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Shekinah Grace D. Bataller
STEM11 P 3

Data Gathering Tools for Qualitative Research

1) Direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis

2) Or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting

Qualitative research data collection methods are time consuming, therefore data is usually
collected from a smaller sample than would be the case for quantitative approaches - therefore
this makes qualitative research more expensive.

The main methods for collecting qualitative data are:

Individual interview
 Focus groups
Observations
Action Research

Data Gathering Tools for Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able
to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question,
participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the
researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically
control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize
from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability
sampling to select participants.

Typical quantitative data gathering strategies include:

Experiments/clinical trials.
Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g., counting the number of patients
waiting in emergency at specified times of the day).
Obtaining relevant data from management information systems.
Administering surveys with closed-ended questions (e.g., face-to face and telephone
interviews, questionnaires etc). (http://www.achrn.org/quantitative_methods.htm)

Qualitative approaches
A qualitative "approach" is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research. It
describes, either explicitly or implicitly, the purpose of the qualitative research, the role of the
researcher(s), the stages of research, and the method of data analysis. here, four of the major
qualitative approaches are introduced.

Ethnography

The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely from the field of anthropology.
The emphasis in ethnography is on studying an entire culture. Originally, the idea of a culture
was tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g., the culture of the Trobriand
Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually any group or organization. That is, we can
study the "culture" of a business or defined group (e.g., a Rotary club).

Phenomenology
Phenomenology is sometimes considered a philosophical perspective as well as an approach to
qualitative methodology. It has a long history in several social research disciplines including
psychology, sociology and social work. Phenomenology is a school of thought that emphasizes a
focus on people's subjective experiences and interpretations of the world. That is, the
phenomenologist wants to understand how the world appears to others.

Field Research

Field research can also be considered either a broad approach to qualitative research or a method
of gathering qualitative data. the essential idea is that the researcher goes "into the field" to
observe the phenomenon in its natural state or in situ. As such, it is probably most related to the
method of participant observation. The field researcher typically takes extensive field notes
which are subsequently coded and analyzed in a variety of ways.

Grounded Theory

Grounded theory is a complex iterative process. The research begins with the raising of
generative questions which help to guide the research but are not intended to be either static or
confining. As the researcher begins to gather data, core theoretical concept(s) are identified.
Tentative linkages are developed between the theoretical core concepts and the data. This early
phase of the research tends to be very open and can take months. Later on the researcher is more
engaged in verification and summary. The effort tends to evolve toward one core category that is
central.

Case Study

Case study research presents a detailed analysis of a specific case. Unlike an ethnographic
approach, which observes the entire group, a case study focuses on one specific facet, such as a
person, group process or activity. The processes involved in preparing a case study are
interdisciplinary, so a variety of different theories and concepts can emerge when it comes to
interpreting a case study.

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STEM11 P 3