SUBJECT: Finance Management

Case 1: Zip Zap Zoom Car Company

Zip Zap Zoom Company Ltd is into manufacturing cars in the small car (800 cc) segment. It was set
up 15 years back and since its establishment it has seen a phenomenal growth in both its market and
profitability. Its financial statements are shown in Exhibits 1 and 2 respectively.
The company enjoys the confidence of its shareholders who have been rewarded with growing
dividends year after year. Last year, the company had announced 20 per cent dividend, which was the
highest in the automobile sector. The company has never defaulted on its loan payments and enjoys a
favorable face with its lenders, which include financial institutions, commercial banks and debenture holders.
The competition in the car industry has increased in the past few years and the company foresees
further intensification of competition with the entry of several foreign car manufactures many of them being
market leaders in their respective countries. The small car segment especially, will witness entry of foreign
majors in the near future, with latest technology being offered to the Indian customer. The Zip Zap Zooms
senior management realizes the need for large scale investment in up gradation of technology and
improvement of manufacturing facilities to pre-empt competition.
Whereas on the one hand, the competition in the car industry has been intensifying, on the other
hand, there has been a slowdown in the Indian economy, which has not only reduced the demand for cars,
but has also led to adoption of price cutting strategies by various car manufactures. The industry indicators
predict that the economy is gradually slipping into recession.
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Exhibit 1 Balance sheet as at March 31,200 x
(Amount in Rs. Crore)

Source of Funds
Share capital 350
Reserves and surplus 250 600
Loans :
Debentures (@ 14%) 50
Institutional borrowing (@ 10%) 100
Commercial loans (@ 12%) 250
Total debt 400
Current liabilities 200
1,200

Application of Funds
Fixed Assets
Gross block 1,000
Less : Depreciation 250
Net block 750
Capital WIP 190
Total Fixed Assets 940
Current assets :
Inventory 200
Sundry debtors 40
Cash and bank balance 10
Other current assets 10
Total current assets 260
-1200

Exhibit 2 Profit and Loss Account for the year ended March 31, 200x
(Amount in Rs. Crore)
Sales revenue (80,000 units x Rs. 2,50,000) 2,000.0
Operating expenditure :
Variable cost :
Raw material and manufacturing expenses 1,300.0
Variable overheads 100.0
Total 1,400.0
Fixed cost :
R&D 20.0
Marketing and advertising 25.0
Depreciation 250.0

Personnel 70.0
Total 365.0

Total operating expenditure 1,765.0

Operating profits (EBIT) 235.0
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Financial expense :
Interest on debentures 7.7
Interest on institutional borrowings 11.0
Interest on commercial loan 33.0 51.7
Earnings before tax (EBT) 183.3
Tax (@ 35%) 64.2
Earnings after tax (EAT) 119.1
Dividends 70.0
Debt redemption (sinking fund obligation)** 40.0
Contribution to reserves and surplus 9.1
* Includes the cost of inventory and work in process (W.P) which is dependent on demand (sales).
** The loans have to be retired in the next ten years and the firm redeems Rs. 40 crore every year.
The company is faced with the problem of deciding how much to invest in up
gradation of its plans and technology. Capital investment up to a maximum of Rs. 100
crore is required. The problem areas are three-fold.
The company cannot forgo the capital investment as that could lead to reduction in its market share as
technological competence in this industry is a must and customers would shift to manufactures
providing latest in car technology.
The company does not want to issue new equity shares and its retained earning are not enough for
such a large investment. Thus, the only option is raising debt.
The company wants to limit its additional debt to a level that it can service without taking undue
risks. With the looming recession and uncertain market conditions, the company perceives that
additional fixed obligations could become a cause of financial distress, and thus, wants to determine
its additional debt capacity to meet the investment requirements.
Mr. Shortsighted, the companys Finance Manager, is given the task of determining the additional debt
that the firm can raise. He thinks that the firm can raise Rs. 100 crore worth debt and service it even in years
of recession. The company can raise debt at 15 per cent from a financial institution. While working out the
debt capacity. Mr. Shortsighted takes the following assumptions for the recession years.
a) A maximum of 10 percent reduction in sales volume will take place.
b) A maximum of 6 percent reduction in sales price of cars will take place.
Mr. Shorsighted prepares a projected income statement which is representative of the recession years.
While doing so, he determines what he thinks are the irreducible minimum expenditures under

