Ec2043-Notes 2

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Wireless NETWORKS
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Ananth Ravindran
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Assistant Professor
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UNIT II
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WIRELESS WANS
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First Generation Analog, Second Generation TDMA GSM, Short
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Messaging Service in GSM, Second Generation CDMA IS-95,
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GPRS - Third Generation Systems (WCDMA/CDMA 2000)

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Visit www.agniece.blog.com for further details Ananth.R

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1G - First Generation networks
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1G
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These are the analog telecommunications standards that
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were introduced in the 1980s.
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It is used for voice calls only
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Their signals were transmitted by frequency modulation.
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It uses 2 separate 25 MHz forward and reverse channel.
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The first commercially automated 1G cellular network
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was launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and

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Telephone) in 1979
Popular 1G Networks
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1. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450& NMT-900)
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Nordic Countries -Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia
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2. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
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North America and Australia
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Nordic Mobile Telephone
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History
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It was opened for service in 1 October 1981.
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NMT is based on first generation analog technology
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It has two variants NMT-450 and NMT-900.
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The numbers indicate the frequency bands uses
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By 1985 the network had grown to 110,000
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subscribers which made it the world's largest mobile

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network at the time

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Technology
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The cell sizes in an NMT network range from 2 km to
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30 km
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NMT used full duplex transmission, allowing for
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simultaneous receiving and transmission of voice.
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Car phone versions of NMT used transmission power of
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up to 15 watt (NMT-450) and 6 watt (NMT-900),

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handsets up to 1 watt
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NMT had automatic switching (dialing)
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and handover of the call
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NMT standard specified billing as well as
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national and international roaming.
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Signaling
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NMT voice channel is transmitted with FM
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modulation
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Fast Frequency Shift Keying (FFSK) modulation
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is used for signaling between the base station
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and the mobile station.

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Data transfer
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NMT supported a simple integrated data transfer mode
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called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or NMT-Text.
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It uses the network's signaling channel for data transfer.
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Using DMS, text messaging was possible between two
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NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM.
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But this feature was never commercially available except
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in Russian, Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks

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Security
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The voice traffic was not encrypted, therefore it was possible to
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listen to calls using a scanner.
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To prevent this the later versions of the NMT specifications
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defined optional analog scrambling .
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If both the base station and the mobile station supported
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scrambling, they could agree upon using it when initiating a
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phone call
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If two users had mobile stations supporting scrambling, they

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could turn it on during conversation even if the base stations

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didn't support it
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Advanced Mobile Phone
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System (AMPS)
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AMPS is a first generation analog cellular telephone
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system that originated in the USA in the 1980s.
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AMPS can be found in countries such as Canada,
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Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Korea,
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Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Israel
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It is not compatible with European mobile phone

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standards
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Technology
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AMPS was a first-generation cellular technology that uses
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separate frequencies or channels.
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AMPS operates in the 800 and 900 MHz frequency bands
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FDMA is used to divide each band of operating frequencies
into 30 kHz channelsej
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Adjacent cells will then employ different channels for their
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transmitted and received signals, so that one cell does not

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interfere with another, and as a user moves between cells the

channels Visit www.agniece.blog.com for further details Ananth.R
Frequency bands
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The United States Federal Communications
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Commission (FCC) allowed two licensee (networks)
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known as A (824849 MHz)" and "B ( 869894 MHz )"
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carriers.
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Each "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control
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channels and 395 voice channels.
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Each channel is composed of 2 frequencies 1 for forward

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and 1 for reverse.

