Calculus FULL

Continuity
The function f (x ) is continuous at x a, if

1. f (a) is defined
lim f ( x)exists
2. xa and
lim f ( x) f (a)
3. xa .
Otherwise, f (x) is discontinuous at x a
A discontinuous function has some type of break in its graph.
All polynomial functions are continuous for all x .
f ( x)
h( x )
A rational function, g ( x) , is discontinuous at x a , if g (a ) 0 .
When the limit from left is not equal to the limit from right, then the limit does not exist and the
function is discontinuous at that point.
Introduction to Calculus
Calculus was developed from two simple geometric problems:

1. The problem of tangent.
What is the slope of the tangent to the graph of the function f (x) at a given point P?
This led to the development of differentiation. This course focuses on differentiation. We
are finding slope of the tangent as we did in the Advanced Functions using calculus
(differentiation). There is no more h = 0.001!
2. The problem of areas.
What is the area under the graph of a function f (x) between x a and x b ?
(You have done this in Physics when were required to the total distance travelled from a
velocity time graph.)
This can be done using calculus. The technique is called integration. Unfortunately this is
not covered in this course. The fortunate ones will be fascinated by this in university.
Radical Expressions: Rationalizing
A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction (quotient) containing

integers.
An irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction (e.g. 2 , , etc.)
A radical is a function with a root sign (e.g. x 5 )

The process of changing a number from a radical (in the numerator or denominator) to a rational
number is called rationalizing.
1 2
sin cos
Remember that 4 4 2 2
a a b
b = b x b
ab
= b , we have removed the radical sign from denominator.
note: ax b = ab
x y
has a conjugate radical x y
Note that ( x y )( x y ) x y when we FOIL.
5
e.g. When you simplify a radical expression such as 2 3 , multiply the numerator
and denominator by the radical only.
5 3

2 3 3
15

6
1
x y
e.g.
Multiplying top and bottom by the conjugate radical removes the radical sign from the
denominator:
1 x y

x y x y
x y
= x y
We will be using this technique to find the limits of functions when direct substitution lead to the
0
indeterminate form 0 .
Properties of limit
lim f ( x) f (a)
1. If f x is a polynomial function, then xa .Limit can be found by direct
substitution
0
2. Sometimes direct substitution leads to the indeterminate form 0 . Note this is different from
1
0 which is undefined .When this happens, you need to find an equivalent function that is the
same as f(x) except at x = a
To evaluate a limit, we use

a) direct substitution
b) factoring
c) rationalizing
d) change of variable
We will discuss an example of each in this class. Note that regardless of which method we use, we
have to substitute in the final step.
Rates of Change
The average rate of change can be found by finding the slope of the secant line
Average velocity = change in position

change in time
= s (t + h) s (t)
h
The instantaneous rate of change is the slope of the tangent line
Instantaneous velocity = lims (a + h) s (a)

h 0h
The Slope of a Tangent
Given two points P1 x1 , y1 and P2 x2 , y2 the slope is

y y1
m 2
x 2 x1
The equations of the line in point-slope form is:

y y1
m
x x1
y y1 m( x x1 )
y m( x x1 ) y1
In slope y-intercept form, y mx b , b is the y-intercept.
The tangent is a straight line that most resembles the curve near the point. Since most
relationships in real life situations are non-linear, we are often required to find the slope of
the tangent at any point on the curve. This gives us the rate of change at that instant.(IROC)
Differential calculus is the tool we used for this

The slope of the tangent to a curve at a point P is the limiting slope of thesecant PQ as the point Q
slides along the curve toward P. In other words, the slope of the tangent is said to be the limit of the
slope of the secant as Q approaches P along the curve. This is the IROC found in MHF4U. Instead of
using h= 0.001 , we now introduce the concept of the limits. The concept of limits is what
distinguishes calculus from all other branches of Mathematics.
The slope of the tangent to a curve at a point P is the limit of the slopes ofthe secants PQ as Q
moves closer to P.
The slope of the tangent to the graph of at is given by
f ( a h) f ( a )
m lim
h 0 h
The limit of a function
lim f ( x) L
The notation x a is read the limit of f (x) as x approaches a equals L
this means that f(x) is equal to L when x is close to a (but NOT equal to a)
lim f ( x)
The x a exists if and only if the limiting value from the left equals the
limiting value from the right. Complete the table below.
x x2 1
y
x 1
0 1
0.5 1.5
0.9 1.9
0.99 1.99
0.999 1.999
1 INDETERMINATE
1.001 2.001
1.01 2.01
1.1 2.1
1.5 2.5
2.0 3
lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L

If xa and xa then x a ,otherwise x a
does not exist (DNE)

lim f ( x) L
Note: x a may exist even if f(a) is not defined
THE PRODUCT RULE
h x f x g x
h' x f ' x g x + f x g ' x
Or
y u
dy du d
u
dx dx dx This is more widely used in higher level calculus course.
PROOF OF THE PRODUCT RULE:
f x h g x h f x g x
h ' x lim
h 0 h
Subtract out and add in f x h g x to the numerator. Note that were really just adding in a zero
here since these two terms will cancel. This will give us,
f x h g x h f x h g x f x h g x f x g x
fg ' lim
h 0 h
Notice that we added the two terms into the middle of the numerator. As written we can break up
the limit into two pieces. From the first piece we can factor a f x h out and we can factor a
g x out of the second piece. Doing this gives,
f x h g x h g x g x f x h f x
fg ' lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
lim f ( x h)
g x h g x lim g ( x) f x h f x
h 0 h h 0 h
At this point we can use limit properties to write,

fg ' lim f ( x h) lim
g x h g x lim g ( x) lim f x h f x
h 0 h0 h h 0 h 0 h
The individual limits in here are,
g x h g x
lim g ' x
h 0 h
f x h f x
lim f ' x
h 0 h
lim f x h f x
h 0
fg ' f ' x g x f x g ' x

EXTENDED PRODUCT RULE
p x f x g x h x
p' x f ' x g x h x + f x g' x h x + f x g x h' x
THE POWER OF A FUNCTION RULE
This is similar to the Chain rule to be discussed later in this chapter.
f x g x
n
f ' x n g x g ' x
n 1
1. Differentiate
ANSWER:
2. Differentiate .
ANSWER
THE CHAIN RULE
This is the most widely differentiation rule used in Mathematics.
h x f g x
h' x f ' g x g ' x using function notation( COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS).
This is sometimes called the outside-inside rule. We differentiate the outside function f x and
evaluate it at the inside function g x left alone, then multiply it by the derivative of the inside
function.
Or
dy dy du

dx du dx usingLeibniz notation.
THE POWER OF FUNCTION RULE
y g x
n
dy
n g x g ' x
n 1
dx
1.Differentiate .
ANSWER:= 2 (3x+1) (3)
= 6 (3x+1) .
2. Differentiate
ANSWER:
3. Differentiate .
ANSWER:
The Derivative Function

