Air Conditioning in Petroleum

DESIGN OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN PETROLEUM REFINERY
LABORATORY1/
1/
A project report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the course
in AE 173 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agricultural Engineering of the Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte under
the guidance of Engr. Ramon Orias.
MARY DAPHNY O. TUMALA
INTRODUCTION
Background
Petroleum (from Latin: petra: "rock" + oleum: "oil".) is a naturally occurring,
yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which
is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated
using a technique called fractional distillation. [1]
It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds.
The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude
oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum
is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are
buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.
Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare).
Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale),
sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of
the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures) have been completed. [2] It
is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into a large number of consumer
products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to
make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety
of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each
day.
Concern over the depletion of the earth's finite reserves of oil, and the effect this would
have on a society dependent on it, is a concept known as peak oil. The use of fossil
fuels, such as petroleum will have a negative impact on Earth's biosphere,
damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills and releasing a range of
pollutants into the air including ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide from sulfur
impurities in fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current
episode of global warming.
Physical Characteristics and its Composition
In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes
all liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons. However, in an underground oil reservoir the
proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase
diagram of the petroleum mixture. [3]
An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it.
Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will
come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas.
A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground
temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier
hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. [4] At surface
conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often
shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar
in composition to some volatile light crude oils.
The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among
different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as
little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumen. [5]
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic
hydrocarbons, while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur,
and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Many oil
reservoirs contain live bacteria. [6] The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies
widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over
fairly narrow limits as follows:
Composition by weight
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 85%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%
Metals < 0.1%
Importance of Air Conditioning in Petroleum Laboratory
Comfort Air-conditioning is a process of controlling the air temperature, relative humidity,

ventilation, air movement and air cleanliness of a given space in order to provide the
occupants with a comfortable indoor temperature whereas Air conditioning system
consists of a group of components or equipment connected in series to control the
environmental parameters. Indian engineers had confidently tackled any complicated
problem in the design of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment used for different
purposes. They have proved their competence by successfully designing complicated
jobs like cooling system for dairy milk chilling units, railway air conditioning, quick
freezing plants for fish and deep freezers for storage of fish, air conditioning and
refrigeration system for ships and many other applications. Today air conditioning and
refrigeration industry in India are able to meet the countrys entire requirements both for
domestic and industrial applications. It has achieved the self-sufficiency in almost all the
respects. It has built on infrastructure that is envy of any other developing nation.
The petroleum fuels and lubricant laboratory is an integral element of an inspection

program and is generally developed to satisfy the testing requirements as described in
the laws and rules of the regulating agency. A testing laboratory requires a unique
building designed to accommodate laboratory instruments ranging from a delicate gas
chromatograph to octane engines capable of producing severe vibrations. The actual
design of the laboratory is dependent upon the products which will be tested.
Economic Value of Petroleum
Of all energy sources, liquid hydrocarbon, a form of fossil fuel, occupies the biggest
portion of the Philippine energy mix, largely because of its tremendous varied and
efficient utility. It is singularly the most important component of a nation's economic
structure, so that the exploration and development of one's indigenous source of crude
oil is always a primary undertaking in any country.
Sectors of Petroleum
Crude oil is one of the most valuable commodities in the world, but only after it has
been refined into petroleum products. Crude oil refining is a key transformation step in
the Midstream Sector of the oil and gas value chain (Figure below) because it adds
commercial value to the oil by transforming it into many different marketable products.
Two Kinds of Heat in the Design of Air Conditioning
The two kinds of heat plays important role in the design of air conditioning unit, those are
sensible and latent heat.
Sensible Heat (QS): Sensible heat is an expression of the degree of molecular

excitation of a given mass. Such excitation can be caused by a variety of sources, such
as exposure to radiation, friction between two objects, chemical reaction, or contact with
a hotter object. When the temperature of a substance changes, it is the heat content of
the object that is changing. Every material has a property called its specific heat, which
identifies how much its temperature changes due to a given input of sensible heat. The
three means of transferring sensible heat are radiation, convection, and conduction.
Generally all bodies emit thermal radiation.
Latent Heat (LS): Heat that changes the state of matter from solid to liquid or liquid to
gas is called latent heat. The latent heat of fusion is that which is needed to melt a solid
object into a liquid. A property of the material, it is expressed per unit mass (per pound
or per kilogram). The latent heat of vaporization is the heat required to change a liquid to
a gas. When a gas liquefies (condenses) or when a liquid solidifies, it releases its latent
heat.
Enthalpy: It is the sum of the sensible and latent heat of a substance. For example, the
air in our ambient environment is actually a mixture of air and water vapor. If the total
heat content or enthalpy of air is known, and the enthalpy of the desired comfort
condition is also known, the difference between them is the enthalpy or heat that must
be added (by heating and humidification) or removed (by cooling and dehumidification).
Classification of air conditioning systems
An individual system uses a small, self- contained factory-assembled

