It is the proportionality constant in the rate

Explain the term rate constant.

equation (Rate=k [A]^n) .

The order of reaction is the power to which the

Explain the concept order of reaction. concentration of the reactant is raised in the
experimentally determined rate equation.

It is the time taken for the conc of a

Explain the concept, half-life.
reactant to fall to half of it's initial value.

Explain the concept, rate-determining It is the slowest step in the reaction

step. mechanism.

It is the minimum energy particles must have when they

Explain the concept, activation energy. collide to allow a reaction to occur.

The collision theory states that in order to react,

molecules must have sufficient energy and the right
Explain the collision theory. orientation at the moment of impact to break the existing
bonds and form new bonds.

Explain the concept catalysts in Catalysts speed up the rate of reaction by providing a
association with reaction rates. different path with lower activation energy.

Enzymes catalyze most of the reactions

How are enzymes used biologically?
in the human body....knowledge of biology.

Many enzymes are used in the process of baking,

How are enzymes used industrially? brewing and the manufacture of drugs and chemicals
such as nitric acid.

The more concentrated a solution, the greater is the number of

How does concentration affect the rates particles (molecules or ions) ion a given volume. Thus, there are
more chances of effective collisions occurring. Thus the collision
of reaction? frequency increases so the reaction rate increases.
Draw an annotated diagram of the Boltzmann curve to
show how concentration affects reaction rate.
Explain how temperature affects the
reaction rate.
Draw an annotated diagram of the Boltzmann curve to
show how temperature affects the reaction rate.
Draw an annotated diagram of the Boltzmann curve to
show how catalysts affect the reaction rate.
Describe the titration and sampling
method.
Describe the gas measurement method.
Describe the colorimetric method.
In a conc-time graph, what is the tangent
at zero?
What are the four methods of deriving the
reaction rate?
Draw the concentration-time graphs zero
order, first order and second order,
...
An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles.
This increases the number of collisions and also the fraction of particles having
kinetic energy higher than the activation energy. Thus, the effective collision
frequency increases, therefore, an increase in temperature of the reactants
increases the rate of reaction.
...
...
A small sample is pipetted at intervals during the course of the reaction and
quenched. Analysis of the sample is done by titrating against a standard acid
solution to determine the concentration of the alkali in the sample at every time
interval. Then, a graph of concentration versus time is plotted from which the rate
can be found by drawing tangents at different times.
The volume of the soluble gas given off is measured using a gas
syringe. If the gas is insoluble then the the displacement of water
in a measuring cylinder filled with water is measured. A graph of
volume of gas versus time is plotted and the rate of reaction is
found.
A standard calibration graph of absorbance versus concentration is plotted.
As the reaction starts, samples are withdrawn at measured time intervals and the absorbance is measured
in the spectrophotometer.
Using the standard calibration graph, interpolate to obtain the concentration of the sample.
A graph of concentration against time was plotted and the reaction rate was determined by drawing a
tangent.
The initial rate
1. Rate vs. conc graph
2. Conc. vs. time graph
3.Units of k
4. Initial rate method
...
 What are the units of first order? s-1

What are the units of second order? mol-1dm3s-1

Draw the rate-conc graph for zero order,

...
first order and second order reaction.

If there is a zero order reaction, how is The concentration has no effect on the
rate affected by the concentration? rate.

If there is a first order reaction, how is the rate affected The rate doubles as the concentration
by the concentration if it is doubled? doubles.

If there is a second order reaction, how is the rate The rate quadruples as the concentration
affected by the concentration if it is doubled? doubles.

Perform simple calculations using half-life data.

Limited only to first order reactions.
...

How is half-life affected by first order

The half life remains constant.
reactions?

A system is in dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the

Explain the concept of dynamic forward reaction equals the rate of the reversible
equilibrium. reaction. Thus the concentration of the reactants and
products will remain constant.

1. Macroscopic properties are constant.

State the characteristics of a system in 2. Microscopic properties are continuous.
3. Equilibrium can be achieved from any direction.
dynamic equilibrium.
4.Equilibrium can only be achieved if the system is closed.