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Cloning Problem
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It has no protection from eavesdropping using a scanner.
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A hacker with a specialized equipment could intercept a
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handset's ESN (Electronic Serial Number) and MIN (Mobile
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Identification Number)
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An Electronic Serial Number is a packet of data which is sent by the
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handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, effectively
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identifying that phone on the network.
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If an ESN/MIN Pair is intercepted, it could then be cloned onto a

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different phone and used in other areas for making calls without
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paying.
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Operation
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Each AMPS-capable cellular telephone includes a Numeric
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Assignment Module (NAM) in read-only memory.
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The NAM contains the telephone number of the phone, which
is assigned by the service provider, and the serial number of
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the phone, which is assigned by the manufacturer
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When the phone is turned on, it transmits its serial number
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and phone number to the MSC or MTSO (Mobile Telephone

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Switching Office)
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Steps in making a call
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1. The subscriber initiates a call by typing in the telephone
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number.
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2. The MSC verifies that the telephone number is valid and that
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the user is authorized to place the call
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3. The MSC issues a message to the user's cell phone indicating
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which traffic channels to use for sending and receiving.
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4. The MSC sends out a ringing signal to the called party. All of
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these operations (steps 2 through 4) occur within 10 s of

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initiating the call.

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5. When the called party answers, the MSC
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establishes a circuit between the two parties
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and initiates billing information.
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6. When one party hangs up, the MTSO releases
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the circuit, frees the radio channels, and
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completes the billing information

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AMPS Control Channels
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AMPS service includes 21 full-duplex 30-kHz
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control channels - 21 reverse control channels
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(RCCs) & 21 forward control channels (FCC)
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Second Generation GSM
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GSM Intro
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Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a 2G
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cellular standard.
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It is the most popular standard.
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GSM was first introduced into the European
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market in 1991
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GSM Services
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The has 3 main services
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1. Telephone services this refers to the normal
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telephone services, in addition to that we have video
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calls and teleconferencing calls.
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2. Bearer services or data services- GPRS & EDGE
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3. Supplementary ISDN services- SMS, call diversion,

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closed user groups and caller identification

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Key features
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1. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) - a memory device
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that stores all the user information
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2. On air privacy- The privacy is made possible by
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encrypting the digital bit stream sent by a GSM
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transmitter. Each user is provided with a unique
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secret cryptographic key, that is known only to the
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cellular carrier. This key changes with time for each

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user

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GSM System Architecture
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GSM System Architecture
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It has 3 sub system
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1. Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
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2. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS),
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3. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)

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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
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The Mobile Station (MS) is usually considered to be
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part of the BSS.
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The BSS is also known as the Radio Subsystem
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BSS facilitates communication between the mobile
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stations and the Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
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The Mobile Stations (MS) communicate with the Base

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Station Subsystem (BSS) using radio air interface

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Each BSS consists of many Base Station Controllers (BSCs) which
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connect the MS to the Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) via
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the MSCs
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Each BSC typically controls up to several hundred Base Transceiver
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Stations (BTSs).
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BTSs are connected to the BSC by microwave link or dedicated
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leased lines
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Handoffs between two BTSs (under same BSC)can be handled by

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the BSC instead of the MSC. This greatly reduces the switching
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burden of the MSC.

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
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The NSS manages the switching functions of the system
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and allows the MSCs to communicate with other
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networks such as the PSTN and ISDN.
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The MSC is the central unit in the NSS and controls the
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traffic among all of the BSCs.
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Communication between the MSC and the BSS is
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carried out by using SS7 protocol.

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The NSS handles the switching of calls between

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external networks and the BSCs

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NSS maintains are three databases for
switching operations.
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1. Home Location Register (HLR)
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2. Visitor Location Register (VLR)
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3. Authentication Center (AUC)
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The HLR contains subscriber information and location
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information for each user under a single MSC.