We saw in MHF4U that we can calculate the rate of change in science, engineering or economics
f ( a h) f ( a )
IROC ,
using the formula, h h = 0.001
f ( a h) f ( a )
m lim
The slope of the tangent can be written as h 0 h using limits
Since this type of limit occurs widely, it is given a special name and notation
dy f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
dx h 0 h
dy
dx is read dee y by dee x this is Leibniz notation, one of the mathematicians who helped
developed calculus.
f ' ( x) is LaGrange notation
THESE ARE ALL THE SAME.

1. THE SLOPE OF y f (x) at x a
2.THE SLOPE OF THE TANGENT TO y f (x) at x a
3. THE INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE OF f (x) with respect to x at x a
f (a h) f (a )
lim h
4. h 0
The existence of the derivative.
f ( x) x 2/3, at x 0, f ' ( x) does not exist, THIS IS A CUSP.
f ( x) x
, f ' ( x) does not exist at x 0 , THIS IS A CORNER.
f ( x) x 1/3, f ' ( x) does not exist at x 0 , THIS IS A VERTICAL TANGENT.

2, x 1
f ( x)
x, x 1 , THIS IS A DISCONTINUITY. f ' x does not exist at x 1.
The Derivative of a Polynomial Function

The derivative is widely used to find the slope of the tangent(IROC).
Computing the derivative using limits is tedious. In this section, we will develop formulas that
simplify the process of differentiation.
n n
If
y x OR
f ( x) x
dy n 1
nx f ' ( x ) n 1
dx nx
Proof:
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
h0 h
( x h) x
n n
lim h
= h 0
n 1 n2 n 3 2 n 1
Note: a b ( a b)( a a b a b ................b )
n n
Let: x+h=a
x=b
( x h x)[( x h) n 1 ( x h) n 2 x ( x h) n 3 x 2 .....x n 1 )
lim h
= h 0
lim ( x h)n 1 ( x h)n 2 x ( x h)n 3 x 2 .....x n 1

= h 0
n 1 n2 n 3 2 n 1
= x x x x x ..... x
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
= x x x ..... x
there are n terms

f ' ( x) = nx n 1
This is probably the most widely used formula in the course!
The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.
Using the formula, fill in the blanks:
a) The derivative of f ( x) x is
2
____________________________
b) Given f ( x) x , then f ' ( x) is

4
____________________________
c) Differentiate f ( x) x
7
____________________________
dy
y 2x5 ,
d) Given dx is ____________________________
e) Given y 4 x , y ' is
3
____________________________
d
y 5x 4 , (5 x 4 )
f) Given dx is ____________________________
From the above results, a rule called the Power Rule is:
a) If f(x) = x , then f ' ( x) ___________

n
b) If f(x) = cx , then f ' ( x) ___________

n
Using the Power Rule, fill in the blanks:
a) Find the derivative of f (x) = x

3
_______________________
dy
b) Given y u , find du
20
_______________________
1
y 3 '
c) Given z , find y _______________________
d
( x)
d) Find dx _______________________
e) If f ( x) 3 , find f ' ( x ) _______________________
f) So you think you understand everything, try this one:
1
If ) f (x) = x , find f ' ( x) _______________________
Find the derivative of

3
a) f (x) = 3x 4
b) f (x) = 9 x 6 2 x 12

c) x 5 2
6 3
THE QUOTIENT RULE
f x
h x
g x
f ' x g x f x g ' x
h' x
g x 2
PROOF OF THE QUOTIENT RULE USING THE DEFNITION OF THE DERIVATIVE :
f x h f x

g x h g x
h x lim
'
h 0 h
1 f x h g x f x g x h
lim
h0 h g x h g ( x)
Subtract out and add in f x g x to the numerator.
1 f x h g x f x g x f x g x f x g x h
lim
h 0 h g x h g ( x)
Rearranging,
lim
h0 g x h g x h
lim
h0 g x h g x h h

Factor a g x out in the first and in the second we will factor a f x out. This gives,
1 f x h f x g x h g x
lim g x f x
h 0 g x h g x h h

f x h f x
f ' x lim , lim f x h f x
h 0 h h0
g x h g x
g ' x lim , lim g x h g x
h 0 h h 0
Plugging in the limits and doing some rearranging gives,

1
g x g x
g x f ' x f x g ' x
f ' x g x f x g ' x
g x 2
PROOF USING THE PRODUCT

f x
h x
g x
h x f x g x
1
h ' x f ' x g x f x g x g ' x

1 2
g x
2
f x g x f x g x
' '
f ' x g x f x g ' x
g x 2
Or Quotient Rule can be written as:
u
y

du dv
v u
dy
dx 2 dx
dx
1. Differentiate
ANSWER:
Differentiate
ANSWER:
.
3.Differentiate
ANSWER:
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
The maximum and minimum values are also called extreme value, stationary values or
absolute extrema.
The maximum and minimum value occur when the derivative is zero or undefined .
The maximum and minimum can also occur at end points.

dy
When dx changes from positive zero negative, this represents a local maximum.
dy
When dx changes from negative zero positive, this represents a local minimum.
The absolute maximum or minimum is the highest or largest value respectively in the
domain.
Now, what characterizes the graph at an extreme value?
We have an absolute minimum of zero at and an absolute

maximum of four at . Note that is not a relative maximum since it is at the end point of
the interval.This function doesnt have any relative maximums.
In this case we still have a relative and absolute minimum of zero
at . We also still have an absolute maximum of four. However, unlike the first example this
will occur at two points, and .
Again, the function doesnt have any relative maximums.
We dont have to have any kind of extrema, relative or absolute.
Cosine has extrema (relative and absolute) that occur at many

points. Cosine has both relative and absolute maximums of 1 at
Cosine also has both relative and absolute minimums of -1 at

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
This is a major application of derivatives. In some programmes at university, this is a course. To
optimize something means to maximize or minimize. In business we want to minimize cost and to
maximize profits.
STRATEGY FOR SOLVING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