Describe an experiment to determine the
value of Kc.
Mole fraction=
Partial pressure=
What state must a molecule be in to find
Kc?
What state must a molecule be in to find
Kp?
State Le Chatelier's priciple.
Explain how a change in temp affects the
position of equilibrium.
How does changing the concentration
affect the position of equilibrium?
What does a small Kc value indicate?
How does a catalyst alter the rate of a
chemical reaction in a reversible rxn.?
Use a burette to place standard solutions of the liquids in a stoppered bottle and add an HCl catalyst.
Shake the mixture well and allow it to stand for one week at room temperature.
After one week, titrate the whole mixture with 1 moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide using phenolpthalein as an
indicator.
Find the exact concentration of the HCl catalyst added by similar titrations.
Determine the concentrations of the reactants and products by finding the initial and final number of moles
and substitute the concentrations in the Kc expression.
Number of moles of a particular gas/Total
number of moles of gases in mixture
Total pressure x mole fraction
Aqueous, gaseous or liquid
Gaseous only
If one or more factors that affect an equilibrium are
changed, the position of equilibrium shifts in the direction
which opposes the change.
When the temperature is increased, the system will move in the endothermic
direction in order to decrease the temperature. When the temperature is
decreased, the system will move in the exothermic direction in order to increase
the temperature.
Shift to the right-Kc or Kp increases, to the left vice versa
When the concentration of one of the species is
increased, the system will move to remove that species.
When the concentration of one of the species is
decreased, the system will move to replace that species.
There are more reactants than products
thus making it reactant favoured.
In a reversible reaction, it can increase the rate forward
and backward reaction to the same extent so that
equilibrium is reached more rapidly. However, it has no
effect on the position of equilibrium.

How can the yield of Ammonia be
increased in the Haber process.
How can the yield of sulphur dioxide be
increased in the constant process?
Define amphoteric.
Explain how changes in pressure affect
the position of equilibrium?
What does a large Kc value indicate?
mp
Write the equation used in the Haber
process.
Write the main equation for the contact
process.
State the Bronsted-Lowry theory.
What is a Bronsted-Lowry base and a
Bronsted-Lowry acid ?
It can be increased by increasing the pressure as more NH3 is formed because
the position of equilibrium shifts in favor of fewer molecules ( shifts to the right). It
can also be increased by decreasing the temperature as the forward reaction is
exothermic. Also removing ammonia as it is formed by condensing it causes the
podition of equilibrium to shift to the right in favor of fewer molecules.
It can be increased by increasing the pressure as mor SO3 is formed because the
position of equilibrium shifts in favour of fewer molecules. It can also be increased
by decreasing the temperature as the forward reaction is exothermic. Also,
removing SO3 as it is formed by condensing it causes the position of of
equilibrium to shift to the right in favour of fewer molecules.
Being able to act as a base and an acid.
Note that this only affects reactions where there are different number of gas
molecules on each side of the eqn.
Increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium to the right where there are
fewer gas molecules. However, a decrease in pressure makes the molecules mive
further apart. The position of equilibrium shifts to the left where the gas molecules are
more concentrated.
This indicates that there is a large proportion of products
to reactants thus making it product favoured.
mo
N2 + 3H2-----> 2NH3 delta H=-92 kJmol-1
2SO2 + O2---->2SO3 Delta H is -197
kJmol-1
It states that an acid is a proton donor
while a base is a proton acceptor.
When a proton is donated to a base the base called a
Bronsted-Lowry base while the donor is called the
Bronsted-Lowry acid.
 It is an acid which is dissociated or
What is a strong acid?
ionized completely in solution.

State three examples of a strong acid. HCl, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.

They are acids only partially ionize or

What are weak acids?
dissociate in solution.

Organic acids such as methanoic acid, ethanoic acid

State three examples of weak acids. amd citric aid are weak acids.

What is a strong base and give an It is a base which completely ionize or

example of one? disassociate in solution. Eg, sodium hydroxide

What is a weak baseand gives two They are bases which ionize or disassociate partially in
solution.
examples? Eg. Ammonia and amines.