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Each subscriber is assigned a unique International Mobile

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Subscriber Identity (IMSI), and this number is used to track

each user. Visit www.agniece.blog.com for further details Ananth.R
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)
This will oversee the operations of a ROAMING mobile.
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It temporarily stores the IMSI and customer information
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of the roamer.
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Once a roaming mobile is logged in the VLR, the MSC
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sends the necessary information to the roamers HLR so
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that calls to the roaming mobile can be appropriately
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routed over the PSTN by the roaming user's HLR

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Authentication Center
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Authentication Center is a strongly protected database
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which handles the authentication and encryption keys
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for every user in the HLR and VLR.
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The Authentication Center contains a register called
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the Equipment Identity Register (EIR) which identifies
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stolen or fraudulently altered phones

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Short Messaging Service
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SMS is defined in the supplementary services of GSM
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It can be alphanumeric messages of up to 160 characters
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(140 bytes).
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It operates by making use of the existing GSM
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infrastructure in addition with a SMS Center(SMSC).
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The physical layer, and the logical channels of the GSM
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system is used to transmit the short messages
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SMS has both an instant delivery service if the

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destination MS is active or it can be stored and

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forwarded if the MS is inactive

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. Two types of services
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1. Cell Broadcast - the message is transmitted to
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all MSs that are active in a cell.
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2. PTP- Peer-to-Peer MS sending a message to
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another MS
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Operation
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A short message (SM) can have a specified priority
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level, future delivery time, expiration time
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A sender may request acknowledgment of message
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receipt(Delivery Report).
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An SM will be delivered and acknowledged even when
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a call is in progress
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Each message is maintained and transmitted by the

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SMSC
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The SMSC sorts and routes the messages appropriately

Layered Architecture
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The short messages are transmitted through the GSM
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infrastructure using SS-7 protocol.
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A SM originating from an MS has to be first delivered to a
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service center.
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A dedicated function in the MSC called the SMS-
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interworking MSC (SMS-IWMSC) allows the forwarding of
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the SM to the SMSC using a global SMSC ID.
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The SMS-gateway MSC (SMS- GMSC) functions as an
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delivery point for the SM to reach the MS

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it either queries the HLR or sends it to the SMS-GMSC function

at the home MSC
Visit of the recipient for further details
www.agniece.blog.com Ananth.R
There are four layers in SMS
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1. The application layer (AL)- can generate and display the
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alphanumeric message
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2. The transfer layer (TL) - exchange SMs and receive
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confirmation of receipt of SMs. It can obtain a delivery
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report or status of the SM sent in either direction
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3. The relay layer (RL) - relays the SMS through the LL.
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4. The link layer (LL) Manages the routing process

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Transmission
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The SMs are transmitted in time slots that are freed up in the
control channels.
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If the MS is in an idle state the short messages are sent over
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the Standalone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH) at 184
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bits within approximately 240 ms.
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If the MS is in the active state (i.e., it is handling a call), the
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SDCCH is used for call set-up and maintenance
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In that case, the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) has

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to be used for delivering the SM at around 168 bits every

480ms and this is much slower.
Cell Broadcast
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In the case of cell broadcast, a cell broadcast
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entity and a cell broadcast center are used to
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send to multiple BSCs for delivery.
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The broadcasts contain the data and identities of
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mobiles that are to receive the message.
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The cell broadcast uses the Cell Broadcast

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Control Channel (CBCH).

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General Packet Radio Service
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(GPRS)
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General packet radio service (GPRS) enhances GSM data
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services.
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It is specified as a 2.5 G standard
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Data transmission is in the form of short bursts(Packet
Switching)
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GPRS does not require any dedicated end-to-end connection
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Radio bandwidth can be shared efficiently among many users
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simultaneously using multiplexing.

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This doesnt need any extra installation of infrastructure.

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New GPRS using TCP/IP and X.25 to offer speeds up to
115 kbps
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GPRS supports applications ranging from low-speed
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short messages to high-speed corporate LAN
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communications.
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GPRS can be implemented in the existing GSM systems
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with minimal up-gradation.
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The BSS of GSM is upgraded to support GPRS over the

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air interface (GPRS backbone system (GBS))

GPRS Architecture
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The implementation of GPRS has only a limited change
on the GSM core network
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It simply requires the addition of new packet data
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switching and gateway nodes.
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And an upgrade to existing nodes to provide a routing
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path for packet data between the wireless terminal and a
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gateway node.
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GPRS supports all widely used data communications

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protocols, including IP.