refrigeration system that uses a coil to cool air.
A packaged system always has a refrigeration system that uses a DX-coil to cool
air directly.
A central system has a refrigeration system that uses chilled water as a cooling
medium to cool air indirectly. In addition, in order to designate an air conditioning
system more clearly and correctly, the main characteristics of its air system may
be added to the description of its basic category (that is, individual, packaged, or
central). More clearly specified terminology for an air conditioning system with a
designated air system and primary cooling and heating plant is a combination of
items from two or three of the following columns.
Process Flow
A. With Regards to Temperature
B. The Pocess
C. Operations in Petroleum Processing
Load Calculations and Specifications
Zone 1. Administration Building
1. Before Re-heat part:
a. Air supply; 1 =10C, 1= 30%

b. Read; 1 = 1.23 kPa, 1 = 2519.8 kJ/kg, 1 = 106.374 3 /kg
c. Solve;
1 =1 1=(1.23)(0.3) = 0.369 kPa

d. Solve;
(0.622)1 (0.622)(0.369)
1 = = = 0.0023 kg/kg
1 101.30.369
e. Solve;
1 = 1 + 1 1 = (1.0062*10) + (0.0023*2519.8) = 15. 86 kJ/kg
2. After Reheat to Zone 1:
a. Air supply; 2 =16C

b. Read; 2 = 1.8168 kPa, 2 = 2530.9 kJ/kg, 2 = 73.38 3 /kg
c. Solve; 2
2 =1 =0.0023 kg/kg
2 = 1=0.369 kPa
0.369
2=2 = 1.8168 = 0.203 or 20. 3%
2
d. Solve
2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.0062*16) + (0.0023*2530.9) = 21.92027 kJ/kg
e. Design room condition
2 =20C; 2=40%, v=0.25m/s

f. Read;
2 = 2.337 kPa, 2 = 2538.2 kJ/kg, 2 = 57.89 3 /kg

g. Solve
2=2 2 = (2.337)(0.4) = 0.9348 kPa

h. Solve
(0.622)2 (0.622)(0.9348)
2 = 2
= 101.30.9348
= 0.0058 kg/kg
i. Solve
2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.0062*20) + (0.0058*2538.2) = 34.84556 kJ/kg

j. Cooling load
i. Transmission load1 = ( - )/R
materials Thickness, R, m2 A, 2 - , C Q,kJ/s

mm K/W
a. Wall conduction
1. Outside airfilm 0.029
2. Face brick 50 0.038
3. Concrete block 120 0.066
4. Gypsum board 10 0.08
5. Inside airfilm 0.12
(11*3*2)+(11*3 (29C-
Sub-total 180 0.333 )+(14*3)= 141 20C)=9 3.8
C
b. Ceiling conduction
2. Sheating fiber 10 0.232
board
(29C-
(11*15)=165
Sub-total 20 0.461 20C)=9 4.7

C
c. Door conduction
2. Aluminum with 5 0.32
insulation
3. 2-airspace 15 0.34
A1=16 9C 0.162
Sub-total 20 0.889
A2=3 9C 0.03
Over-all total 8.692
ii. Inflation load

Heat gain due to the entry of outside air through the door
opening/closing. Assume 12% of the transmission load.
2 =12%1 = (0.12) (8.692) = 1.04304 kJ/s
iii. Internal load

1. Lights. Lighting requirement is 10 watts/2 . 12 hrs per day
lighting operation. Total floor area, A=20x15 m
10(1515)12
= 241000
= 1.125kJ/s
2. Office Equipment: 5 unit- machines, 3 hp each, assuming 8%

radiation/kW
= (5 units) (3hp) (0.746) (0.08) = 0.8952 kJ/s
3. Workers, 18 including the forklift operator and stay 8hrs/day.

