Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
de origen microbiano
FERNANDO PELEZ y OLGA GENILLOUD
Centro de Investigacin Bsica Merck, Sharp & Dohme de Espaa, S.A.
Josefa Valcrcel, 38 23027 Madrid
INTRODUCCIN
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ANTIBACTERIANOS
Pared celular
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Sntesis de protenas
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cin, Fig. 4), suspendido tras los estudios de fase III al no presentar un
buen balance eficacia/seguridad (Chu y cols., 2002; Zhu, 1999). No obs-
tante, estos compuestos presentan excelente actividad frente a Gram po-
sitivos, incluyendo S. pneumoniae, MRSA, VRE y E. faecalis. Se ha pro-
puesto que estos compuestos inhiben la sntesis de protenas actuando
sobre la protena ribosomal L16, en la subunidad 30S del ribosoma. Dado
su mejor perfil de tolerancia y toxicidad, pueden suponer una alternativa
a la vancomicina. No obstante, el uso extendido en Europa de la avila-
micina, un oligosacrido relacionado, como estimulante del crecimiento
en animales, ha podido crear un reservorio de resistencias frente a este
nuevo compuesto.
Dentro del grupo de los inhibidores de la sntesis de protenas tam-
bin se encuentran los tiopptidos, entre los que destaca el tiazolil ppti-
do GE2270A, aislado de una cepa de Planobispora rosea, que al igual
que otros antibiticos de la misma familia (GE37468 y amythiamicin),
acta sobre el 23S rRNA, bloqueando el factor de elongacin EF-Tu. ste
es tambin la diana de los antibiticos de la clase de la kirromicina y la
pulvomicina, aunque difieren en su mecanismo de accin. El GE2270A
carece de actividad frente a Gram negativos, por no penetrar en la clu-
la, mientras que presenta una potente actividad frente a Gram positivos,
incluidas cepas resistentes, en modelos experimentales de endocarditis por
estreptococos en ratn (Lociuro y cols., 1997).
Otras dianas
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ANTIFNGICOS
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Pared celular
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khafrefungina
Sntesis de esfingolpidos
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Sntesis de protenas
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ANTITUMORALES
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ANTIPARASITARIOS
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FIGURA 9. Agentes antiparasitarios. Avermectina B1a, un compuesto que acta sobre los cana-
les de cloro de invertebrados. Fumagilina, un inhibidor de la metionina-aminopeptidasa-2 con
actividad contra microsporidios. Apicidina, un inhibidor de la HDAC con actividad contra
protozoos del Subphyllum Apicomplexa.
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ATEROSCLEROSIS
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INMUNOSUPRESORES
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INFLAMACIN
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SISTEMA NERVIOSO
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DIABETES
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OBESIDAD
ANTAGONISTAS DE COLECISTOQUININA
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CONCLUSIONES Y FUTURO
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rior es cierto, sigue siendo verdad que los microorganismos son una valio-
sa fuente de nuevas estructuras qumicas con actividad biolgica, y ello de-
bera mantenerlos como un recurso ms para la industria. Una reciente re-
visin ha estimado que el 50% de todas las NCEs (nuevas entidades
qumicas) aprobadas por la FDA en el periodo 1981-2002 son de origen na-
tural o estn inspiradas en molculas existentes en la naturaleza, sin contar
vacunas y otras macromolculas de uso teraputico (Newman y cols., 2003).
Slo mediante la superacin de las desventajas mencionadas, utilizando sis-
temas ms eficientes para recortar el tiempo y los costes necesarios para
avanzar desde las cepas aisladas hasta los compuestos activos, podrn los
microorganismos volver al sitio que les corresponde, en el ncleo de los pro-
gramas de descubrimiento de nuevos frmacos en la industria farmacutica.
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