AP Review #5: Industrial Rev. (Ch. 20) & 19th c.

Isms &
Revs. (Ch. 21)
Industrial Revolution: 1750-1870
Origins
Why GB? 1) London- lg. city in Europe; 2) social structure supported the lower classes
imitation of the upper (created a consumer base); 3) excess capital + willing investors
(entrepreneurs); 4) rich in mineral resources; 5) government that supported factory
owners; 6) good system of transportation that linked the country (rivers/canals) 7) GB
empire strong so good system of markets worldwide
Slower to spread on the continent because they were economically devastated from
Napoleons continental system & did not have the right conditions as outlined for GB; will
set high protective tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries (France,
Belgium first to take off)
Advances
Factory System: develop of machines took over the hand-production of goods; used
materials and labor efficiently; exploited natural resources for energy; ability of LARGE
profit for investors; division of labor; end of guilds/apprenticeship; rise of laissez-faire
capitalism (called for by Smith)
Spinning Jenny: Hargreaves (1764)
Water Frame: Arkwright (1768)
Steam Engine: Newcomen & Watt; MAJOR impact on iron/coal/RR industries (steam
boats/trains)
Social Impact
Rapidly growing cities cant meet demand for housing & infrastructure (roads, sewage,
police)
Factory work was mundane, dangerous, wages were low & women/children hired but paid
less
Pollution & human waste led to rampant diseases (cholera, typhoid) Chadwick
investigated and wrote Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population in Great
Britain (1842)
Groups such as Luddites & Chartists led movements to gain better status for the factory
worker
Serious govt attention to reform will not happen until 1830s (Factory Acts 1833/47)
Liberals want to extend the franchise to all male factory workers (the proletariat = new
social class)
Womens roles change as working-class families made more money (man= breadwinner,
woman= no longer HAD to work, focus solely on domestic duties; BUT Rousseaus
separate spheres still realized; most factory workers by 1850 were single women
working to build dowry
Standard of Living
Improves for many, but not all; social disparity a major issue (rich getting richer while poor
are still poor) which brings increased social tension & the rise of socialism as a political
force
19th c. Isms & Revolutions
European royals led a conservative movement to return life to the Old Order in the wake of the
Napoleonic Era. They did not go unchallenged, however, as liberalism and nationalism grew in
spite of economic unrest .
Congress of Vienna: 1814-15
Peace settlement reached by the Quadruple Alliance after Napoleons exile (GB, Prus, Rus, Aus)
 Led by Austrias Klemens von Metternich (chief supporter of conservatism in early 19th c.)
Goals = 1) return Europe to Old Order; 2) check the spread of liberalism (led to the
restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France); 3) establish of balance of power in Europe
(led to the redrawing of boundaries); 4) support future peace through diplomacy
The Principle of Legitimacy of crucial to the success of their goals (keep legitimate
monarchs on thrones wherever possible)
Quadruple Alliances changes to the Concert of Europe and they promoted the Principle of
Intervention, which guided their foreign policy decisions, stated they had right to send
troops to crush revolts in areas where traditional monarchies were being threatened.
o Suppressed revolts in Italy, Spain, Greecebut NOT Latin America b/c GB did not agree
Conservatism Traditional powers who worked together to hold onto the Old Order &
maintain tradition
Who supports Conservatism? Legitimate monarchs, established church, landed aristocracy
What Do Conservatives Support? 1) obedience to political authority (monarch has supreme
power), 2) organized religion (religious unity creates a morally banded nation), 3)
community takes precedence over the individual (needs of the state surpass individual
needs), 4) society must be ordered (therefore traditional way makes the most sense)
Above all they despise revolutions that threatened their power, so revolutionaries must be
stopped
Liberalism
Political philosophy based on individual freedoms and a limited government
Inspired by the Enlightenment & civil liberties enjoyed in England (Bill of Rights, 1689) &
the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen from France (1789)
Viewed by conservatives as anyone who threatened their power or traditional rule
o Economic Liberalism: (classical economics) all people have right to be entrepreneurs &
those businesses should be unregulated from the power of the government; this is the
concept of laissez-faire capitalism (promoted by economists Malthus & Ricardo)
o Political Liberalism: focused on peoples basic rights and derived from the ideas of
Locke; all people should have the freedom of speech and receive full equality before
the law; believed in the extension of the franchise
Nationalism
Belief that people who share common traditions, culture, race/ethnicity, language, & religion
should be united.
This fed desires of independence amongst minority groups (esp. in Italy, Germany &
Austria) to form their own nation-states free from imperial rule
Early Socialism Emerged in response to the problems associated with industrialization
Favor SHARING resources (instead of competing for them); sharing creates better lives for
the working class (proletariat)
Utopian Socialism = earliest form, appeared in GB/FR; advocated voluntary end of
capitalism
o Fourier: build communities where the dullness of industrial existence replaced by
liberated living
o Owen: humane industrial environment and making a good profit could occur
simultaneously
o Saint-Simon: private property should be subject to administration other than its owners
o Blanc: The Organization of Labor ; paid more attention to political aspect of socialism;
demands an end to competition & right to vote to the working class; recognizes the
power of the state to improve life & labor conditions
Revolutions
 Russia: Decemberist Revolt (1825) death of Alexander I leads to crisis for his throne
(neither brother wanted it); the revolt, which tried to establish a more liberal govt was
stopped; Nichols I becomes tsar and was pushed to become harshly autocratic in response
to the revolt
Revolutions of 1830s : POLAND: wanted to be free of Russian control, but troops
intervened to crush the liberal movement; ITALY: failed attempts to remove Austria led to
the risorgimento, a movement to unify Italy, first led by Mazzini, also fails; FRANCE:
liberals were disturbed by Charles X ultraroyalism led the July Revolution succeeded in
bringing a constitutional monarchy to France
The Revolutions of 1848: bad conditions across the continent forced liberals to push for
more representative govt; FAILED due to lack of cooperation amongst various groups; not
successful until late 19th
o FRANCE: Louis Philippe abdicated the throne b/c of inability to deal with corruption;
prompted a battle b/t moderates and radicals; new constitution created calling for
election of Napoleon III
o AUSTRIA: losing control of its minority groups, Hungarians (magyarization) & Czechs
drove to gain self-governance; unable to solve problems, Metternich fled; eventually
the dual monarchy will be est.
o ITALY: 1830s movement gained strength; largely unsuccessful still, except for in
Piedmont
o GERMANY: calls for a new constitution at the Frankfurt Assembly and the creation of
Germany but which GR states should be included became a crisis (grossdeutsch or
kleindeutsch); went with kleindeutsch (excl. Aus); Fred Will IV refused the crown so the
movement to create a unified GR died