305/188
= 241000
= 1.83kJ/s
Therefore;
3 = + + = 1.125kJ/s + 0.8952 kJ/s + 1.83kJ/s =3.8502kJ/s
iv. Solar load: Minimal effect due to complete shading of the walls.
v. Sensible heat load, 6 hrs cooling period
140kg petroleum supply
Petroleum has a specific gravity of 0.88 which means 1 liter
weighs 0.88 kilograms.
From the volume page we know that:

1 barrel [US, petroleum] = 158.9872972 liter
So 1 barrel weighs:
158.9872972 * 0.88 = 139.908821536 kilograms
= 140 kilograms (7)
= 980 kilograms/day
= 29C, = 20C
= 0.963
Thus,
(980)( 0.963)(29C20C)
5 = ( - )= 63600
= 0.393225kJ/s
vi. Latent heat load
Rate of respiration is 1.2 mg 2 per kg-hr

There is 264 gm of 2 produced in 2850 kJ of heat
980 kg supply of petroleum everyday
Therefore;
0.0012 gm 2 2850 kJ 1 hr
6 = x x 980 kg x = 0.00353 kJ/s
264 2 3600 .
vii. Total load
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6
= 8.692 kJ/s + 1.04304 kJ/s + 3.8502kJ/s + 0.393225kJ/s + 0.00353 kJ/s
= 13.981995 kJ/s
For 50% safety factor
2 = 13.981995 kJ/s (50%) + 13.981995 kJ/s
2 = 20.9729925 kJ/s
k. Needed mass of air
Energy balance about the Powder Storage
2 (2 2 ) = 2
2 . /
2 = ( )
=(34.84556 kJ/kg 21.92027 kJ/kg) = 1.622 kg/s
2 2
l. Volume of air; 2
2 = 2 2 = (1.622 kg/s)(73.38 3 /kg) = 119.0687551 3 / or

7144.125306 3 /
Thus; use 10 000 /min to 15 000 /min blower capacity.
3. Heating load at the re-heat
2 = 2 (2 1 )
kJ kJ
2 = 1.622 kg/s(21.92027 kg 15.86 kg
)
2 = 9.83 kJ/s
4. Moisture removal in this area
2 = 2 (2 2 )
2 = 1.622 kg/s (0.0058 kg/kg 0.0023kg/kg)
2 = 0.005677 / of moisture
2 = 5.677 / of moisture
Zone 2. Laboratory/ Warehouse

b. Read; 3 = 2.062 kPa, 3 = 2534.9 kJ/kg, 3 = 65.09 3 /kg
c. Solve; 3
3 =1 =0.0023 kg/kg
3 = 1=0.369 kPa
0.369
3=3 = 2.062 = 0.17895 or 18%
3
d. Solve
3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.0062*18) + (0.0023*2534.9) = 23.94 kJ/kg

3 =23C; 2=40%, v=0.25m/s

f. Read;
3 = 2.8 kPa, 3 = 2543.5 kJ/kg, 3 = 48.5743 /kg

g. Solve
3=3 3 =(2.8)(0.4) = 1.12 kPa

h. Solve
(0.622)3 (0.622)(1.12)
3 = 3
= 101.31.12
= 0.00695 kg/kg
i. Solve
3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.0062*23) + (0.00695*2543.5) = 40.82kJ/kg
j. Cooling load
i. Transmission load 1 = ( - )/R

mm K/W
a. Wall conduction
2. Face brick 50 0.038
3. Concrete block 120 0.066
4.Gypsum board 10 0.08
5.Inside airfilm 0.12
(29C-
(3*3*5)+(4*3)=
Sub-total 180 0.333 23C)=6 1.03
57
C
2. Sheating fiber 10 0.232
board
(29C-
Sub-total 20 0.461 (5*5)=25 23C)=6 0.542
C
c. Door conduction
2. Aluminum with 5 0.32
insulation
3. 2-airspace 15 0.34
(29C-
Sub-total 20 0.889 23C)=6 0.052
C
Over-all total 1.62
ii. Inflation load

2 =12%1 =(0.12)(1.62)=0.1944 kJ/s
iii. Internal load

lighting operation. Total floor area, A=25 x 20 m
10(25 20)12
= 241000
= 2.5 kJ/s
2. Motor: 10 units, 2 hp each, 8% radiation/kW
Qb = 10 * 1 * 0.746 * 0.08 = 1.1936 kJ/s
3. Workers, 40 workers and stay 8hrs/day