A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity

Define pH
of a solution in a logarithmic scale.

Acid dissociation constant- It is the

Define Ka.
equilibrium constant for a weak acid.

It is a value used to compare the acidity of

Define pKa.
weak acids.

Basic dissassociation constant- It is the

Define Kb.
equilibrium constany for a weak alkali.
 A value used to compare the basicity of
Define pKb.
weak alkali.

Ionic product of water-the equilibrium

Define Kw
constant for the ionization of water.

Perform calculations involving pH, Ka, pKa, Kw and pKw,

Kb and pKb. (define kc and pKw)
...

It is a plot of the changes in pH as an acid

What is a titration curve?
is added to an alkali or vice versa.

Give a probable description of the titration curve for a There is a very large and sudden pH change
strong acid and a strong base. corresponding to the end point of the titration.

Give a probable description of the titration curve for a

There is a fairly large ans sudden pH change
strong acid and a weak base or a weak acid and a
corresponding to the end point of the titration.
strong base.

Give a probable description of the titration There is a gradual change in pH as the

curve for a weak acid and a weak base. acid is added to the base.

It is the point at which a color change is observed which

What is the end point? signals the end of the completion of a reaction.

Explain what is meant by pH range of A narrow range of hydrogen ion concentrations in which
indicator. the indicator changes colour.

The indicator's colour change must be sharp, distinct

State the basis for the selection of acid- and gradual. The end point of the titration given by the
base indicator for use in titrations. indicator must be the same as or close to the
equivalence point.
 What is the colour change and the pH at the end point Orange to yellow
expected when methyl orange is being used as an
indicator? 3.7

What is the colour change and the pH at the end point Colourless to pink
expected when phenolpthalein is being used as an
indicator? 9.1

What pH range of an indicator would be suitable for pH 3 to 11 Both methyl orange and
strong acid-strong base titrations and would methyl
orange or phenolpthalein be suitable? If so, why? phenolpthalein could be used.

What pH range of an indicator would be suitable for

strong acid-weak base titrations and would methyl pH 3 to 7 Methyl orange
orange or phenolpthalein be suitable? If so, why?

What pH range of an indicator would be suitable for

weak acid-strong base titrations and would methyl pH 7 to 11 phenolpthalein
orange or phenolpthalein be suitable?

What pH range of an indicator would be suitable for No indicator is used because the change in pH is too
weak acid-weak base titrations and would methyl orange gradual to show a distinct end point using acid-base
or phenolpthalein be suitable? If so, why? indicators.

It is a solution (mixture of weak acid and it's conjugate

base or a mixture of a weak base and it's conjugate
Define the term buffer solution. acid.) which has the ability to maintain it's pH when a
small amount of acid or alkali is added.

The buffer chemically binds the hydroxyl ions or

Explain how buffer solutions control pH. hydrogen ions into a form in the compound that keeps
them from being free in the solution to affect the pH.

Describe an experiment to determine the A glass pH electrode connected to a pH meter is dipped

into the buffer solution and the value of the pH is found
pH of buffer solutions. by direct reading from the meter.

Calculate the pH of buffer solutions from

...
appropriate data.
 Give three examples of blood buffer Hydrogen carbonate
Phosphate
systems. Amino acid systems

What is the importance of blood buffer

Enzymes
systems?

What is the importance of buffers in the Modify the colour and flavor of food and it
food processing industry? preserves processed foods.

It is the product of the concentration of the ions in a

Define the term, solubility product. saturated solution of the salt raised to the appropriate
powers.

How is equilibrium established in saturated solution of a It is established between the dissolved ions and the
sparingly soluble salt? undissolved salt at a given temperature.

When writing the Ksp, what remains Since only a very small amount of the salt is dissolved
and it's conc. is in large excess, the conc of the salt
constant and why? remains relatively constant.

This is the precipitation of a dissolved salt caused by

Explain the common ion effect. adding a solution of a compound which has an ion in
common with the dissolved salt.

Ksp is valid only for saturated solutions in which the

When is Ksp used? concentration of the ions is no more than 0.01 moldm-3.

