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INTRODUCTION
The separated stream can be liquid or gas. In most cases the same phase is on
both sides of the membrane, but not always. Membrane separation is a technique
that is used in science and industry to separate substances from a mixture by filtering
that mixture through a porous membrane. The substance being filtered can be either
a liquid or a gas. Membrane separation has many practical applications, including
water filtration and the creation of concentrated solutions. Membrane processes
cover a group of separation processes in which the characteristics of a membrane
are used to separate the components of a solution or a suspension.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES
THEORY
The term membrane most commonly refers to a thin, film-like structure that
separates two fluids. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing some particles or
chemicals to pass through, but not others. In some cases, especially in anatomy,
membrane may refer to a thin film that is primarily a separating structure rather than
a selective barrier.
Membrane processes are characterized by the fact that a feed stream is divided
into 2 streams: retentate and permeate. The retentate is that part of the feed
that does not pass through the membrane, while the permeate is that part of the feed
that does pass through the membrane. The optional "sweep" is a gas or liquid that is
used to help remove the permeate. The component(s) of interest in membrane
separation is known as the solute. The solute can be retained on the membrane and
removed in the retentate or passed through the membrane in the permeate.