BSS Operations
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The base station subsystem (BSS) consists of a base station
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controller (BSC) and packet control unit (PCU).
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The PCU supports all GPRS protocols for communication over
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the air interface.
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Its function is to set up, supervise, and disconnect packet
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switched calls.
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The base station transceiver (BTS) is a relay station without

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protocol functions. It performs modulation and demodulation

NSS Operations
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Two types of services are provided by GPRS:
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Point-to-point (PTP)
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Point-to-multipoint (PTM)
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The GPRS standard introduces two new nodes,
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Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
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Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
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The home location register (HLR) is enhanced with

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GPRS subscriber data and routing information

Functions of GGSN
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Transfer within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is
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supported by the GPRS support node (GGSN).
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The GGSN acts as a logical interface to external packet data
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networks.
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Within the GPRS networks, protocol data units (PDUs) are
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encapsulated at the originating GSN and decapsulated at the
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destination GSN.
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IP is used to transfer PDUs, this process is referred to as

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tunneling in GPRS

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The GGSN provides the gateway to the external IP
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network, handling security and accounting functions.
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The GGSN contains routing information for the
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attached GPRS users.
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The GGSN also maintains routing information used to
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tunnel the data packets to the SGSN that is currently

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serving the mobile station (MS).

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All GPRS user related data required by the SGSN to perform
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the routing and data transfer functionality is stored within the
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HLR.
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Subscriber and equipment information is shared between
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GPRS and the switched functions of GSM by the use of a
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common HLR and coordination of data between the visitor
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location register (VLR) and the GPRS support nodes of the
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GBS.
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The GBS is composed of the SGSN and the GGSN

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Functions of SGSN
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The SGSN serves the mobile and performs security
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and access control functions.
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The SGSN is connected to the BSS via frame-relay
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The SGSN provides packet routing, mobility
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management, authentication, and ciphering to and
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from all GPRS subscribers located in the SGSN service
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area.
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Third Generation
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2.5 G GSM- EDGE & GPRS
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2.5 G CDMA IS 95B
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3G GSM- W-CDMA or UMTS (Universal Mobile
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Telecommunications Service) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA
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3G CDMA- CDMA 2000 - 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)
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The data transfer rates for third generation mobile
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telecommunications is much more than 2G or 2.5 G
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You can conduct Video-conferencing
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Good Voice quality
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You can use map and positioning services
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You can play multiplayer games with co-players across
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the globe, right on your cell phone
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You can do online shopping, online banking.

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You can watch Online streaming and TV in your mobile

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The prices of 3G handsets and mobile units are
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relatively the same
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144 kbps data rate available to users in high-speed
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motor vehicles over large areas
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384 kbps available to pedestrians standing or moving
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slowly over small areas

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Design Considerations
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Bandwidth:
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An important design goal for all 3G systems is to limit channel
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usage to 5 MHz
Chip rate: A chip rate of 3 Mcps
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a chip is a pulse of a (DSSS) code.
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The chip rate of a code is the number of pulses per second
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Multirate:
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The system should be able to carry data with multiple rates.

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Universal Mobile
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Telecommunications System
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Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS)
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UMTS is a third generation mobile cellular technology for
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networks based on the GSM standard
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UMTS is a component of the International
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Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard
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It employs wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA)
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to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile
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network operators
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UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency

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allocations
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UMTS supports maximum theoretical data transfer
rates of 45 Mbit/s
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Users can expect a transfer rate of up 21 Mbit/s for
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HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
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handsets.
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These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6
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kbit/s of a single GSM and 14.4 kbit/s of CDMAOne

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channels.
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Frequency bands
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The specific frequency bands originally defined by
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the UMTS standard are
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18852025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink)
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21102200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink)
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But different countries uses different spectrum