1) Read the problem carefully, perhaps a few times. Identify the given variables and the
variable that represent quantity to be optimized.
2) Draw a diagram and label the given and required quantities.
3) Determine domain of function. Some solutions to question may not make sense in the
context of question.
4) Find the critical points (where derivative is zero or undefined).
5) Check end points.
6) Make a concluding statement based on your calculations.
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION:
d2y
f ' ' x or
The derivative of the derivative is called the second derivative. Its notation is dx 2 .
The derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative and so on...
dny
th n
The n derivative is dx .
A placewhere the third and higher derivatives are used is in series approximations. Some
functions are difficult to evaluate, in particular trigonometric functions and logarithms but for
these functions there are approximations that can be used, and these approximations often
involve derivatives. For example a sufficiently nice function f (x) (one where the
derivatives exist) can be approximated for x close to zero by
The derivative of the position function s t is the velocity function t .

ds
t
i.e. dt
or s t = t
'
The second derivative of the position function s t is the acceleration function.
d 2s
s ' ' t a t or a t
dt 2 .
This is equivalent to finding the first derivative of the velocity function

d
a t or
dt a t ' t .
What is the third derivative of the position function? (Hint: The term may be used to
describe some of your friends, NO an acquaintance).
derivative terminology SI unit
0 position (displacement) m
1 velocity ms-1
2 acceleration ms-2
3 jerk ms-3
4 jounce (snap) ms-4
5 crackle ms-5
6 pop ms-6
7 lock ms-7
8 drop ms-8
In this course we used the following convention. t 0 (negative), object is moving left or
down (as in Physics)
t >0 (positive, object is moving right or up.
t 0, Object has stopped (as we did in our model of motion)

a t 0 , the velocity is decreasing.
a t 0 , the velocity is increasing.
a t 0 , the velocity is constant.
a t t 0 , the object is speeding up.
If the product of
a t t 0 , the object is slowing down.
If the product of
Positive Velocity Positive Velocity

Changing Velocity (acceleration)
Slow, Rightward(+) Fast, Rightward(+)

Constant Velocity Constant Velocity
Slow, Leftward(-) Fast, Leftward(-)
Constant Velocity Constant Velocity
Negative (-) Velocity Leftward (-) Velocity

Slow to Fast Fast to Slow
A.The object has a positive or rightward velocity (note the + slope). The object has a changing
velocity (note the changing slope); it is accelerating. The object is moving from slow to fast since the
slope changes from small big.
B.The object has a negative or leftward velocity (note the - slope). The object has a changing
velocity (note the changing slope); it has an acceleration. The object is moving from slow to fast
since the slope changes from small to big.
SKETCHING YOUR CURVE ( DONT SHOW YOUR TANGENT LINE)
#1 .
y 2 x 3 9 x 2 12 x 4
THIS IS NOT A TEST , IT IS JUST YOU LEARNING.
a)Determine the domain.
b)Determine any intercepts.

c)Determine any critical value(s).
d)Test critical points to see whether they are local maxima, local minima, or neither.
e) Determine the intervals for which the curve is concave up/concave down.
g) Find for points of inflection.
h)Complete a fully labeled sketch.

x
y
x 1
2
#2.
THIS IS NOT A TEST , IT IS JUST AN ASSESSMENT FOR
YOUR LEARNING.
a) Determine the domain. Determine any vertical asymptotes. For vertical asymptotes, investigate
function values on either side of the asymptote.
b) Determine any intercepts.

c) Determine the first derivative in fully factored form. Check with teacher to ensure first derivative
is correct. If it is you can proceed. I f not you will be given thederivative but there is a
penalty of 3 marks. Find any critical value(s).
e) Determine horizontal asymptote.
f) Determine the second derivative in fully factored form. Check with teacher to ensure derivative is
correct before proceeding. There is a penalty of 3 marks for the incorrect derivative.
Determine the intervals for which the curve is concave up/concave down.
h) Complete a fully labelled sketch.
ANSWERS
y 2 x 3 9 x 2 12 x 4
#1
Determine the domain.
D x R

x intercept
y 0 , factoring
0 2 x 1 x 2 x 2
1
,2
x= 2
y intercept( set x=0)
y=-4
c)Determine any critical value(s).
y ' 6 x 2 18 x 12
6 x 2 x 1
set 0,
x 1,2
1st derivative test
1 2 maximum at 1,1 , minimum at (2,0)

f ' x + - +
e) Determine the intervals for which the curve is concave up/concave down.
y ' ' 12 x 18
6 2 x 3
set 0
2x 3 0
3
x
2
CU CD
3
2
f " x + -

3 1
,
POI at( 2 2 , changes concavity.
h)Complete the sketch.
Show POI, intercepts, max. and min.
x
y
x 1
2
#2.
a) Determine the domain. Determine any vertical asymptotes. For vertical asymptotes, investigate
function values on either side of the asymptote.
D x R
VA, none

x intercept y 0
x=0
y intercept,
y=0
c)Determine the first derivative in fully factored form. Check with teacher to ensure first derivative
is correct. If it is you can proceed. If not you will be given the derivative but there is a
penalty of 3 marks. Find any critical value(s).
x 2 1 x 2 x
y'
x
2
2
1
1 x2
x
2
1
2
(1 x)(1 x )
x
2
2
1
set 0
(1 x)(1 x) 0
x 1,1
1st derivative test
-1 1
f x
'
-+ -
maximum at 1, ,minimum at 1, 2 ,
1 1
2
e) Determine horizontal asymptote.
x
y lim
x 1
x2 1 2
x
1
lim
x 1
x 1 2
x
y0
as x 1000
approaches HA from below.
as x 1000 approaches HA from above.
f)Determine the second derivative in fully factored form. Check with teacher to ensure derivative is
correct before proceeding. There is a penalty of 3 marks for the incorrect derivative.
Determine the intervals for which the curve is concave up/concave down.
y' '
2

2 x x 2 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 1 ( 2 x )
x 2
1 4
2x 6x
3
x 1
2 3
2 x x 3
2
x 1
2 3
set 0

2x x2 3 0
x 1
2 3
2 x x 3 0
2
x 0, 3
CD CU CD CU
3 0 3
y" - + - +
3 3
0,0 , 3, 3,