recessionary conditions. For him, risk of insolvency is the main concern while designing the capital
structure. To support his view, he presents the income statement as shown in Exhibit 3.
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Exhibit 3 projected Profit and Loss account
(Amount in Rs. Crore)
Sales revenue (72,000 units x Rs. 2,35,000) 1,692.0
Operating expenditure
Variable cost :
Raw material and manufacturing expenses 1,170.0
Variable overheads 90.0
Total 1,260.0
Fixed cost :
R&D ---
Marketing and advertising 15.0
Depreciation 187.5
Personnel 70.0
Total 272.5
Total operating expenditure 1,532.5
EBIT 159.5
Financial expenses :
Interest on existing Debentures 7.0
Interest on existing institutional borrowings 10.0
Interest on commercial loan 30.0
Interest on additional debt 15.0 62.0
EBT 97.5
Tax (@ 35%) 34.1
EAT 63.4
Dividends --
Debt redemption (sinking fund obligation) 50.0*
Contribution to reserves and surplus 13.4

* Rs. 40 crore (existing debt) + Rs. 10 crore (additional debt)

Assumptions of Mr. Shorsighted
R & D expenditure can be done away with till the economy picks up.
Marketing and advertising expenditure can be reduced by 40 per cent.
Keeping in mind the investor confidence that the company enjoys, he feels that the company can
forgo paying dividends in the recession period.

He goes with his worked out statement to the Director Finance, Mr. Arthashatra, and advocates raising
Rs. 100 crore of debt to finance the intended capital investment. Mr. Arthashatra does not feel comfortable
with the statements and calls for the companys financial analyst, Mr. Longsighted.
Mr. Longsighted carefully analyses Mr. Shortsighteds assumptions and points out that insolvency should
not be the sole criterion while determining the debt capacity of the firm. He points out the following :
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Apart from debt servicing, there are certain expenditures like those on R & D and marketing that
need to be continued to ensure the long-term health of the firm.
Certain management policies like those relating to dividend payout, send out important signals to the
investors. The Zip Zap Zooms management has been paying regular dividends and discontinuing
this practice (even though just for the recession phase) could raise serious doubts in the investors
mind about the health of the firm. The firm should pay at least 10 per cent dividend in the recession
years.
Mr. Shortsighted has used the accounting profits to determine the amount available each year for
servicing the debt obligations. This does not give the true picture. Net cash inflows should be used
to determine the amount available for servicing the debt.
Net Cash inflows are determined by an interplay of many variables and such a simplistic view should
not be taken while determining the cash flows in recession. It is not possible to accurately predict the
fall in any of the factors such as sales volume, sales price, marketing expenditure and so on.
Probability distribution of variation of each of the factors that affect net cash inflow should be
analyzed. From this analysis, the probability distribution of variation in net cash inflow should be
analysed (the net cash inflows follow a normal probability distribution). This will give a true picture
of how the companys cash flows will behave in recession conditions.

The management recognizes that the alternative suggested by Mr. Longsighted rests on data, which are
complex and require expenditure of time and effort to obtain and interpret. Considering the importance of
capital structure design, the Finance Director asks Mr. Longsighted to carry out his analysis. Information on
the behaviour of cash flows during the recession periods is taken into account.
The methodology undertaken is as follows :
(a) Important factors that affect cash flows (especially contraction of cash flows), like sales volume, sales
price, raw materials expenditure, and so on, are identified and the analysis is carried out in terms of
cash receipts and cash expenditures.

(b) Each factors behaviour (variation behaviour) in adverse conditions in the past is studied and future
expectations are combined with past data, to describe limits (maximum favourable), most probable
and maximum adverse) for all the factors.
(c) Once this information is generated for all the factors affecting the cash flows, Mr. Longsighted comes
up with a range of estimates of the cash flow in future recession periods based on all possible
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
combinations of the several factors. He also estimates the probability of occurrence of each estimate
of cash flow.

