Frequency Response

Introduction
Transfer Function
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Passive Filters
Active Filters

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 Introduction (1)
What is FrequencyResponse of a Circuit?

It is the variation in a circuits

behavior with change in signal
frequency and may also be
considered as the variation of the gain
and phase with frequency.
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 Transfer Function (1)
The transfer function H() of a circuit is the frequency-dependent
ratio of a phasor output Y() (an element voltage or current ) to a
phasor input X() (source voltage or current).

Y( )
H( ) | H( ) |
X( )
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 Transfer Function (2)

Four possible transfer functions:

Vo ( ) Vo ( )
H( ) Voltage gain H( ) Transfer Impedance
Vi ( ) Ii ( )

Y( )
H( ) | H( ) |
X( )

I o ( ) Io ( )
H( ) Current gain H( ) Transfer Admittance
Ii ( ) Vi ( )

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 Transfer Function (3)
Example 1

For the RC circuit shown below, obtain the transfer

function Vo/Vs and its frequency response.
Let vs = Vmcost.

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 Transfer Function (4)
Solution:

The transfer function is

1
Vo jC 1
H( )
Vs R 1/ j C 1 j RC
,
1
The magnitude is H( )
1 ( / o ) 2

The phase is tan 1
o
Low Pass Filter
o 1/RC
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 Transfer Function (5)
Example 2

Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of the RL circuit

shown below, assuming vs = Vmcost. Sketch its
frequency response.

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 Transfer Function (6)

Solution:
Vo j L 1
H( )
The transfer function is Vs R j L 1 R
j L

High Pass Filter

1
H( ),
The magnitude is o 2
1 ( )


The phase is 90 tan 1
o
o R/L
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 Series Resonance (1)

Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which

the capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in
magnitude, thereby resulting in purely resistive
impedance.

Resonance frequency:
1
o rad/s or
LC
1
1 fo Hz
Z R j ( L ) 2 LC
C
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 Series Resonance (2)

The features of series resonance:

1
Z R j ( L )
C
The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R;
The supply voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so
cos q = 1;
The magnitude of the transfer function H() = Z() is
minimum;
The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much
more than the source voltage.

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 Series Resonance (3)

Bandwidth B
The frequency response of the
1
resonance circuit current is Z R j ( L
C
)

Vm
I | I |
R 2 ( L 1 / C) 2

The average power absorbed

by the RLC circuit is 1 2
P( ) IR
2
1 Vm2
The highest power dissipated P(o )
occurs at resonance:
2 R
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 Series Resonance (4)

Half-power frequencies 1 and 2 are frequencies at which the

dissipated power is half the maximum value:

1 (Vm / 2 ) 2 Vm2
P(1 ) P(2 )
2 R 4R
The half-power frequencies can be obtained by setting Z
equal to 2 R.

1
R R
( )2
1
2
R R
( )2
1
o 12
2L 2L LC 2L 2L LC

Bandwidth B B 2 1
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 Series Resonance (5)
Peak energy stored in the circuit o L 1
Q
Quality factor, Energy dissipated by thecircuit R o CR
in one period at resonance

The relationship R o
between the B, Q B o2CR
L Q
and o:

The quality factor is the ratio of its

resonant frequency to its bandwidth.
If the bandwidth is narrow, the
quality factor of the resonant circuit
must be high.
If the band of frequencies is wide,
the quality factor must be low.
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 Series Resonance (6)

Example 3

A series-connected circuit has R = 4

and L = 25 mH.
a. Calculate the value of C that will produce a
quality factor of 50.
b. Find 1 and 2, and B.
c. Determine the average power dissipated at
= o, 1, 2. Take Vm= 100V.

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 Parallel Resonance (1)

It occurs when imaginary part of Y is zero

1 1
Y j ( C )
R L
Resonance frequency:
1 1
o rad/s or f o Hz
LC 2 LC
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 Parallel Resonance (2)
Summary of series and parallel resonance circuits:
characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
o 1 1
LC LC
o L 1 R
Q or or o RC
R o RC o L

B o o
Q Q

1, 2 1 2 1 2 o
o 1 ( ) o o 1 ( )
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q

Q 10, 1, 2 o
B
o
B
2 2

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 Parallel Resonance (3)
Example 4

Calculate the resonant frequency of the

circuit in the figure shown below.

Answer: 19 2.179 rad/s

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 Passive Filters
A filter is a circuit
that is designed to Low Pass
pass signals with
desired frequencies
and reject or High Pass
attenuate others.

Passive filter consists

Band Pass
of only passive
element R, L and C.

There are four types Band Stop

of filters.

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Active Filters

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