4 4
POI at and
h)Complete a fully labelled sketch.
Show POI, intercepts, HA, max and min.
If f x x ax bx c increase to the point (-3,18) and decreases to the point (1,-14) and
3 2
1.)
then continues increasing. Find a, b , and c .
f ' x 3 x 2 2ax b
f ' (3) 0 (Maximum)
3(3) 2 6a b 0
6a b 27 (1)
f ' 1 0 (Minimum)
3(1) 2a b 0
2a b 3 (2)
(1) (2) gives
8a 24
a3
b 3 2a
9
f 1 1 a b c 14
a b c 3 9 c 15
6 c 15
c 9
Answer
a3
b 9
c 9
Determine a, b and c such that y ax bx c has a relative maximum at (3, 12) and
2
2).
crosses the y axis at (0,1).
f 0 c
a (0) b(0) c 1
c 1
dy
2ax b
dx
At maximum (3, 12)
dy
0
dx
2ax b 0
2 a 3 b 0
6a b 0
b 6a
12 a 3 b 3 c
2
12 9a 3b 1
9a 3b 11
Substitute b -6a
9a 3 6a 11
9a 11
11
a
9
11
b 6
9
66
9
22
3
Answer
11 22
a ,b ,c 1
9 3
Find the values a, b, c and d such that f x ax bx cx d has a local maximum (2,4)
3 2
3).
and a local minimum (0,0).
f 0 0
d 0
f ' x 3ax 2 2bx c
f ' 0 0, (min .)
c0
f ' 2 12a 4b 0, (max .)
f 2 8a 4b 4
1 2 gives
4 a 4
a 1
b3
Answer
a 1
b3
c0
d 0
Find a, b and c such that the function f x ax bx c will have a local

3 2
4)
extremumat(2,11) and a point of inflection (1,5).
f ' x 3ax 2 2bx
at , x 2,
f ' x 0
0 12a 4b
12a 4b
3a b
f 2 8a 4b c 11
sub.b 3a
8a 4(3a ) c 11
4a c 11
f 1 a b c 5
sub
b 3a
a 3a c 5
c 5 2a
sub.in
4a 5 2a 11
2a 6
a 3
b9
c 1
Not necessary
f " x 6ax 2b
f " x 0atx 1
6a 2b 0
b 3a
As before
Determine a, b, c and d such that y ax bx cx d has a local maximum at (2,4) and

3 2
5.
point of inflection at the origin (0,0).
dy
3ax 2 2bx c,
dx
f 0 0
d 0
d2y
6ax 2b
dx 2
at , x 0
d2y
0
dx 2
b0
f 2 8a 4b 2c 4
b0
8a 2c 4
4a c 21
At maximum
dy
0
dx
f ' ( 2) 0
12a c 0 2
1 2 gives
8a 2
1
a
4
c 2 4a
1
2 4
4
3
1
a , b 0, c 3, d 0
4
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
A function is increasing on an interval if f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) for x2 x1
A function is decreasing on an interval if f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) for x2 x1
A function is increasing on an interval if f ( x) 0 for all values in interval

'
A function is decreasing on an interval if f ( x) 0 for all values in interval

'
If f ( x) 0 ,horizontal tangent. f ( x) k , where k is a constant
'
Example 1
Let us try to find where a function is increasing or decreasing
Example: f(x) = x3-4x, for x in the interval [-1,2]

Let us plot it, including the interval [-1,2]:
SStarting from -1 (the beginning of the interval [-1,2]):
at x = -1 the function is decreasing,
it continues to decrease until about 1.2
it then increases from there, past x = 2
Without exact analysis we cannot pinpoint where the curve turns from decreasing to
increasing, so let us just say:
Within the interval (-1,2):
the curve decreases in the interval (-1, approx 1.2)
the curve increases in the interval (approx 1.2, 2)

Example2
The graph of the function f(x) = 1/3x3 + x2 - 8x + 1 is shown above.
For what values of x is the function f(x) = 1/3x3 + x2 - 8x + 1 decreasing?
AOn (-, -4) and (2, +)

BOn [-6.2, 0] and (2, +)
COn (-4, 0)
DOn (-4, 2)
This is NOT a TEST; it is just an ASSESSMENT FOR YOUR LEARNING.

Example3
The above shows part of the graph of the function f(x) = -32x6 + 12x4
On what intervals is the function increasing?
A(-0.5, 0) (0.5, +)
B(-, -0.5) (0, 0.5)
C(-0.6, -0.5) (0.5,+)
D(-, 0.25)([0, 0.25]
This is NOT a TEST; it is just an ASSESSMENT FOR YOUR LEARNING.
Example4
The above shows part of the graph of the function
On what intervals is the function decreasing?
A On (-, 1.5)
B On (-, 0) (0, 1.5)
C On (1.5, + )
D On (1.5, 3) (3, + )
This is NOT a TEST; it is just YOU LEARNING.
Example5
The graph shows part of a sine curve which is periodic with period 10
On which of the following intervals is the function increasing?
A (10, 15)
B (12.5, 17.5)
C (22.5, 27.5)
D (27.5, 32.5)
CRITICAL POINTS, LOCAL MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
' '
A function f (x) has a critical point ,c , in the domain of f (x) such that f ( x) = 0 or f ( x) is
undefined. As a result (c, f (c )) is called a critical point and usually corresponds to local or absolute
extrema( maxima or minima). In the first row there is a maximum, a minimum and a point of
inflection (to be discussed in Section 4.4) . In the second row there are two cusps and a vertical
tangent.
First Derivative Test:

Let c be a critical number of a function f .
When moving through x -values from left to right:
'
If f ( x) changes from negative to positive at c , then (c, f (c)) is called local minimum of
f.
'
If f ( x) changes from positive to negative at c , then (c, f (c)) is a local maximum of f .
'
If f ( x) does not change sign at c , then (c, f (c)) is neither a maximum or minimum . In
diagram below there is a point of inflection and a vertical tangent.
THIS IS NOT A TEST, IT IS JUST YOU LEARNING:
1. What is the maximum or minimum point for the curve y = x2 4 ?
A A minimum at (0, -4)

B A maximum at (0, -4)
C A minimum at (0, 4)
D A maximum at (0, 4)
2. What is the maximum or minimum point for the curve y = 4x x4 ?
A A minimum at (-1, -3)

B A maximum at (-1, -3)
C A minimum at (1, 3)
D A maximum at (1, 3)
3. What is the maximum or minimum point for the curve y = -3x2 12x + 5 ?
A A minimum at (-2, 17)

B A maximum at (-2, 17)
C A minimum at (2, -31)
D A maximum at (2, -31)
EXAMPLE 1:
Given f ( x ) x 3 x 24 x 3 ,
3 2
we find f ( x) 3 x 6 x 24 .
' 2
Setting f ( x) 3x 6 x 24 0 ,
' 2
3 x 2 2 x 8 0
x 4 x 2 0 we solve for x to get x 2 and x 4 .
-4 2
f ' ( x) + 0 - 0 +
We see that x 2 is a local minimum and x 4 is a local maximum.
Maximum at (-4, ) and Minimum at (2, )
Looking at the graph of f :
' '
NOTE: f ( x) changes from positive to negative at x 4 , and f ( x) changes from negative
to positive at x 2 .
EXAMPLE 2:
THIS IS NOT A TEST, IT IS JUST YOU LEARNING:
Given f ( x) x 5 , find the maximum or minimum point.