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Architecture
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CBC - Cell Broadcast Center
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SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
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MGW- Media GateWay
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UTRAN- UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
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RNC- Radio Network Controller
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RNS- Radio Network Subsystem
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Node B- Equivalent to the BTS (base transceiver station) in

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GSM
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Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
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is composed of multiple base stations using different
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terrestrial air interface standards and frequency
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bands.
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UMTS is based on an evolved GSM core network.
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UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN)
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UMTS uses a pair of 5 MHz wide channels

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This provides backward compatibility with GSM in terms
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of network protocols and interfaces
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The core network supports both GSM and UMTS/IMT-
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2000 services, including handoff and roaming.
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This allows a simple migration for existing GSM
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operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still
costly:
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While much of the core infrastructure is shared with

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GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and

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overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high.

UMTS phones are highly portablethey have been
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designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks
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Almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode
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devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS
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coverage during a call the call may be handed off to
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available GSM coverage.
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UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity

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Module (USIM)
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Key Elements
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GSM-UMTS core network (UCN)
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UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN)
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GSM base station subsystem (BSS)
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The following network elements can be reused:
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Home Location Register (HLR)
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)
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Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent)
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Authentication Center (AUC)
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Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent)
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Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

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From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) communication
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radio network, the following elements cannot be
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reused
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1. Base station controller (BSC)
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2. Base transceiver station (BTS)
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The UMTS network introduces new network elements
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1. Node B (base transceiver station)
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2. Radio Network Controller (RNC)

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3. Media Gateway (MGW)

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CDMA 2000 (3G- CDMA)
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The cdma2000 radio transmission technology (RTT) is
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a wideband, spread spectrum radio interface that
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uses CDMA (IS-95) technology
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The cdma2000 system is backward compatible with
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the current cdmaOne (IS-95) family of standards
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It uses channels of 1.25 MHz width.

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Cdma2000 reuse the existing TIA/EIA-95B standard

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TIA/EIA-95-B: Mobile station and radio interface specifications
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IS-707: Data services (packet, async, and fax)
IS-127: Enhanced variable rate codec (EVRC) 8 kbps speech coder
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IS-733: 13 kbps speech coder
ul
IS 637: Short message service (SMS)
pa
IS 638: Over-the-air-activation and parameter administration (supporting
the configuration and service activation of mobile stations over the radio
in
interface)
ej
Extensions to TIA/EIA-95B fundamental/supplemental channel structure,
.R
multiplex layer, and signaling to support higher rate operation, common
broadcast channels (pilot, paging, and sync)
w
TIA/EIA-41D: No significant changes needed for the cdma2000; the

w
layered structure of cdma2000 offers the potential for easy integration

w
with enhanced network services (WIN).

1. CDMA2000 1X,
om
2. 3G1X EV-DO (evolution for data-optimized systems)
.c
ul
3. 3G1X EV-DV (evolution for data and voice)
pa
in
The designation "1x", meaning 1 times Radio
ej
.R
Transmission Technology, indicates the same radio
frequency (RF) bandwidth as IS-95.
w
w
w

CDMA Evolution
om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

Data Rates
om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
cdma2000 Layering Structure
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

The upper layers open system interconnection
om
(OSI layers 37) contain three basic services
.c
1. Voice services.- Voice telephony services
ul
2. End user data-bearing services. -Services that
pa
deliver any form of data on behalf of the mobile
in
ej
end user, including packet data and SMS .
.R
3. Signaling.- Services that control all aspects of the
w
operation of the mobile

w
w

Link Layer
om
.c
The link layer provides varying levels of reliability and
ul
QoS characteristics according to the needs of the specific
pa
upper layer service.
in
It gives protocol support and control mechanisms for
ej
data transport services
.R
And performs all functions necessary to map the data
w
transport needs of the upper layers into specific

w
capabilities and characteristics of the physical layer

w

The link layer is divided into two sublayers:
om
Link Access Control (LAC) and
.c
ul
Medium Access Control (MAC)
pa
in
The LAC ej
sublayer manages point-to-point
.R
communication channels between peer upper layer
entities and provides framework to support a wide
w
range of different end-to-end reliable link layer

w
protocols.
w

The MAC sublayer provides three important
om
functions.
.c
1. MAC control state.- Procedures for controlling the access of
ul
data service (packet and circuit) to the physical layer
pa
2. Best effort delivery.- this uses the Radio Link Protocol (RLP)
in
ej
for providing a best level of reliability.
.R
3. Multiplexing and QoS control. Enforcement of negotiated
w
QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from competing

w
services and appropriately prioritizing access requests.