305/408
= 241000
= 4.066kJ/s
Therefore;
3 = + + = 2.5 kJ/s + 1.1936 kJ/s + 4.066kJ/s = 7.7596 kJ/s
iv. Solar heat load: Minimal effect due to complete insulation/shading.
v. Sensible heat load, 6 hrs cooling period in this area


So 1 barrel weighs:
158.9872972 * 0.88 = 139.908821536 kilograms
= 140 kilograms (7)
= 980 kilograms/day
= 29C, = 23C
= 0.963
Thus,
(980)( 0.963)(29C23C)
5 = ( - )= 63600
= 1.266 kJ/s

Therefore;
0.0012 gm 2 2850 kJ 1 hr
6 =
x 264 x 980 kg x 3600 . = 0.00353 kJ/s
2
vii. Total load
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6
= 1.62 kJ/s + 0.1944 kJ/s + 7.7596 kJ/s + 1.266 kJ/s + 0.00353 kJ/s
= 10.84353 kJ/s

3 = 10.84353 kJ/s (50%) + 10.84353 kJ/s
3 = 16.265295 kJ/s
k. Needed mass of air, 3
Energy balance about the Powder packing area
3 (3 3 ) = 3
3 . /
3 = ( = (40.8223.94) = 0.9636 kg/s
3 3 )
l. Volume of air; 3
3 =3 3 =(0.9636 kg/s)( 65.093 /kg)=62.723 /s or 3763.18 3 /min.

2. Heating load at the re-heat
3 = 3 (3 1 )
3 = 0.9579 kg/s (23.94 15.86)
3 = 7.739832 kJ/s
3 = 3 (3 3 )
3 =0.9579 kg/s (0.00695 0.0023)
3 = 0.004454 / of moisture
Zone 3. Control Room

b. Read; 4 = 2.339 kPa, 4 = 2538.1 kJ/kg, 4 = 57.791 3 /kg
c. Solve; 4
4 =1 =0.0023 kg/kg
4 = 1=0.369 kPa
0.369
4=4 = 2.339 = 0.1577 or 15.8%
4
d. Solve
4 = 4 + 4 4 = (1.0062*20) + (0.0023*2538.1) = 25.96 kJ/kg
4 =23C; 4 =40%, v=0.25m/s

f. Read;
4 = 3.169 kPa, 4 = 2543.5 kJ/kg, 4 = 43.360 3 /kg

g. Solve
4 =4 4 =(3.169)(0.4) = 1.2676 kPa

h. Solve
(0.622)4 (0.622)(1.2676)
4 = = = 0.00788 kg/kg
4 101.31.2676
i. Solve
4 = 4 + 4 4 = (1.0062*23) + (0.00788*2543.5) = 43.18538 kJ/kg

j. Cooling load

mm K/W
a. Wall conduction
1.Outside airfilm 0.029
2.Face brick 50 0.038
3.Concrete block 120 0.066
(29C-
(2*3*5)+(2*3)+
Sub-total 180 0.333 25C)=4 0.472
3=39
C
2.Sheating fiber 10 0.232
board
(29C-
Sub-total 20 0.461 (2*5)=10 25C)=4 0.174
C
c. Door conduction
2.Aluminum with 5 0.32
insulation
2-airspace 15 0.34
(29C-
Sub-total 20 0.889 25C)=4 0.035
C
Over-all total 0.68
ii. Inflation load

2 =15%1 =(0.15)(0.68)=0.102 kJ/s

iii. Internal load

lighting operation. Total floor area, A=5x5 m
10(55)12
= = 0.125kJ/s
241000
2. Equipment. 3 units, a total of 5 hp, assuming 8%

radiation/kW
=(5hp)(0.746)(0.08)(3)=0.8952 kJ/s
3. Workers , 5 including the operator and stay 8hrs/day
305/58
= = 0.5083kJ/s
241000
Therefore;
3 = + + = 0.125 kJ/s + 0.8952kJ/s + 0.5083kJ/s = 1.5285 kJ/s
iv. Solar heat load is minimal due to complete shading

v. Sensible and latent heat load of the occupants are included in
internal loading
vi. Total load
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6
= 0.68+ 0.102 + 1.5285
= 2.3105 kJ/s
4 = 2.3105kJ/s(50%) + 2.3105
4 = 3.46575 kJ/s
Energy balance about the office
4 (4 4 ) = 4
4 ./
4 = ( =(43.1853825.964) = 0.2012 kg/s
4 4 )
l. Volume of air; 4
4 = 4 4 = (0.2012 kg/s)( 57.791 3 /kg) = 11.63 3 /s or 697.816 3 /min.