3
We found f ( x) 3x .
' 2
Setting f ( x) 3 x 0 , we solve for x to get x 0 .

' 2
0
f ' ( x) + 0 +
We see that x 0 is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum.
'
NOTE: f ( x) DOES NOT CHANGE SIGNat x 0 .
EXAMPLE 3:
THIS IS NOT A TEST; IT IS JUST ASSESSMENT FOR YOUR LEARNING:
f ( x) x
Given , find the maximum or minimum point.
'
We write f (x) as a piecewise function and find f ( x) .
x, x 0
f ( x)
x, x 0 f ' ( x) 1 for x 0 and f ' ( x) 1 for x 0 . We recall that f ' (0) ) does not
exist, the CORNER.
We see that x 0 is a local minimum.
'
NOTE: f ( x) changes from negative to positive at x 0 .
EXIT CARD:
WHAT DID I LEARN TODAY?
HOMEWORK
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/3/max.2/index.html
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/3/max.1/index.html
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
f ( x)
h( x )
The graph of a rational g ( x) has a Vertical Asymptote (VA)at x a , if g (a) 0 , provided
that f (a) is not equal to zero.

REMEMBER TO EXAMINE THE VA ON EITHER SIDE(FROM LEFT AND RIGHT) AS
BELOW.
f ( x)
h( x )
The graph of g ( x) has a Horizontal Asymptote (HA) if the degree of the numerator is less
than or equal to the degree of the denominator.
It is a Horizontal Asymptote when:
as x goes to infinity (or to -infinity) then the curve approaches some

fixed constant value " b "
The curve can approach from any side (such as from above or below for a horizontal asymptote)
And may actually cross over (possibly many times), and even
move away and back again.
The important point is that:
The distance between the curve and the asymptote tends to zero as x .
f ( x)
h( x )
The graph of g ( x) has an oblique asymptote when the degree of the numerator is exactly
one more than degree of the denominator.
We found the HA as follows in MHF4U.
*If the degree of the numerator and denominator are the same, the HA is found by dividing the
leading coefficient of numerator by the LC of the denominator.
*If the degree of the denominator is greater then the degree of the numerator, the HA is y 0 .
http://calculator.tutorvista.com/math/601/asymptote-calculator.html
EXAMPLE 1
THIS IS NOT A TEST, IT IS JUST YOU LEARNING.
. What is the equation of the horizontal asymptote of ?
1
3x 2 1 2
3x
lim
x 1
4 x 2 1 2
4x
3
y
4
EXAMPLE 2
THIS IS NOT A TEST, IT IS AN ASSESSMENT FOR YOUR LEARNING.
x
f ( x)
.Let x 5 x 6 . What is the equation of the vertical asymptote of
2
and what is the sign of as
approaches the asymptote from the left and right?
x
f ( x)
x 2 x 3
VA, x 2
x3
x x2 x 3
lim f ( x)
x c
f (x)
lim
x 2
f ( x) + - - +
lim f ( x)
x2
+ + - -
lim f ( x)
x3
+ + - -
lim f ( x)
x 3
+ + + +
EXAMPLE 3
Let . What types of asymptotes does have?
Oblique Asymptote (OA) since the degree of the numerator is exactly one more than degree of the denominator.
The OA is found by long division.
x
f ( x)
x 2 x 1
VA, x 2
x 1
CONCAVITY, POINT OF INFLECTION AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST:
CONCAVITY:
Concavity of a graph is defined as whether the graph opens up or down. The concavity can be
d2y
2
0,
determined by examining the sign of the second derivative. dx the graph is concave up and if
d2y d2y
0, 0,
dx 2 the graph is concave down. In the graph above the slope of the tangent increases, dx
2
so the graph is concave up. This is obvious from the picture but in many cases we need to sketch
d2y
2
0,
using the derivatives. In the graph below the slope of the tangent decreases, dx so the graph is
concave down.
POINT OF INFLECTION:
d2y
2
0,
The point of inflection occurs at the point where dx or is undefined. These points do not
guarantee a POI. They must be tested for a change of concavity, only then will the point be a POI.
Note the change in concavity in the diagram below where the second derivative is zero or undefined.
These are all examples of POI.
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST:
d2y d2y
0, 0,
dx 2 this represents a local maximum and dx
2
this represents a local minimum.
' ''
In graph below, the RED graph is f (x) ,the blue graph is f ( x) and the green graph is f ( x) .There is
'' ''
POI at x 0 since f ( x ) changes sign at x 0 even though f ( x ) does not exist at x 0 .
''
Note there is a maximum at x 0 since f ( x) is negative and there is a minimum x 0 since
f '' ( x ) is positive .
THIS IS NOT A TEST, IT IS JUST YOU LEARNING.
EXAMPLE 1.
y 2 x 3 9 x 2 12 x 4
Given ,
Determine the concavity, POI and maximum or minimum using the second derivative test.
1
y ' 6 x 18 x 12
2
6 x 2 x 1
set 0,
x 1
x2
y ' ' 12 x 18
6 2 x 3
set 0
2x 3 0
3
x
2
CD CU
3
2
f " x +
-
3 1
,
POI at 2 2 , graph changes concavity.
At x 1 , y ' ' is negative , this represents a maximum value . MAX at (1, 1)

At x 2 , y ' ' is positive , this represents a minimum value. MIN at (2,0)
EXAMPLE 2.
x
y 2
x 1
Determine the concavity, POI and maximum or minimum using the second derivative test.
x 2 1 x 2 x
y'
x
2
2
1
1 x2
x
2
1
2
(1 x)(1 x)
x
2
2
1
set 0
(1 x)(1 x) 0
x 1
x 1

2
2 x x 2 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 1 ( 2 x )
y' '
x 2