w

The MAC sublayer is subdivided into
om
1. Physical Layer Independent Convergence Function
.c
(PLICF)
ul
pa
2. Physical Layer Dependent Convergence Function
in
(PLDCF)
ej
a. Instance specific PLDCF
.R
b. PLDCF MUX (multiplexing)
w
w
c. QoS sublayer
w

The PLICF provides service to the LAC sublayer and
om
includes all MAC operational procedures and functions
.c
that are not unique to the physical layer.
ul
PLICF uses services provided by PLDCF to implement
pa
actual communications activities in support of MAC
in
sublayer service.
ej
.R
Services used by PLICF are defined as a set of logical
w
channels that carry different types of control or data

w
information
w

PLDCF
om
The PLDCF performs mapping of logical channels from
.c
the PLICF to logical channels supported by the specific
ul
physical layer
pa
This performs multiplexing, demultiplexing, and
in
consolidation of control information with bearer data.
ej
.R
Perform any (optional) automatic repeat request (ARQ)
w
protocol functions that are tightly integrated with the

w
physical layer
w

PLDCF Protocols
om
.c
1. Radio link protocol (RLP)
ul
pa
2. Radio burst protocol (RBP)
in
3. Signaling radio link protocol (SRLP)
ej
.R
4. Signaling radio burst protocol (SRBP)
w
w
w

Radio link protocol (RLP). This protocol provides a highly efficient
om
streaming service that makes a best effort to deliver data between
peer PLICF entities.
.c
RLP provides both transparent and non transparent modes of
ul
operation.
pa
In the nontransparent mode, RLP uses ARQ protocol to retransmit
data segments that were not delivered properly by the physical
in
layer.
ej
In the transparent mode, RLP does not retransmit missing data
.R
segments.
w
However, it maintains synchronization between the sender and

w
receiver and notifies the receiver of the missing parts of the data
stream. Transparent RLP does not introduce any transmission delay,
w
and is useful for implementing voice services over RLP.

Radio burst protocol (RBP). This protocol provides a
om
mechanism for delivering relatively short data segments
.c
over a shared Access Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) .
ul
Signaling radio link protocol (SRLP). This protocol
pa
provides a best-effort streaming service for signaling the
in
Dedicated Signaling Channel (DSCH).
ej
.R
Signaling radio burst protocol (SRBP). This protocol
w
provides a mechanism to deliver signaling messages

w
through Common Signaling Channel (CSCH)

w

om
.c
ul
pa
CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

cdma2000 1X EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-
Data only)
om
TIA/EIA-95B standard
.c
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
ul
Electronic Industries Alliance(EIA)
pa
cdma2000 1X EV-DO is also called High Data Rate (HDR)
in
This provides up to 2.4 Mbps in a 1.25 MHz channel
ej
Rev. A provides up to 3.1 Mbit/s
.R
The HDR is compatible with CDMA IS-95 networks
w
w
In conjunction with an existing voice network, the HDR offers a

w
high-speed, cost-effective data solution.

om
.c
ul
pa
Architecture
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
The HDR does not rely on any element in the
ul
pa
CDMA voice network to provide service,
in
mobility, or roaming.
ej
.R
Hence it can be deployed by any voice
w
operator irrespective of the voice technology

w
w

om
.c
HDR network has three key elements:
ul
pa
1. Radio nodes (RNs),
in
2. Radio network controller (RNC),
ej
.R
3. Packet data serving node (PDSN)
w
w
w

Each radio node has three sectors and serves one cell
om
site.
.c
A dedicated transceiver in each sector will provide the
ul
HDR airlink between the user equipment (UE) and RN.
pa
Higher layers of the HDR protocol are processed at the
in
RNC.
ej
The RNC also manages handoffs and passes user data
.R
between the RNs and the PDSN.
w
w
The PSDN is a wireless edge router that connects the

w
radio network to the Internet.