It only occurs if the ionic product of the

When does precipitation occur?
solution is greater than Ksp.

If the ionic product of the solution is less

When does no precipitation occur?
than Ksp.
 When is a saturated solution formed?
Perform calculations involving solubility
product.
Describe an experiment to determine the
solubility product of a substance.
How does the solubility product principle relate to the
selective precipitation of substances used in qual anal?
Define equilibrium constant.
How does the solubility product principle relate to the
selective precipitation of substances to form a kidney
stone?
Define the standard electrode potential.
Define the standard cell potential.
What is electrode potential?
What is a half cell?
If the ionic product is equal to the Ksp.
...
1. Add enough Calcium hydroxide to a known volume of water so that the solid is present as well as a
solution.
2. Shake and leave for 24 hours to reach equilibrium.
3. Filter off the solid calcium hydroxide.
4, Titrate samples of the Calcium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid of known conc.
5. Calculate the concentration of the calcium hydroxide solution from the titration results.
6. Find Ksp by substituting the values in the equilibrium constant.
Selective precipitation is used to form a solid with one of
the ions in solution without disturbing the other ions since
the ion with the lowest solubility product will precipitate
out first.
It is a measure of the extent to which
reactants are converted to products .
Supersaturation of urine with calcium and phosphate ions will
promote the formation of calcium phosphate stones.
Supersaturation occurs when the ionic product of calcium [Ca2+]
and phosphate ions [HPO4 2] exceeds the solubility product for
calcium phosphate
It is the electrode potential of a half cell compared with a
standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
It is the difference in the standard
electrode potential of two half cells.
It is a measure of the ability of an element to
release electrons or ions in solution.
It is a metal immersed in a solution of its
metal ions.
 Draw the SHE.
What does SHE consists of?
What is the half equation for the SHE
electrode.
Draw a labeled diagram to show how the standard
electrode potentials of metals or non metal ions in
contact worn their ions on aqueous solutions.
Where is the SHE located when drawing a
Daniel cell?
Draw a labeled diagram to show how the standard
electrode potentials of ions of the same element in
different oxidation states.
What is the purpose of SHE?
Calculate standard cell potentials from standard
electrode potentials of two half cells.
Which is the negative electrode?
How do electrons flow ?
...
Hydrogen gas at 101 kPa in equilibrium with an aqueous solution of hydrogen ions at
a concentration of 1moldm-3.
A platinum electrode coated with platinum black (finely divided Pt) in contact with
both the hydrogen gas and hydrogen ions.
A salt bridge which allows movement of ions between the two half cells so that ionic
balance is maintained. HPs
H2 ------>2H+ +2e
...
Left hand side
...
Since the electrode potential of a single a half cell cannot be
measured by itself, the standard hydrogen electrode which has an
electrode potential of zero can be connected to other half cells so
that the potential difference of the cell can be measured.
...
It is the standard electrode potential value
that carries a more negative value.
They flow from the more negative
electrode to the positive electrode.
 Where does oxidation occur? The anode

Where does reduction occur? The cathode

Reduction As

Oxidation Sa

What are the charges of the anode and Anode-negatively charged

cathode? Cathode-positively charged

Draw cell diagrams. ...

What is the convention for drawing half The half cell in which the oxidation occurs
cells, is written first.

A reaction is energetically feasible when there is an

When is a reaction feasible? overall positive potential of the cell.

How can the feasibility of a reaction be If the electrode potentials of two half reactions differ by
determined in non standard conditions? more than 0.3V,the reaction is feasible.

If the concentration of the ion increases, how does this Electrons are more easily accepted, the value of the
affect the and the electrode potential value? standard electrode potential gets more positive.
If the concentration of the ion on the left decreases, how
More electrons are released and the value of the
does this affect the position of equilibrium and the
standard electrode potential gets more negative.
electrode potential value?

For a system such as Fe3+ + e----Fe2+, how is the

Increasing or decreasing the concentrations of both ions
position of equilibrium amd the electrode potential value
equally has no effect on the value of E.
affected?