1
4
2 x3 6 x
x 1
2 3
2 x x 3
2
x 1
2 3
set 0

2x x2 3 0
x 1
2 3
2 x x 3 0
2
x 0,
x 3
CD CU CD CU
3 0 3
y" - + - +
3 3
0,0 , 3, 3,
4 4
POI at and
At x 1 , y ' ' is negative , this represents a maximum value . Maximum at 1, 2 ,

1
At x 1 , y ' ' is positive , this represents a minimum value. Minimum at 1, 2 ,

1
DERIVATIVES OF SIN X AND COS X.
MAKE SURE YOUR CALCULATORS ARE IN RADIANS MODE FOR THIS SECTION. THE
DERIVATIVES FOR THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS DEVELOPED IN THIS COURSE ARE
ONLY VALID IF RADIAN MODE IS USED.
f ( x) sin x
f ( x h) sin( x h)
sin x cosh cos x sinh
(Using the compound angle formula.)
Using the definition of the derivative
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
h0 h
sin x cosh cos x sinh sin x
f ' ( x) lim
h0 h
sin x(cosh 1) cos x sinh
lim
h0 h
cosh 1 sinh
sin x lim cos x lim
h0 h h0 h
cosh 1 sinh
Substitute h= 0.001 in h and h
cosh 1 sinh
0 1
h and h
sin x(0) cos x(1)
cos x
f ' ( x) cos x
Similarly it can be shown that if
f ( x) cos x
f ' ( x) sin x
If
y sin g ( x )
let , u g ( x)
y sin u
dy
cos u
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy dy du

dx du dx
cos u.g ' ( x)
cos g ( x) g ' ( x)
and
if
f ( x) cos g ( x)
f ' ( x) sin g ( x). g ' ( x)
WHAT DID I LEARN TODAY?
EXIT CARD.
THIS IS NOT A TEST .THIS IS AN ASSESSMENT FOR YOUR LEARNING.
PRACTICE QUIZ
____ 1. Determine the derivative for .

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
____ 5. Determine the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point with x-coordinate .
a. 3 c. 0
b. d.
____ 6. Determine the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point with x-coordinate .
a. 1 c.
b. 0 d.
____ 7. Which of the following is the maximum value of the function ?

a. 0 c. 2
b. 1 d. There does not exist a maximum value.
____ 8. Which of the following is the minimum value of the function ?

a. 0 c.
b. d. There does not exist a minimum value.
____ 9. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point with x-coordinate .
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
PRACTICE QUIZ
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
2. ANS: C
4. ANS: D
5. ANS: A
6. ANS: B
7. ANS: B
8. ANS: B
9. ANS: A
10. ANS: D
DERIVATIVE OF TAN X.
f ( x) tan x
sin x
cos x
Using the quotient rule

We get
cos x. cos x sin x( sin x )
f ' ( x)
cos 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
2
, (cos 2 x sin 2 x 1)
cos x
1 1
2 sec x
cos x cos x
sec x 2
If
y tan g ( x)
let , g ( x) u
y tan u
dy
sec 2 u
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy dy du

dx du dx
sec 2 u.g ' ( x)
sec 2 g ( x). g ' ( x)
PRACTICE QUIZ

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
____ 7. Which of the following is the maximum value of the function on the interval ?
a. 0 c. 10
b. 5 d.
____ 8. Which of the following is the minimum value of the function on the interval
?
a. c. 6
b. 12 d. 0
____ 9. Determine where .

a. = c. =
b. = d. =
____ 10. Determine where

a. = c. =
b. = d. =
PRACTICE QUIZ
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
2. ANS: D
3. ANS: C
4. ANS: A
5. ANS: B
6. ANS: A
7. ANS: B
8. ANS: C
9. ANS: D
10. ANS: A
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.

f ( x) b x , b is a constant and b 0 .Note that the variable x is in the exponent. All the functions we
have done so far had the variable x in the base.
f ( x h) b x h
THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE IS
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
h 0 h
FOR OUR FUNCTION THIS BECOMES.

bxh bx
lim
h0 h
= , factoring b^x, we get
b (b 1)
x h
lim
h 0 h
bh 1
b lim
x
h 0 h
, use h = 0.001
VALUES of b bh 1
lim
h0 h
2.0 0.69338
2.5 0.91671
2.7 0.99374
2.8 1.03015
2.81 1.03371
2.8182 1.03663
bh 1
lim
h0 h
As b is approaching e the value of approaches 1 .This number is called the Euler
number and is special because of its derivative.
e = 2.718281 and is an irrational number like (cannot be expressed as a fraction)
On your calculator it is the second function (shift) ln button.

Derivatives of Exponential Functions
f ( x) e x
f ' ( x) e x
g ( x)
f ( x) e
f ' ( x) e g ( x ) g ' ( x)
If y e
g ( x)
Let g ( x) u
y eu
dy dy du

dx du dx
dy
eu
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy
eu g ' ( x)
dx
e g ( x ) g ' ( x)
Well need to use the quotient rule on this one.

Example 2 Suppose that the position of an object is given by
Does the object ever stop moving?
Solution
First we will need the derivative. We need this to determine if the object ever stops moving since at
that point (provided there is one) the velocity will be zero and recall that the derivative of the
position function is the velocity of the object.
The derivative is,

So, we need to determine if the derivative is ever zero. To do this we will need to solve,
Now, we know that exponential functions are never zero and so this will only be zero at
. So, if we are going to allow negative values of t then the object will stop moving once
at . If we arent going to allow negative values of t then the object will never
stop moving.
PRACTICE
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A certain radioactive substance is decaying so that at time t, measured in years, the amount of the
substance, in grams, is given by the function . What is the rate of decay of the substance
after half a year?
a. g/year c. g/year
b. g/year d. g/year
____ 2. Determine for the function f(x) = .

a. = 2 c. = 45
b. = 20 d. =
____ 3. Which of the following exponential functions is NOT always increasing on the entire real line?
a. f(x) = c. f(x) =
b. f(x) = d. f(x) =
____ 4. Which of the following is a point at which the tangent to y = is horizontal?

a. ( 0.5, 0.18) c. (0, 0)
b. ( 1.5, 0.07) d. There do not exist any such points.
____ 5. What is the derivative of the function ?

a. c.
b. d.
____ 6. Determine the slope of the tangent to the function at the point with x-coordinate x = 2.
a. c.
b. d.
____ 7. If , calculate .
a. c.
=
=
b. d.
= =
____ 8. Determine the slope of the tangent to the function at the point with x-coordinate x =
1.
a. 0 c. about
b. about d. about
____ 9. Determine the derivative for y= .