Assuming a normal distribution of the expected behaviour, the mean expected

value of net cash inflow in adverse conditions came out to be Rs. 220.27 crore with standard deviation of Rs.
110 crore.
Keeping in mind the looming recession and the uncertainty of the recession behaviour, Mr.
Arthashastra feels that the firm should factor a risk of cash inadequacy of around 5 per cent even in the most
adverse industry conditions. Thus, the firm should take up only that amount of additional debt that it can
service 95 per cent of the times, while maintaining cash adequacy.
To maintain an annual dividend of 10 per cent, an additional Rs. 35 crore has to be kept aside.
Hence, the expected available net cash inflow is Rs. 185.27 crore (i.e. Rs. 220.27 Rs. 35 crore)
Question:
Analyse the debt capacity of the company.

CASE 2 GREAVES LIMITED

Started as trading firm in 1922, Greaves Limited has diversified into manufacturing and marketing of
high technology engineering products and systems. The companys mission is manufacture and market a
wide range of high quality products, services and systems of world class technology to the total satisfaction
of customers in domestic and overseas market.
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Over the years Greaves has brought to India state of the art technologies in various engineering fields
by setting up manufacturing units and subsidiary and associate companies. The sales of Greaves Limited has
increased from Rs 214 crore in 1990 to Rs 801 crore in 1997. The sales of Greaves Limited has increased
from Rs 214 crore in 1990 to Rs 801 crore in 1997. Profits before interest and tax (PBIT) of the company
increased from Rs 15 crore to Rs 83 crore in 1997. The market price of the companys share has shown ups
and downs during 1990 to 1997. How has the company performed? The following question need answer to
fully understand the performance of the company:

Exhibit 1

GREAVES LTD.
Profit and Loss Account ending on 31 March (Rupees in crore)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Sales 214.38 253.10 287.81 311.14 354.25 521.56 728.15 801.11
Raw Material and Stores 170.67 202.84 230.81 213.79 245.63 379.83 543.56 564.35
Wages and Salaries 13.54 15.60 18.03 37.04 37.96 48.24 60.48 69.66
Power and fuel 0.52 0.70 1.11 3.80 4.43 6.66 7.70 9.23
Other Mfg. Expenses 0.61 0.49 0.88 2.37 2.36 3.57 4.84 5.49
Other Expenses 11.85 15.48 16.35 25.54 31.60 41.40 45.74 48.64
Depreciation 1.85 1.72 1.52 4.62 5.99 8.53 9.30 11.53
Marketing and Distribution 4.86 5.67 5.14 5.17 9.67 10.81 12.44 16.98
Change in stock 1.18 3.10 4.93 0.48 - 1.13 5.63 11.86 - 5.87
Total Op Expenses 202.72 239.40 268.91 291.85 338.77 493.41 672.20 731.75

Operating Profit 11.61 13.70 18.90 19.29 15.48 28.15 55.95 69.36
Other Income 2.14 3.69 4.97 4.24 7.72 14.35 11.35 13.08
Non-recurring Income 1.30 2.28 0.10 10.98 16.44 0.46 0.52 1.75
PBIT 15.10 19.67 23.97 34.51 39.64 42.98 65.67 82.64

Interest 5.56 6.77 11.92 19.62 17.17 21.48 28.25 27.54

PBT 9.54 12.90 12.05 14.89 22.47 21.50 37.42 55.10

Tax 3.00 3.60 4.90 0.00 4.00 7.00 8.60 15.80

PAT 6.54 9.30 7.15 14.89 18.47 14.50 28.82 39.30
Dividend 1.80 2.00 2.30 4.06 7.29 8.58 12.85 14.18
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Retained Earnings 4.74 7.30 4.85 10.83 11.18 5.92 15.97 25.12

Exhibit 2

GREAVES LTD.
Balance Sheet (Rupees in crore)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

ASSETS
Land and Building 3.88 4.22 4.96 21.70 30.82 39.71 42.34 43.07
Plant and Machinery 11.98 12.68 12.98 33.49 50.78 75.34 92.49 104.45
Other Fixed Assets 3.64 4.14 4.38 5.18 6.95 8.53 8.87 10.35
Capital WIP 0.09 0.26 10.25 11.27 34.84 14.37 13.92 14.36
Gross Fixed Assets 19.59 21.30 23.57 71.64 123.39 137.95 157.62 172.23
Less: Accu. Depreciation 12.91 14.56 15.79 19.84 25.74 33.90 42.56 53.87
Net Tangible Fixed Assets 6.68 6.74 7.78 51.80 97.65 104.05 115.06 118.86
Intangible Fixed Assets 0.21 0.19 0.05 4.40 22.03 22.45 20.04 21.11
Net Fixed Assets 6.89 6.93 7.83 56.20 119.68 126.50 135.10 139.97