2. Heating load at the re-heater
4 = 4 (4 1 )
4 =0.2012 (25.96 15.86)
4 =2.03212 kJ/s
4 = 4 (4 4 )
4 =0.2012(0.00788 0.0023)
4 = 0.001123 / of moisture
Zone 4. Fire Station

b. Read; 5 = 1.4022 kPa, 5 = 2523.4 kJ/kg, 5 = 93.7843 /kg
c. Solve; 5
5 =1 =0.0023 kg/kg
5 = 1=0.369 kPa
0.369
5=5 = 1.4022 = 0.263 or 26.3%
5
d. Solve
5 = 5 + 5 5 = (1.0062*12) + (0.0023*2523.4) = 17.88 kJ/kg
5 =15C; 5=85%, v<5.0m/s

f. Read;
5 = 1.7 kPa, 5 = 2528.9 kJ/kg, 5 = 77.926 3 /kg

g. Solve
5=5 5 =(1.7)(0.85) = 1.495 kPa

h. Solve
(0.622)5 (0.622)(1.495 )
5 = 5
= 101.31.495
= 0.009 kg/kg
i. Solve
5 = 5 + 5 5 = (1.0062*15) + (0.009*2528.9) = 37.85 kJ/kg
j. Cooling load

mm K/W
a. Wall conduction
2.Face brick 50 0.038
3.Concrete block 120 0.066
6.mineral fiber 75 1.94
(2*13*5)+(5*23
(29C-
Sub-total 225 2.271 )+ 2.1
15C)=14C
(19*5)=340
2.Sheating fiber 10 0.232
board
(13*23)=299 (33C-
Sub-total 70 2.401 2.24
15C)=18C
c. Door conduction
2.Aluminum with 5 0.32
insulation
2-airspace 15 0.34
(29C-
Sub-total 110 2.829 0.079
15C)=14C
Over-all total 4.419
ii. Inflation load

2 =8%1 =(0.08)(4.419)=0.35352 kJ/s

iii. Internal load

lighting operation. Total floor area, A=5 X 3 2
10(53)12
= = 0.075 kJ/s
241000
2. Equipment: 1 unit, 2hp, assuming 8% radiation/kW
=(1)(2hp)(0.746)(0.08)=0.11936 kJ/s
3. Workers , 2 including the operator and stay 4hrs/day
305/24
= 241000
= 0.102 kJ/s
Therefore;
3 = + + = 0.075 kJ/s + 0.11936kJ/s +0.102kJ/s = 0.296 kJ/s
v. Sensible heat load, 6 hrs cooling period in this area


So 1 barrel weighs:
158.9872972 * 0.88 = 139.908821536 kilograms
= 140 kilograms (7)
= 980 kilograms/day
= 29C, = 23C
= 0.963
Thus,
(980)( 0.963)(29C23C)
5 = ( - )= 63600
= 1.266 kJ/s

Therefore;
0.0012 gm 2 2850 kJ 1 hr
6 =
x 264 x 980 kg x 3600 . = 0.00353 kJ/s
2
vii. Total load
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6
= 4.419 kJ/s + 0.35352 kJ/s + 0.296 kJ/s + 1.266 kJ/s + 0.00353 kJ/s
= 6.33805 kJ/s

5 = 6.33805 kJ/s(50%) + 6.33805
5 = 9.507075 kJ/s

5 (5 5 ) = 5
5 . /
5 = ( =(37.8517.88) = 0.4761 kg/s
5 5 )
l. Volume of air; 5
5 = 5 5 = (0.4761 kg/s)( 93.7843 /kg) = 44.65063 /s or
2679.0333 /min.
5 = 5 (5 1 )
5 = 0.4761(17.88 15.86)
5 = 0.9617 kJ/s
5 = 5 (5 5 )
5 =0.4761 (0.009 0.0023)
5 = 0.00319/ of moisture
Zone 5. Processing Equipment Building

a. Supply temperature: Ts6 = 20C
b. Read: Pds6 = 2.337 kPa, hgs6 = 2538.2 kJ/kg, vgs6 = 57.84 m3/kg
c. Solve: RHs6, Ws6 = W 1 = 0.002592 kg/kg;

