PHYSICS 1 : W O R K, E N E R G Y A N D P O W E R The body can be thought of as an energy converter, with the source of energy being stored

chemical energy (food) that the body converts into chemical work and thermal energy and
back into stored chemical energy (fat).
TLO 13: Discuss the work, energy and power.
TLO 14: Analyze and solve problems involving work, energy and power.
Metabolic Rate the rate of conversion of food energy into some other form

I. WORK Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

- is done whenever a force acts on a body and the body is displaced - the total energy conversion rate of a person at rest
- when the force is constant, the work done is defined as the product of the force - directly related to the mass of the person, wiy=th larger people having greater
and distance moved. BMRs

Basal Metabolic Rate and Oxygen Consumption Rates of a resting 65-kg male
Power Consumed at Rest Oxygen Consumption Percent of
*The force should be acting parallel to the line of action of the displacement ORGAN
kcal/min W (mL O2 / min) BMR
Liver and spleen 0.53 23 67 27
Brain 0.23 16 47 19
where: W = work
Skeletal Muscle 0.22 15 45 18
F = applied force
d = displacement Kidney 0..13 9 26 10
Heart 0.08 6 17 7
*Work can be positive, negative or zero Others (digestive
tract, smooth 0.23 16 48 19
Zero Work muscle, skin, etc)
- the angle between the direction of the displacement and the applied force is equal Total 1.22 85 250 100
to 90
- any force applied that is perpendicular to the direction of the displacement will Energy consumption is directly proportional to oxygen consumption. Approximately 4.9 kcal
result to a zero work of energy are produced for each liter of oxygen consumed, independent of the type of food.

Positive Work Example:

- the angle between the direction of the displacement and the applied force is equal 1. How many grams of fat will an idle person gain in a day by consuming 2500 kcal of food?
to 0 Note: Food value for fat= 9.3 kcal.
- any force applied that is of the same direction as the displacement will result to a
positive work

Negative Work
- the angle between the direction of the displacement and the applied force is equal
to 180
- any force applied that is of the opposite direction as the displacement will result to
a negative work
2. How many joules of work are done by a force in lifting a mass of 2kg upward a distance of
3 m? (ans. 58.8 joules)

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 3. A force of 10 lb is used to move a box across a horizontal floor 5 ft. If the force makes an
angle of 30 with the floor, how much work is done? (ans. 43.3 ft- lb)

II. HOOKES LAW

- the force required to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the amount of III. ENERGY
stretch or compression x - The ability or the capacity to do work
- if the mass is displaced an amount of distance from its equilibrium position, the - The unit of energy is the same as for work, that is Joules
spring exerts a force F on it
Types of Energy
1. Potential Energy (PE)
Where: F = Hookes law force - The energy associated with position or configuration
k = spring constant - The most common form is the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
x = displacement - GPE is the measure of the potential energy of a body by which it exerts force
in lifting itself, the force acts against gravity, thus the force exerted is equal to
Work done by a spring the weight of the body
- spring force always acts toward the equilibrium position, restoring force
- the value of k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring. Stiff springs have larger k
values, and soft springs have small k values
2. Kinetic Energy (KE)
- The energy a body possesses by virtue of motion
- It is the ability to do work because it is moving

W = KE (work done on an object = change in kinetic energy)

The equation for work is given as W = Fd,
but by Newtons 2nd Law of motion, F=ma
And from the equation of motion,
Rewriting the equation, we get

Example:
2. If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object having a mass of 0.55 kg, What is the if the object is initially at rest, then KE can be computed as
force constant of the spring? How much work is done by the spring on the object as it
stretches through this distance? (2.7 x 102 N/m, -5.4 x 10-2J)

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 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it may only be transformed and that the total
energy is constant. 3. A building crane lifts a 1500 lb steel beam to a height of 44 ft in 10 sec. find the power
For mechanical system: developed. (ans. 6600 ; 12 HP)
- the sum of the KE and PE of a closed system remains constant
4. An electric motor exerts a force of 400 Newtons on a cable and pulls it a distance of 30 m
in 1 min. Find the power supplied by the motor. (ans. 200 watts)
WORK-ENERGY RELATION
5. What force is required to stop a bullet that has a mass of 15 g and a velocity of 400 m/sec
The total work done on a body is equal to the total change in the energy of the body
in a distance of 20 cm? (ans. 6000 N)

6. To what height can a piece of structural steel weighing 2 tons be lifted if work amounting
to 110000 ft lb is done on it? What horsepower is required to do this lifting in 50 sec? (ans.
where: = final potential energy = final kinetic energy 27.5 ft; 4hp)
= initial potential energy = initial kinetic energy
7. A man pushes a lawn mower 50 ft in 5 sec by exerting a force of 30 lb at an angle of 53
When no work is done, Wk = 0, then with the horizon. Find the work done and the average power expended? (ans. 900 ft-lb;
0.327 hp)

Thus, 8. An 80 kg man is lifted by an elevator through a distance of 50 m in 30 sec. what is the

increase in his potential energy? What power is expended in raising him? (ans. 39200 Joules;
Potential energy Gained is equal to the Kinetic Energy Lost 1307 watts)

Potential energy Gained is equal to the Kinetic Energy Lost
IV. POWER
- is the rate of doing work or of transferring energy
- Mechanical Power is a measure of how fast work is being done by a force
- the rate at which energy is gained or lost
9. How much work is required to hoist an elevator and its contents with total mass of 2500 kg
to the top of a building 200 m high? What average power is required if this work is done in 40
sec? (ans. 4.9 x 106 joules; 122.5 kW)
10. An escalator is designed to lift 100 people of 75 kg average mass from one floor of a
department store to another 10 m higher in 1 min. What power is required, assuming that 80
% of the power goes into lifting people? (ans. 15.3 kW)
11. An elevator and its contents have a mass of 1500 kg. find the work and power required to
lift this system 40 m at a constant speed of 4 m/sec for 4 sec.

Special Unit for Mechanical Power: HORSEPOWER

Unit Conversions:
1 joule = 107 ergs = 0.7376 ft lbs
1 Newton = 105 dynes
1hp = 746 Watts

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V. TORQUE SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
- quantitative measure of the tendency of a force to cause or change a bodys
rotational motion 12. Calculate the torque (magnitude and
- A vector quantity, either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction direction) about point O due to the force F in
each of the cases sketched. In each case, the
When a net force is applied to an object, it acquires a linear acceleration. The rotational force F and the rod both lie in the plane of the
quantity analogous to force is torque. For an object to acquire an angular acceleration, it page, the rod has length 4.00 m, and the force
must be subject to a net torque. Torque means twist. The torque due a force F about a has magnitude F = 10.0 N.
pivot P is , where the magnitude of the torque is

The distance from the pivot to the point of application of the force is . The term is the
perpendicular lever arm (also called moment arm). It is the shortest distance from the pivot
to the line of action of the force. The point of rotation in a lever system is called the pivot or
fulcrum.

13. Calculate the net torque about point O for the

two forces applied. The rod and both forces are in
the plane of the page.

TWO CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

1st condition: The sum of all forces acting on a body must be equal to zero, that is the
horizontal resultant force must be equal to zero and that the vertical resultant force must
also be equal to zero

2nd condition: For an object to be in equilibrium under the action o a set of forces, the sum
of the torque (about any axis) acting upon the body must be zero

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