REVIEWER IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE
KBr - potassium bromide
CHEMISTRY
Intermolecular forces (IMFs) are the forces
which mediate interaction between molecules,
including forces of attraction or repulsion which
act between molecules and other types of
neighboring particles, e.g., atoms or ions.
Intermolecular forces are weak relative
to intramolecular forces the forces which hold
a molecule together. For example, the covalent
bond, involving sharing electron pairs between
atoms, is much stronger than the forces present
between neighboring molecules. Both sets of
forces are essential parts of force
fields frequently used in molecular mechanics.
Example:
Hydrogen Bonding: A hydrogen bond is
the electrostatic attraction between two polar
groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom
covalently bound to a
highly electronegative atom such
as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F)
experiences the electrostatic field of another
highly electronegative atom nearby.
The most ubiquitous and perhaps simplest
example of a hydrogen bond is found
between water molecules.
Ionic Compound: In chemistry, an ionic
compound is a chemical compound composed
of ions held together by electrostatic
forces termed ionic bonding. The compound is
neutral overall, but consists of positively
charged ions called cations and negatively
charged ions called anions. These can be simple
ions such as the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl)
in sodium chloride, or polyatomic species such
as the ammonium (NH+4)
and carbonate (CO23) ions in ammonium
carbonate. Individual ions within an ionic
compound usually have multiple nearest
neighbors, so are not considered to be part of
molecules, but instead part of a continuous
three-dimensional network, usually in
a crystalline structure.
Here are examples of ionic bonds and ionic
compounds:
NaBr - sodium bromide
NaCl - sodium chloride
NaF - sodium fluoride
KI - potassium iodide
KCl - potassium chloride
CaCl2 - calcium chloride
K2O - potassium oxide
MgO - magnesium oxide
Covalent Compound: A molecule formed
by covalent bonds, in which the atoms share
one or more pairs of valence electrons
These are examples of covalent bonds and
covalent compounds. Covalent compounds also
are known as molecular compounds. Organic
compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids, are all examples of
molecular compounds. You can recognize these
compounds because they consist of
nonmetals bonded to each other.
PCl3 - phosphorus trichloride
CH3CH2OH - ethanol
O3 - ozone
H2 - hydrogen
H2O - water
HCl - hydrogen chloride
CH4 - methane
NH3 - ammonia
CO2 - carbon dioxide
ATOM
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of
ordinary matter that has the properties of
a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas,
and plasma is composed of neutral
or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical
sizes are around 100 picometers
(a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale)
In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden,
under the direction of Ernest Rutherford,
bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to
observe how they scattered. They expected all
the alpha particles to pass straight through with
little deflection, because Thomson's model said
that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that
their electric fields could not affect the alpha
particles much. However, Geiger and Marsden
spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles
greater than 90, which was supposed to be
impossible according to Thomson's model.
While experimenting with the products SAMPLE 1:
of radioactive decay, in 1913 radio - If an element which is having an atomic
chemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there number 25, and atomic mass of
appeared to be more than one type of atom at 43.71g/mol, is composed of 25 protons
each position on the periodic table.[14] The and electrons, and 19.71 neutrons.
term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a
suitable name for different atoms that belong to How many protons, electrons, and
the same element. J.J. Thomson created a neutrons are present in the ff. elements
technique for separating atom types through his Element No. Mass P+ e- no
work on ionized gases, which subsequently led 43 86
to the discovery of stable isotopes 125 258.13
11 24
In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a
model in which the electrons of an atom were The illustration shows the electric configuration
assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do of the element no. 25
so in a finite set of orbits, and could jump
between these orbits only in discrete changes of
energy corresponding to absorption or radiation
of a photon

The SternGerlach experiment of 1922

provided further evidence of the quantum
nature of the atom. When a beam of silver
atoms was passed through a specially shaped
magnetic field, the beam was split based on the
direction of an atom's angular momentum, or
spin. As this direction is random, the beam could
be expected to spread into a line. Instead, the
beam was split into two parts, depending on 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5
whether the atomic spin was oriented up or
down Now the half shell:

Subatomic particles 2e-)2e- 2e-

6e- 6e-
Though the word atom originally denoted a 7e-
particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles,
in modern scientific usage the atom is composed Now try to do it on the other three element
of various subatomic particles. The constituent given:
particles of an atom are the electron,
the proton and the neutron; all three SAMPLE 2:
are fermions. However, the hydrogen-1 atom - if K2 = 2 qtys of K, and 4K = 4 qtys of K,
has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no 4K2= total of 8 qtys of K
electrons.
Now how many element are given in the ff.?
PHYSICS
H2O H= 2, and O= 1
Vectors and Scalar 4KCl K= 4, and Cl= 4
H2SO4 H=?, and S=?, and O=?
Scalars are quantities that are fully described Al(OH)3 Al= 1, and O= 3, and H=3
by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Fe2(CO3)3 Fe=?, and C=?, and O=?
Vectors are quantities that are fully
described by both a magnitude and a REMINDER: FOCUS on the CONTENT of the
direction. questions, it seems DECIEVING but if you
understand it very carefully youll see that the
PRACTICE EXERCISE: answer is just SIMPLE
----------------------------------------------GROUPS/FAMILIES-----------------------------------------

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-
6/Sample-Problems-and-Solutions (try to answer some of the
problems in this site)

Reminders:

Bring the following in the date of the examination

- Calculator
- Black/Blue permanent ink Pen
- Candies/sweets
- provided periodic table
- Calm and Peaceful Mindset
- Positive outlook in Life
- Trust in the Lord (Philippians 4:13, Jeremiah 29:11)
----------------------------------------------GROUPS/FAMILIES-----------------------------------------

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-
6/Sample-Problems-and-Solutions (try to answer some of the
problems in this site)

Reminders:

Bring the following in the date of the examination

- Calculator
- Black/Blue permanent ink Pen
- Candies/sweets
- provided periodic table
- Calm and Peaceful Mindset
- Positive outlook in Life
- Trust in the Lord (Philippians 4:13, Jeremiah 29:11)

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