Pss6 = 0.42042 kPa
Pss6 0.42042 kPa
RHs6 = Pds6= 2.337 kPa = 0.1799 or 17.99%
d. Solve:
hs6 = Cp Ts6 + W s6 hgs6 = (1.0062*20) + (0.002592*2538.2) = 26.7030 kJ/kg
e. Design room conditions: T6 = 24C; RH6 = 45%, u, air velocity = 0.25 m/s
f. Read: Pd6 = 2.982 kPa, hg6 = 2545.5 kJ/kg, vg6 = 45.93 m3/kg
g. Solve: Ps6 = Pd6(RH6) = (2.982)(0.45) = 1.3419 kPa
h. Solve:
(0.622)6 (0.622)(1.3419 )
6 = 6
= 101.31.3419
= 0.00835 kg/kg
i. Solve:
6 = 6 + 6 6 = (1.0062*24) + (0.00835*2545.5) = 45.404 kJ/kg

j. Cooling Load:
i. Transmission Load: Q = A(Tf Ti) / R; Tin = 24%
Material
A. Wall Conduction
2. Face brick, 50 mm 0.038
3. Concrete, 120 mm 0.066
4. Gypsum board, 10 0.080
mm 0.120
5. Inside airfilm 0.333 160 6 2.883
A. Ceiling Conduction
2. Sheating fiber board, 0.232
10 mm 0.80
3. Gypsum board, 10 0.120
mm 0.461 100 9 1.952
4. Inside airfilm
Sub-total 4.835
ii. Infiltration Load: Heat gain due to the entry of outdoor air through door
opening/closing is assumed 10% of the transmission load.
Q2 (10%) = 0.10(4.835) = 0.4835 kJ/s
iii. Internal Load:
1. Lights: Lighting requirement is 10 watts/m2, 12 hours per day lighting

operation. Total floor area, 10x12 m2.
10(1012)12
= = 0.6 kJ/s
241000
2. Equipment: 12 unit-motor, 3 hp each, assuming 8% radiation/kW
=(12)(3hp)(0.746)(0.08)=2.14848 kJ/s
3. Workers,5 including the operator and stay 8hrs/day
305/58
= 241000
= 0.5083kJ/s
Therefore;
3 = + + = 0.6 kJ/s +2.14848 kJ/s +0.5083kJ/s = 3.257kJ/s
v. Sensible heat load, 12 hrs cooling period in this area and 12 hrs maintaining


So 1 barrel weighs:
158.9872972 * 0.88 = 139.908821536 kilograms
= 140 kilograms (7)
= 980 kilograms/day
= 29C, = 20C
= 0.963
Thus,
(980)( 0.963)(29C20C)
6 = ( - )= 63600
= 0.0393 kJ/s

Therefore;
0.0012 gm 2 2850 kJ 1 hr
6 =
x 264 x 980 kg x 3600 . = 0.00353 kJ/s
2
vii. Total load
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6
= 4.835 kJ/s + 0.4835 kJ/s + 3.257kJ/s + 0.0393 kJ/s + 0.00353 kJ/s
= 8.618 kJ/s
5 = 8.618 kJ/s (50%)+8.618 kJ/s
5 = 12.9272kJ/s
6 (6 6 ) = 5
6 ./
6 = ( )
=(45.40426.7030 ) = 0.6913 kg/s
6 6
l. Volume of air; 6
6 = 6 6 = (0.6913 kg/s)( 57.84 m3/kg) = 39.983 /s or

2398.943 /min.
6 = 6 (6 1 )
6 =0.6913 (26.7030 15.86)
6 =7.496 kJ/s
6 = 6 (6 6 )
6 =0.6913(0.00835 0.002592)
6 = 0.00398 /
Plant Layout of a Petroleum Refinery Laboratory
Site Development Plan
Spratly Island Philippines

REFERENCES
Handouts
[1] P.Divakara Rao , Krishnam Raju, et.al, Design of Air Condition & Distribution
Systems, Advanced Materials Manufacturing & Characterization Vol .3 Issue 1 (2013)
[2] Yanjuan Xu. Analyse Application of Cold Air contribution with Ice Thermal Storage,
[3] Refrigerating & Air Conditioning, 2002.
[4] Minea V, Dube, S., Kantchev, C., Improved supermarket refrigeration systems,
Proceedings of New Technologies for Commercial Refrigeration Workshop, University of
Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA -2002.
[5] ASHRA Handbook, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Chapter 21, Duct Design, 2009.
[6] Domkundwar-Arora, Rrefrigeration and air conditioning,Dhanpat rai publication
,pp.17.1-20.21.