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
____ 10. A certain product sells well for a few days but then bottoms out. The number of sales in thousands is
given by the function , where t is the day. What is the rate of change of sales at the
time the product first hits the market?
a. c.
= =
b. =0 d. =
PRACTICE
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Application

OBJ: 5.1 - Derivatives of Exponential Functions, y = e^x
2. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Knowledge and Understanding
3. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Thinking
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Knowledge and Understanding
5. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Knowledge and Understanding
6. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Thinking
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Application
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (CONTINUED).
f ( x) b x , b is a constant and b 0 .Note that x is in the exponent. All the functions we have done
so far had x in the base.
f ( x) b x
x
eloge b
e x ln b
f ' ( x) e x ln b ln b
x
eln b ln b
b x ln b
f ' ( x) b x ln b
If b = e, ln e 1
If y b
g ( x)
Let g ( x) u
y bu
dy dy du

dx du dx
dy
b u ln b
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy
b u ln b( g ' ( x)
dx
b g ( x ) ln b( g ' ( x))
Note again if b = e, ln e 1 .
PRACTICE
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Determine the derivative of .

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
____ 3. Determine the equation of the tangent to the function at the point with x-coordinate .
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
____ 5. Which of the following functions is always decreasing?

a. c.
b. d.
____ 6. Which of the following functions is always increasing?

a. c.
+1
b. d.
____ 7. Determine the x-coordinate of the point for which the tangent is horizontal to the function .
a. 2 c.
b. d.
a. c. 3
b. d.

a. c.
b. d.

a. c.
b. d.
PRACTICE
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE

OBJ: 5.2 - The Derivative of the General Exponential Function, y = b^x
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Application
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Application
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Thinking
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Knowledge and Understanding
WHAT is e?
The value of e can be found by answering the following compound interest question based on
A P (1 i ) n :
Find the amount of $1 compounded instantaneously at 100% interest/annum

Here , P=$1, n=number of interest payments per year, i=interest per payment.
To find n and i one must complete the chart below.
HOW COMPOUNDED n I
Semi-annually 12/6=2 1.00/2=0.50
Quarterly 12/3=4 1.00/4=0.25
Daily
Hourly
Per Minute
Per second
1
lim lim u
u 0 u
Instantaneously u 0
(Continuously)
A lim (1 u ) u
Therefore one must find the value of u 0 to answer the question above by completing
the chart below to 5 decimal places.
u A
1 2.00000
0.1
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
. .
.
0
Euler called this limiting value e.
1
1
e lim (1 u ) u e lim (1 )u
Therefore u 0 which is also written in the form u u .
e TRIVIA
1. Euler did not invent e, Jakob BERNOULI did.
2. What year do you think e=2.7 1828 1828 was discovered?
3. Euler did not name it e because it was the first initial of his name. He probably named it e
after the exponential function. (Another theory was all the initial letters of the English
alphabet were being used in physics already such as a, b, c and d, that left e available.)
1 1 1 1
e 1 ...
4. 1! 2! 3! 4!
5. Euler also discovered the only know equation with the 5 most famous number together:
e i 1 0
6. Euler also named the complex number i= 1 . Unbelieveably the common usage of the
greek letter symbol for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was not
until Euler started using it.
7. An exponential function is the only one whose area under the curve is 1. This means that one
can use an exponential function in probability. The famous name of this function is the bell
curve. Physical and biological growth can be explained using exponential functions.
8. The famous Gateway Arch in St. Louis is in the shape of a catenary which is an exponential
function.
9. The sixteenth and seventeenth decimal digits of and e are the same.
WHAT is e?
The value of e can be found by answering the following compound interest question based on
A P (1 i ) n :
Find the amount of $1 compounded instantaneously at 100% interest for 1 year.

Here t=1 year, P=$1, n=number of interest payments per year, i=interest per payment.
To find n and i one must complete the chart below.
HOW COMPOUNDED n I
Semi-annually 12/6=2 1.00/2=0.50
Quarterly 12/3=4 1.00/4=0.25
Daily 365 1.00/365
Hourly 365x24 1.00/(365x24)
Per Minute 365x24x60 1.00/365/24/60
Per second 365x24x3600 1.00/(365/24/3600)
1
lim lim u 0
u 0 u
Instantaneously u 0
(Continuously)
A lim (1 u ) u
Therefore one must find the value of u 0 to answer the question above by completing
the chart below to 5 decimal places.
u A
1 2.00000
0.1 2.59374
0.001 2.71692
0.0001 2.71815
0.00001 2.71828
0.000001 2.71828
. .
.
0 2.718281828
Euler called this limiting value e.

1
1
e lim (1 u ) u e lim (1 )u
Therefore u 0 which is also written in the form u u .
e TRIVIA
1. Euler did not invent e, Jakob BERNOULI did.
2. What year do you think e=2.7 1828 1828 was discovered?
3. Euler did not name it e because it was the first initial of his name. He probably named it e
after the exponential function. (Another theory was all the initial letters of the English
alphabet were being used in physics already such as a, b, c and d, that left e available.)
1 1 1 1
e 1 ...
4. 1! 2! 3! 4!
5. Euler also discovered the only know equation with the 5 most famous number together:
e i 1 0
6. Euler also named the complex number i= 1 . Unbelieveably the common usage of the
greek letter symbol for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was not
until Euler started using it.
7. An exponential function is the only one whose area under the curve is 1. This means that one
can use an exponential function in probability. The famous name of this function is the bell
curve. Physical and biological growth can be explained using exponential functions.
8. The famous Gateway Arch in St. Louis is in the shape of a catenary which is an exponential
function.
9. The sixteenth and seventeenth decimal digits of and e are the same.
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS .
f ( x) b x , b is a constant and b 0 .Note that the variable x is in the exponent. All the functions we
have done so far had the variable x in the base.
f ( x h) b x h
THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE IS
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
h 0 h
FOR OUR FUNCTION THIS BECOMES.