Raw Materials 5.26 6.91 7.26 21.05 28.13 44.03 53.62 50.94
Finished Goods 29.37 33.72 38.65 53.39 52.26 58.09 69.97 64.09
Inventory 34.63 40.63 45.91 74.44 80.39 102.12 123.59 115.03
Accounts Receivable 38.16 53.24 67.97 93.30 122.20 133.45 141.82 179.92
Other Receivable 32.62 40.47 49.19 24.54 59.12 64.32 76.57 107.31
Investments 3.55 14.95 15.15 27.58 73.50 75.01 75.07 76.45
Cash and Bank Balance 8.36 8.91 12.71 13.29 18.38 30.08 33.46 48.18
Current Assets 117.32 158.20 190.93 233.15 353.59 404.98 450.51 526.89
Total Assets 124.21 165.13 198.76 289.35 473.27 531.48 585.61 666.86
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL
Equity Capital 9.86 9.86 9.86 18.84 29.37 29.44 44.20 44.20
Preference Capital 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Reserves and Surplus 27.60 32.57 37.42 100.35 171.03 176.88 175.41 198.79
Net Worth 37.66 42.63 47.48 119.39 200.60 206.52 219.81 243.19
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Bank Borrowings 14.81 19.45 26.51 24.82 55.12 64.97 70.08 118.28
Institutional Borrowings 4.13 3.43 9.17 38.09 38.76 69.69 89.26 63.60
Debentures 4.77 16.57 19.99 4.56 4.37 4.37 2.92 1.49
Fixed Deposits 12.31 14.45 15.03 14.08 15.57 17.75 20.81 19.29
Commercial Paper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Borrowings 2.33 3.22 3.10 3.18 17.08 1.97 2.36 2.57
Current Portion of LT Debt 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.12 15.08 0.02 1.49 1.57
Borrowings 38.35 57.12 73.72 84.61 130.82 158.73 183.94 203.66
Sundry Creditors 37.52 49.40 59.34 77.27 113.66 148.13 153.63 179.79
Other Liabilities 5.70 10.16 10.70 3.59 1.42 1.99 1.70 3.04
Provision for tax, etc. 3.18 3.82 5.14 0.31 4.40 7.70 12.19 21.43
Proposed Dividends 1.80 2.00 2.30 4.06 7.29 8.58 12.85 14.18
Current Portion of LT Dept 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.12 15.08 0.02 1.49 1.57
Current Liabilities 48.20 65.38 77.56 85.35 141.85 166.42 181.86 220.01
TOTAL LIABILITIES 124.21 165.13 198.76 289.35 473.27 531.67 585.61 666.86
Additional information:
Share premium reserve 47.69 107.40 107.91 93.35 93.35
Revaluation reserve 8.91 8.70 8.50 8.31 8.15
Bonus equity capital 8.51 8.51 8.51 8.51 8.51 8.51 23.25 23.25

Exhibit 3

GREAVES LTD.
Share Price Data
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Closing share price (Rs) 27.19 34.74 121.27 66.67 78.34 71.67 47.5 48.25
Yearly high share price (Rs) 29.25 45.28 121.27 126.33 90.00 100.01 90.00 85.00
Yearly low share price (Rs) 26.78 21.61 34.36 48.34 42.67 68.34 45.00 43.75
Market capitalization (Rs crore 65.06 67.77 236.56 274.84 346.35 316.87 210.02 213.34
EPS (Rs) 4.79 6.82 9.73 1.93 2.66 7.16 5.03 9.01
Book value (Rs) 35.64 37.22 42.54 57.75 40.61 64.98 45.35 50.73

Questions
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
1. How profitable are its operations? What are the trends in it? How has growth affected the profitability
of the company?
2. What factors have contributed to the operating performance of Greaves Limited? What is the role of
profitability margin, asset utilisation, and non-operating income?
3. How has Greaves performed in terms of return on equity? What is the contribution of return on
investment, the way of the business has been financed over the period?

