC
Lessons Learned
J3/5 Multinational
J3 Logistics
Synchronization
Operations & Execution Civ-Mil Plans & Ops
Effects J9 Civ-Mil Interaction J6 CIS
& Influence Interaction & Management
JLSG
Mil Partnership Mil
Partnerships Purch & Contr
J8
Plans Financial Budget & D
J5 J39/TEC **
Plans Fin & Account
& Policy Policy
Infrastructure
J-ENG & Plans
Campaign
Ops & Trg
Assessment * No global agreement on that name
J10
Assessment J-MED
Operational ** Generated from J9 for deployment
Assessment
NCRS and Planning
CPOE elements
(Comprehensive Preparation of
the Operational Environment)
Characteristics Operational Impact
Theatre geometry Possible access, staging, entry, operating areas, bases and distances, lines of
communications, sustainment, etc
Geographical/oceanographi Observation, obstacles, movement/mobility, key terrain, littorals, choke points,
c characteristics international sea lanes
Meteorological Visibility, ground mobility, air operations, maritime operations, risks to exposed
characteristics personnel
Population demographics Human development, population movement, displaced populations/refugees,
dependence on humanitarian aid, populations at risk, unemployment
Political situation Credibility, popularity, effectiveness of governments to provide for the basic needs of
the populace, opposition, stability, status of forces agreements, rule of law,
Military and security External/internal threats, surrogates and proxy forces, illegally armed groups, extrem-
situation ism/terrorism, operational areas, military dispositions, police, para-military activity.
Economic situation Availability of money, food, energy, raw materials, industry, services
Socio-cultural situation Social cohesion/conflicts, dominant groups, extremism
Health and medical Risk of famine, diseases, epidemics, environmental hazards, available medical support
situation
Infrastructure situation Adequacy of transportation and communications nodes and networks; POL storage
and distribution
Information and media Control/bias/manipulation of media, public access to information, use of propaganda,
situation robustness of communications
Operational Design (example)
THE OPERATIONAL PROBLEM GIVEN TO
TO BE SOLVED. JOPG
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Deploy and Shape Airport Operations Transition
MOO 1
Secure the
Line of Operation 1
Airport
Airport Property
Property
5
Effect
RISKS 3 MOO 2 END STATE
guerilla
which are free
Airport Vicinity
fighters MOO 3
CIV-MIL Establish of threats.
Security from
External
CONSTRAINTS / 4 7 Threats at
Effect
RESTRICTIONS Effect the airport
Effect
CRITICAL
CAPABILITIES
Operational Design
i on al De si g n
Operat
JOPG Chief
CJTF COMMANDER
Course of Action development
Who?
How? What actions
What? must be
performed?
How will the operation
be conducted?
Course
Of
Action
Why? When?
When does the action
Why is the operation
being conducted (e.g., Where? begin and/or when
must it be completed
in order to defeat the (i.e., sequencing,
enemy)? phasing)?
Where will these actions be
performed?
Infrastructure Requirements
White Green
Cell Cell
MAP
Functional Scribe Scribe Functional
Experts Blue Red Experts
CC-Liaison Cell Cell CC-Liaison
Referee Co-ordinator
Slide Artists
Game Map/Tokens
Commanders Selection Criteria
COA 1 CO A 2 COA 3
Ex Flexibility
am Tempo
pl COA
e Operational risk
recommendation
Logistic simplicity
Collateral damage
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Overall layout of OPP (Phases 2, 3 and 4a)
Alliance
JPB / JAB OBJ
WHAT? CCs / OA
Phase Phase
MEANS STR/MIL
1/2 3 Troops-to- tasks STR
OBJ STR/MIL
COG
JTTL
Knowledge
Dev.
MA Phasing OP COG Criteria for
E
SoS FA R of HG Effects Success N
LoO Direct App CV OP
T/S/F Actions D
Orientation OP DESIGN (DC/DP)
DC
Indirect App CC/CR OBJ
OP S
NAC ID COG/CC/CV/CR DC Acceptable T
SSA
PMESII Branch/ Sequel OBJ
analysis CRM / CCIR/ROEs Condtions A
MROs OP To be T
CPOE Enablers Early Deployment established
Requirement effects Decision Point
OBJ E
Actions
OP IFE
MoEs
WAYS
advice Assumptions MoPs
DS
--
Phase 3 --- N
E
Products
MAB
CPG
Phase3 From JTTL to CJSOR
Continuous Force /St/CRD/FD
HOW? (MPEC) Phase 4a
COM`s
W Refinement COA C D
Review of CPG Refinement E
Viability Check COA A *Adv/Disadv S O
Factors affecting COA Dev E M C Phase 4a
U *Risks
Risks OPT1 F COA1 R L P
P Gen SYNCH *Gaps I Products
Common requirements, NRF, A G E A
FoF OPT2 D Phasing *Refine S
C A Concept MATRIX C R *CONOPS
Alternatives E COA2 Start/End
A - OPDESIGN
T I I
OPT3 T - CJSOR
S Main Effort M I S O *ROEREQ
E DPs - effects
Effects E - Actions O I N
Actions N
- Timeline O *CJSOR
Criteria N Brief
See List of Abbreviations
Crisis Response Planning
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1 Development Phase 5 Phase 6
Assessment of Phase 4 Planning
Indicators and Warnings of Response Execution Transition
the Crisis
Options
NAC Approved
NAC Approved NAC DS for
Tasker for MRO NAC Tasker for Strategic
Strategic Strategic Transition
Tasker for SSA NAC ID with Execution Periodic Mission OPLAN
CONOPS OPLAN planning with NAC
NAC Approved Directive Review with
Information Military MC guidance with MC Guidance Force Activation MC Guidance
Sharing SACEURs Strategic with MC MC Guidance Execution
Response Directive SACEURs Directive
Strategic Strategic OPLAN Guidance
Options With MC Mission Strategic with MC
Assessment CONOPS with
Guidance Progress OPLAN Guidance
MC Guidance
Report
Phase 4a-
Phase 3 Phase 4b Phase 5
Phase 1 Phase 2 Strategic Phase 6-
Military Strategic OPLAN Development Execution
Situation Awareness Strategic CONOPS Transition
Response (Force Generation) Assessment/OPLAN
Assessment Development
Options Review
Strategic Approved
Approved
Warning CONOPS operational
Strategic Strategic
Information Order Approved OPLAN Strategic
SACEURs Planning OPLAN Disengagement
Operational Planning
Sharing Strategic Operational ACTORD Assessment Planning
Directive Operational CONOPS Directive
Assessment Advice
CONOPS Operational
OPLAN
Phase 2 Phase 5
Phase 1 Phase 4a
Appreciation and Phase 3 Phase 4b Phase 6
Situation CONOPS Execution/Assessment/
Assessment of Orientation OPLAN/Order Development Transition
Awareness Development OPLAN Review
Options
As As
partpart
of the collaborative
of the collaborativeplanning
planningprocess
processdocuments
documents submitted to the
submitted to theMC
MCwill
willalso
alsobebepassed
passedto to subordinate
subordinate Cdrs
Cdrs