bxh bx
lim
h0 h
= , factoring b^x, we get
b (b 1)
x h
lim
h 0 h
bh 1
b lim
x
h 0 h
, use h = 0.001
VALUES of b bh 1
lim
h0 h
2.0 0.69338
2.5 0.91671
2.7 0.99374
2.71 1.03015
2.718 1.03371
2.7182 1.03663
bh 1
lim
h0 h
As b is approaching e the value of approaches 1 . This number is called the Euler
number and is special because of its derivative.
e = 2.718281 and is an irrational number like (cannot be expressed as a fraction)
On your calculator it is the second function (shift) ln button.
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

f ( x) e x
f ' ( x) e x
g ( x)
f ( x) e
f ' ( x) e g ( x ) g ' ( x)
If y e
g ( x)
Let g ( x) u
y eu
dy dy du

dx du dx
dy
eu
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy
eu g ' ( x)
dx
e g ( x ) g ' ( x)
Example 1.
Example 2
Suppose that the position of an object is given by
Does the object ever stop moving?
Solution
First we will need the derivative. We need this to determine if the object ever stops
moving since at that point (provided there is one) the velocity will be zero and recall that
the derivative of the position function is the velocity of the object.
The derivative is,
So, we need to determine if the derivative is ever zero. To do this we will need to solve,
Now, we know that exponential functions are never zero and so this will only be zero
at So, if we are going to allow negative values of t then the object will stop
moving once at . If we arent going to allow negative values of t then the
object will never stop moving.
PRACTICE QUIZ
____ 1. A certain radioactive substance is decaying so that at time t, measured in years, the amount of the substance,
in grams, is given by the function . What is the rate of decay of the substance after half a year?
a. g/year c. g/year
b. g/year d. g/year
____ 2. Determine for the function f(x) = .

a. = 2 c. = 45
b. = 20 d. =
____ 3. Which of the following exponential functions is NOT always increasing on the entire real line?
a. f(x) = c. f(x) =
b. f(x) = d. f(x) =
____ 4. Which of the following is a point at which the tangent to y = is horizontal?

a. ( 0.5, 0.18) c. (0, 0)
b. ( 1.5, 0.07) d. There do not exist any such points.
____ 5. What is the derivative of the function ?

a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
____ 7. If , calculate .
a. c.
=
=
b. d.
= =
a. 0 c. about
b. about d. about
____ 9. Determine the derivative for y = .

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
____ 10. A certain product sells well for a few days but then bottoms out. The number of sales in thousands is given by
the function , where t is the day. What is the rate of change of sales at the time the product
first hits the market?
a. c.
= =
b. =0 d. =
PRACTICE QUIZ
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D
2. ANS: B
3. ANS: B
4. ANS: A
5. ANS: D
6. ANS: C
7. ANS: A
8. ANS: C
9. ANS: D
10. ANS: C
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (CONTINUED).
f ( x) b x , b is a constant and b 0 .Note that x is in the exponent. All the functions we have done
so far had x in the base.
f ( x) b x
x
bloge b
b x ln b
f ' ( x) b x ln b ln b
x
bln b ln b
b x ln b
f ' ( x) b x ln b
If b = e, ln e 1
If y b
g ( x)
Let g ( x) u
y bu
dy dy du

dx du dx
dy
b u ln b
du
du
g ' ( x)
dx
dy
b u ln b( g ' ( x)
dx
b g ( x ) ln b( g ' ( x))
Note again if b = e, ln e 1 .
.
PRACTICE QUIZ

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =

a. c.
= =
b. d.
= =
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
____ 5. Which of the following functions is always decreasing?

a. c.
b. d.
____ 6. Which of the following functions is always increasing?

a. c.
+1
b. d.
a. 2 c.
b. d.
a. c. 3
b. d.

a. c.
b. d.

a. c.
b. d.
PRACTICE QUIZ
1. ANS: B
2. ANS: A
3. ANS: D
4. ANS: B
5. ANS: A
6. ANS: C
7. ANS: D
8. ANS: B
9. ANS: A
10. ANS C

Calculus FULL

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Calculus FULL

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Continuity

The function f (x ) is continuous at x a, if

A discontinuous function has some type of break in its graph.

All polynomial functions are continuous for all x .

Calculus was developed from two simple geometric problems:

Radical Expressions: Rationalizing

A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction (quotient) containing

A radical is a function with a root sign (e.g. x 5 )

Note that ( x y )( x y ) x y when we FOIL.

To evaluate a limit, we use

Average velocity = change in position

The instantaneous rate of change is the slope of the tangent line

Instantaneous velocity = lims (a + h) s (a)

Given two points P1 x1 , y1 and P2 x2 , y2 the slope is

The equations of the line in point-slope form is:

In slope y-intercept form, y mx b , b is the y-intercept.

Differential calculus is the tool we used for this

limiting value from the right. Complete the table below.

lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L

does not exist (DNE)

At this point we can use limit properties to write,

fg ' f ' x g x f x g ' x

THE POWER OF FUNCTION RULE

The Derivative Function

f ' ( x) is LaGrange notation

THESE ARE ALL THE SAME.

f ( x) x 1/3, f ' ( x) does not exist at x 0 , THIS IS A VERTICAL TANGENT.

The Derivative of a Polynomial Function

lim ( x h)n 1 ( x h)n 2 x ( x h)n 3 x 2 .....x n 1

there are n terms

Using the formula, fill in the blanks:

b) Given f ( x) x , then f ' ( x) is

a) If f(x) = x , then f ' ( x) ___________

b) If f(x) = cx , then f ' ( x) ___________

Using the Power Rule, fill in the blanks:

a) Find the derivative of f (x) = x

e) If f ( x) 3 , find f ' ( x ) _______________________

f) So you think you understand everything, try this one:

Find the derivative of

Subtract out and add in f x g x to the numerator.

Plugging in the limits and doing some rearranging gives,

PROOF USING THE PRODUCT

h ' x f ' x g x f x g x g ' x

The maximum and minimum can also occur at end points.

We have an absolute minimum of zero at and an absolute

We dont have to have any kind of extrema, relative or absolute.

Cosine has extrema (relative and absolute) that occur at many

Cosine also has both relative and absolute minimums of -1 at

STRATEGY FOR SOLVING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

The derivative of the position function s t is the velocity function t .

This is equivalent to finding the first derivative of the velocity function

derivative terminology SI unit

4 jounce (snap) ms-4

t >0 (positive, object is moving right or up.

t 0, Object has stopped (as we did in our model of motion)

Positive Velocity Positive Velocity

Slow, Rightward(+) Fast, Rightward(+)

Negative (-) Velocity Leftward (-) Velocity

b)Determine any intercepts.

g) Find for points of inflection.

h)Complete a fully labeled sketch.

b) Determine any intercepts.