CASE 3 CHOOSING BETWEEN PROJECTS IN ABC COMPANY

ABC Company, has three projects to choose from. The Finance Manager, the operations manager are
discussing and they are not able to come to a proper decision. Then they are meeting a consultant to get
proper advice. As a consultant, what advice you will give?

The cash flows are as follows. All amounts are in lakhs of Rupees.

Project 1:
Duration 5 Years
Beginning cash outflow = Rs. 100
Cash inflows (at the end of the year)
Yr. 1 Rs 30; Yr. 2 Rs 30; Yr. 3 Rs 30; Yr.4 10; Yr.5 10

Project 2:
Duration 5 Years
Beginning Cash outflow Rs. 3763
Cash inflows (at the end of the year)
Yr. 1 200; Yr. 2 600; Yr. 3 1000; Yr. 4 1000; Yr. 5 2000.

Project 3:
Duration 15 Years
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Beginning Cash Outflow Rs. 100
Cash Inflows (at the end of the year)
Yrs. 1 to 10 Rs. 20 (for 10 continuous years)
Yrs. 11 to 15 Rs. 10 (For the next 5 years)

Question:
If the cost of capital is 8%, which of the 3 projects should the ABC Company accept?

CASE 4 STAR ENGINEERING COMPANY

Star Engineering Company (SEC) produces electrical accessories like meters, transformers,
switchgears, and automobile accessories like taximeters and speedometers.
SEC buys the electrical components, but manufactures all mechanical parts within its factory which is
divided into four production departments Machining, Fabrication, Assembly, and Paintingand three service
departmentsStores, Maintenance, and Works Office.
Though the company prepared annual budgets and monthly financial statements, it had no formal cost
accounting system. Prices were fixed on the basis of what the market can bear. Inventory of finished stocks
was valued at 90 per cent of the market price assuming a profit margin of 10 per cent.
In March, the company received a trial order from a government department for a sample transformer
on a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis. They took up the job (numbered by the company as Job No 879) in early April
and completed all manufacturing operations before the end of the month.
Since Job No 879 was very different from the type of transformers they had manufactured in the past,
the company did not have a comparable market price for the product. The purchasing officer of the
government department asked SEC to submit a detailed cost sheet for the job giving as much details as
possible regarding material, labour and overhead costs.
SEC, as part of its routine financial accounting system, had collected the actual expenses for the
month of April, by 5th of May. Some of the relevant data are given in Exhibit A.
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
The company tried to assign directly, as many expenses as possible to the production departments.
However, It was not possible in all cases. In many cases, an overhead cost, which was common to all
departments had to be allocated to the various departments using some rational basis. Some of the possible
bases were collected by SECs accountant. These are presented in Exhibit B.
He also designed a format to allocate the overhead to all the production and service departments. It
was realized that the expenses of the service departments on some rational basis. The accountant thought of
distributing the service departments costs on the following basis:
a. Works office costs on the basis of direct labour hours.
b. Maintenance costs on the basis of book value of plant and machinery.
c. Stores department costs on the basis of direct and indirect materials used.
The accountant who had to visit the companys banker, passed on the papers to you for the required
analysis and cost computations.

REQUIRED

Based on the data given in Exhibits A and B, you are required to:

1. Complete the attached overhead cost distribution sheet (Exhibit C).

Note: Wherever possible, identify the overhead costs chared directly to the production and service
departments. If such direct identification is not possible, distribute the costs on some rational basis.
2. Calculate the overhead cost (per direct labour hour) for each of the four producing departments. This
should include share of the service departments costs.
3. Do you agree with:
a. The procedure adopted by the company for the distribution of overhead costs?
b. The choice of the base for overhead absorption, i.e. labour-hour rate?

Exhibit A

STAR ENGINEERING COMPANY

Actual Expenses(Manufacturing Overheads) for April

RS RS
 SUBJECT: Finance Management
Indirect Labour and Supervisions:
Machining 33,000
Fabrication 22,000
Assembly 11,000
Painting 7,000
Stores 44,000
Maintenance 32,700 1,49,700

Indirect Materials and Supplies

Machining 2,200
Fabrication 1,100
Assembly 3,300
Painting 3,400
Maintenance 2,800 12,800