HDR data center has an aggregation router, an element
om
manager system (EMS), and several Internet service
.c
provider (ISP) servers.
ul
The aggregate router terminates IP traffic from the RNs
pa
and passes it to the RNC.
in
The EMS manages the radio access network with
ej
.R
commonly used ISP servers.
w
It includes standard Domain Name Server (DNS),

w
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and

w
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)

Uplink & Downlink
om
The downlink frames destined for same sector are
.c
ul
time division multiplexed (TDM).
pa
The downlink rate can vary between 38.4 kbps and
in
2.4 Mbps.
ej
.R
The uplink uses CDMA
w
On the uplink, subscribers can transmit at data rates

w
w
ranging from 9.6 to 153.6 kbps.

om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
Cdma2000 1X EV-DV
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

Evolution Data and Voice
om
EV-DV is part of the same family of CDMA
.c
connectivity as EV-DO.
ul
However, EV-DV also supports voice calls.
pa
EV-DV is a combination of EV-DO and 1xRTT
in
ej
The cdma2000 1X EV-DV system is designed to
.R
deliver greater spectrum usage efficiencies,
w
backward compatibility for all previous versions of

w
w
IS-95 and cdma2000

The cdma2000 1X EV-DV delivers a peak data rate of
om
3.09 Mbps & and up to 451.2 kbps peak in reverse
link.
.c
The cdma2000 1X EV-DV specifications incorporate
ul
three new control channels and one new traffic
pa
channel
Forward Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH).
in
ej
.R
1. Forward Packet Data Control Channel (F-PDCCH),
2. Reverse Channel Quality (R-CQICH),
w
w
3. REVERSE ACK CHANNEL (R-ACKCH)

w

Features
om
1. Forward link capacity.
2. Backward compatibility
.c
3. Concurrent voice and data
ul
supports voice and data in same channel
pa
4. TDM/CDM
in
5. Hybrid ARQ
ej
6. Adaptive modulation and coding
.R
7. Cell selection-
w
the handset can select the best serving sector

w
w

om
.c
ul
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

Note:
om
IS-95 is a self study topic since it was covered in the
.c
ul
previous semester
pa
in
ej
.R
w
w
w

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om

GPRS - Third Generation Systems (WCDMA/CDMA 2000)

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was launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and

Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia

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subscribers which made it the world's largest mobile

network at the time

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up to 15 watt (NMT-450) and 6 watt (NMT-900),

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and the mobile station.

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in Russian, Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks

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If two users had mobile stations supporting scrambling, they

could turn it on during conversation even if the base stations

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It is not compatible with European mobile phone

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transmitted and received signals, so that one cell does not

interfere with another, and as a user moves between cells the

Each channel is composed of 2 frequencies 1 for forward

and 1 for reverse.

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If an ESN/MIN Pair is intercepted, it could then be cloned onto a

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and phone number to the MSC or MTSO (Mobile Telephone

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these operations (steps 2 through 4) occur within 10 s of

initiating the call.

completes the billing information

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3. Supplementary ISDN services- SMS, call diversion,

closed user groups and caller identification

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cellular carrier. This key changes with time for each

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3. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)

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The Mobile Stations (MS) communicate with the Base

Station Subsystem (BSS) using radio air interface

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Handoffs between two BTSs (under same BSC)can be handled by

burden of the MSC.

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carried out by using SS7 protocol.

The NSS handles the switching of calls between