Air Conditioning in Petroleum

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Air Conditioning in Petroleum

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DESIGN OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN PETROLEUM REFINERY

MARY DAPHNY O. TUMALA

Importance of Air Conditioning in Petroleum Laboratory

Comfort Air-conditioning is a process of controlling the air temperature, relative humidity,

The petroleum fuels and lubricant laboratory is an integral element of an inspection

Economic Value of Petroleum

Sensible Heat (QS): Sensible heat is an expression of the degree of molecular

Classification of air conditioning systems

An individual system uses a small, self- contained factory-assembled

A. With Regards to Temperature

Load Calculations and Specifications

Zone 1. Administration Building

1. Before Re-heat part:

a. Air supply; 1 =10C, 1= 30%

1 =1 1=(1.23)(0.3) = 0.369 kPa

2. After Reheat to Zone 1:

a. Air supply; 2 =16C

2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.0062*16) + (0.0023*2530.9) = 21.92027 kJ/kg

e. Design room condition

2 =20C; 2=40%, v=0.25m/s

2 = 2.337 kPa, 2 = 2538.2 kJ/kg, 2 = 57.89 3 /kg

2=2 2 = (2.337)(0.4) = 0.9348 kPa

2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.0062*20) + (0.0058*2538.2) = 34.84556 kJ/kg

materials Thickness, R, m2 A, 2 - , C Q,kJ/s

ii. Inflation load

2 =12%1 = (0.12) (8.692) = 1.04304 kJ/s

iii. Internal load

2. Office Equipment: 5 unit- machines, 3 hp each, assuming 8%

= (5 units) (3hp) (0.746) (0.08) = 0.8952 kJ/s

3. Workers, 18 including the forklift operator and stay 8hrs/day.

From the volume page we know that:

vi. Latent heat load

Rate of respiration is 1.2 mg 2 per kg-hr

vii. Total load

2 = 2 2 = (1.622 kg/s)(73.38 3 /kg) = 119.0687551 3 / or

Thus; use 10 000 /min to 15 000 /min blower capacity.

3. Heating load at the re-heat

Zone 2. Laboratory/ Warehouse

1. After Reheat to Zone 2:

a. Air supply; 3 =18C

3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.0062*18) + (0.0023*2534.9) = 23.94 kJ/kg

3 =23C; 2=40%, v=0.25m/s

3 = 2.8 kPa, 3 = 2543.5 kJ/kg, 3 = 48.5743 /kg

3=3 3 =(2.8)(0.4) = 1.12 kPa

3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.0062*23) + (0.00695*2543.5) = 40.82kJ/kg

i. Transmission load 1 = ( - )/R

materials Thickness, R, m2 A, 2 - , C Q,kJ/s

ii. Inflation load

2 =12%1 =(0.12)(1.62)=0.1944 kJ/s

iii. Internal load

1. Lights. Lighting requirement is 10 watts/2 . 12 hrs per day

2. Motor: 10 units, 2 hp each, 8% radiation/kW

Qb = 10 * 1 * 0.746 * 0.08 = 1.1936 kJ/s

3. Workers, 40 workers and stay 8hrs/day

v. Sensible heat load, 6 hrs cooling period in this area

From the volume page we know that:

vi. Latent heat load

Rate of respiration is 1.2 mg 2 per kg-hr

vii. Total load

For 50% safety factor

3 =3 3 =(0.9636 kg/s)( 65.093 /kg)=62.723 /s or 3763.18 3 /min.

Thus; use 4 000 /min to 4 500 /min blower capacity.

Zone 3. Control Room

1. After Reheat to Zone 3:

2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.006216) + (0.00232530.9) = 21.92027 kJ/kg

2 = 2 + 2 2 = (1.006220) + (0.00582538.2) = 34.84556 kJ/kg

3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.006218) + (0.00232534.9) = 23.94 kJ/kg

3 = 3 + 3 3 = (1.006223) + (0.006952543.5) = 40.82kJ/kg

4 = 4 + 4 4 = (1.006220) + (0.00232538.1) = 25.96 kJ/kg

4 = 4 + 4 4 = (1.006223) + (0.007882543.5) = 43.18538 kJ/kg

5 = 5 + 5 5 = (1.006215) + (0.0092528.9) = 37.85 kJ/kg

6 = 6 + 6 6 = (1.006224) + (0.008352545.5) = 45.404 kJ/kg