Others
Factory Rent 1,68,000
Depreciation of Plant and Machinery 44,000
Building Rates and Taxes 2,400
Welfare Expenses 19,400
(At 2 per cent of direct labour wages and Indirect labour and
supervision)
Power 68,586
(MaintenanceRs 366; Works Office Rs 2,200, Balance to
Producing Departments)
Works Office Salaries and Expenses 1,30,260
Miscellaneous Stores Department Expenses 1,190 4,33,930

5,96,930
SUBJECT: Financial Management

Exhibit B
STAR ENGINEERING COMPANY
Projected Operation Data for the Year
Department Area Original Book Direct Horse Direct Direct
(sq.m) of Plant & Materials Power Labour Labour
Machinery Budget Rating Hours Budget
Rs
Rs Rs
Machining 13,000 26,40,000 62,40,000 20,000 14,40,000 52,80,000
Fabrication 11,000 13,20,000 21,60,000 10,000 5,28,000 25,40,000
Assembly 8,800 6,60,000 1,000 7,20,000 13,20,000
Painting 6,400 2,64,000 10,80,000 2,000 3,30,000 6,60,000
Stores 4,400 1,32,000
Maintenance 2,200 1,98,000
Works Office 2,200 68,000
Total 48,000 52,80,000 94,80,000 33,000 30,18,000 99,00,000

Note

The estimates given in this exhibit are for the budgeted year January to December where as the actuals in Exhibit A are just one monthApril of
the budgeted year.
SUBJECT: Financial Management

Exhibit C
STAR ENGINEERING COMPANY
Actual Overhead Distribution Sheet for April
Departments Production Departments Service Departments Total Basis for
Overhead Costs Amount Distribution
Actuals for
April (Rs)
A. Allocation of Overhead to
all departments
A.1 Indirect Labour and
Supervision 1,49,700
A.2 Indirect materials and
supplies 12,800
A.3 Factory Rent 1,68,000
A.4 Depreciation of Plant and
Machinery 44,000
A.5 Building Rates and Taxes
2,400

A.6 Welfare Expenses

19,494
A.7 Power 68,586
A.8 Works Office Salaries and
Expenses 1,30,260

A.9 Miscellaneous Stores 1,190

Expenses
A. Total (A.1 to A.9) 5,96,430
B. Reallocation of Service
Departments Costs to
Production Departments
B.1 Distribution of Works
Office Costs
SUBJECT: Financial Management
B.2 Distribution of
Maintenance Departments
Costs
B.3 Distribution of Stores
Departments Costs
Total Charged to Producing
C. Departments (A+B)
5,96,430
D. Labour Hours Actuals for
April 1,20,000 44,000 60,000 27,500
E. Overhead Rate/Per Hour (D)
Subject: Financial Management

Case 5: EASTERN MACHINES COMPANY

Raj, who was in charge production felt that there are many problems to be attended to. But Quality
Control was the main problem, he thought, as he found there were more complaints and litigations as
compared to last year. With the demand increasing, he does not want to take any chances.

So he went down to assembly line, but was greeted by an unfamiliar face. He introduced himself.

Raj: I am in charge of checking the components, which we use, when we assemble the machines for
customers. For most of the components, suppliers are very reliable and we assume that there will not be any
problem. When we generally test the end product, we dont have failures.

Namdeo: I am Namdeo. I was in another dept. and has been transferred recently to this dept.

Raj: Recently we have been having problems, and there has been some complaint or other about the
machines we have supplied. I am worried and would like to check the components used. I would like to
avoid lot of expensive rework.

Namdeo: But it would be very expensive to test every one of them. It will take at least half an hour for each
machine. I neither have the staff nor the time. It will be rather pointless as majority of them will pass the test.

Raj: There has been more demand than supply for these machines in last 2 years. We have been buying many
components from many suppliers. We have been producing more with extra shifts. We are trying to capture
the market and increase our market share.

Namdeo: We order for components from different places, and sometimes we do not have time to check all.
There is a time lag between order and supply of components, and we cannot wait as production will stop. We
use whatever comes soon as we want to complete our orders.

Raj: Oh! Obviously we need some kind of checking. Some sampling technique to check the quality of the
components. We need to get a sample from each shipment from our component suppliers. But I do not know
how many we should test.

Namdeo: We should ask somebody from our statistics dept. to attend to this problem.

As a Statistician, advice what kind of Sampling schemes can we consider, and what factors will influence
choice of scheme. What are the questions we should ask Mr. Namdeo, who works in the assembly line?