Things to remember from Calculus 1.

Derivatives:
f (x) f (x)
C 0
xp p xp1
1
log x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
tan x sec2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x cosec x cot x
cot x cosec2 x
1
arcsin x
1 x2
1
arccos x
1 x2
1
arctan x
1 + x2

Product Rule:
f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x)

Quotient Rule:
f (x) f (x)g(x) f (x)g (x)
g(x) [g(x)]2

Chain Rule:
f (g(x)) f (g(x))g (x)

Exercise: Derive all the trigonometric relations from just one. The derivative of sin x is
cos x.

(cos x) = [sin( x)] = [cos( x)] ( x) = [sin x] (1) = sin x
2 2 2
 
sin x (sin x) (cos x) (sin x)(cos x)

(tan x) = =
cos x cos2 x
(cos x)2 + (sin x)2 1
= 2
=
cos x cos2 x
= sec2 x

1
Anti-derivatives, Indefinite Integrals.

f (x) f (x) + C
Z
f (x)dx = f (x) + C

xk+1
Z
xk dx +C if k 6= 1
k+1
1
Z
dx log x + C
x
Z
cos x dx sin x + C
Z
sin x dx cos x + C
Z
tan x dx log cos x + C
1
Z
dx arcsin x + C
1 x2
1
Z
dx arctan x + C
1 + x2
Z
ex dx ex + C
Z
f (x)
dx log f (x) + C
f (x)
f (x)k+1
Z
f (x)k f (x) dx +C
k+1
Z
f (g(x))g (x) dx f (g(x)) + C

Substitution.
Z Z Z
dx
f (x)dx = F (x) + C; x = g(y); f (g(y)) dy = f (g(y))g (y)dy = F (g(y)) + C
dy
Examples:
1
Z
dx
1 x2
Put x = sin y.
1 cos y
Z Z Z
dx = p dy = 1 dy = y + C = arcsin x + C
1 x2 1 sin2 y
1
Z
dx
1 + x2

2
Put x = tan y.

1 sec2 y
Z Z Z
dx = dy = 1 dy = y + C = arctan x + C
1 + x2 1 + tan2 y
R R
In general for f ( 1 x2 )dx try x = sin y and for f ( 1 + x2 ) try x = tan y.

Integration by parts.
Z Z

u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) v(x)u (x)dx

or Z Z
u(x) dv(x) = u(x)v(x) v(x) du(x)

Examples:
1
Z Z Z
log x dx = log x 1 dx = x log x x dx = xlogx x + C
x
Z Z Z
x sin x dx = x d cos x = x cos x + cos x dx = x cos x + sin x + C

You can integrate by parts repeatedly.

Z Z Z Z
x e dx = x de = x e 2 xe dx = x e 2xe + 2 ex dx = (x2 2x + 2)ex + C
2 x 2 x 2 x x 2 x x

Definite Integrals. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Area under a curve.

If y = f (x) is a curve (assume f (x) > 0) then the area A between the curve and the x-axis
between the ordinates x = a and x = b can be obtained as
Z b
A= f (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
a

where F (x) = f (x). In particular if

Z y
A(y) = f (x)dx
a

then
A (y) = f (y)
If f is not positive then the area above x-axis is positive and the area below is negative.
Rb
Then the sum is what can still be computed as a f (x)dx. For example,
0 0
x2  1
Z
x dx = =
1 2 1 2

3
 1 1
x2  1
Z
x dx = =
0 2 0 2


and 1
1
x2 
Z
x dx = =0
1 2 1
By convention to be consistent we define for a > b,
Z b Z a
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a b

so that for any a, b

Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
a

Examples: Area inside a circle of radius r.

Z r p
A(r) = 4 r 2 x2 dx
0

Put x = r sin y. dx = r cos ydy. Change limits. when x = 0, y = 0. When x = r, y = 2.

Z Z Z
2 2 2
2 2 2
A(r) = 4 r cos y r cos y dy = 4 r cos ydy = 2r (1 cos 2y)dy
0 0 0

2 sin 2y  2
= 2r [y ] = r 2
2 0

Why should you change limits? Chain rule says

[f (g(x))] = f (g(x))g (x)

In particular
Z b
[f (g(x))]dx = f (g(b)) f (g(a))
a

If we change variables by y = g(x) the integral becomes

Z
f (y)dy = f (y) + C

And Z g(b)
f (y)dy = f (g(b)) f (g(a))
g(a)

is the right answer.

4
Partial Fractions. This involves rewriting the function f to be integrated in a different
form to make it easier.

Examples:
1
Z
dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)
Write
1 1 1
=
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2
Then
1 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = dx dx
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2
= log(x + 1) log(x + 2) + C
Another Example.
3x + 4
Z
dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)
3x + 4 a b (a + b)x + (2a + b)
= + =
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
a + b = 3, 2a + b = 4
a = 1, b = 2
3x + 4 1 2
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2
3x + 4
Z
dx = log(x + 1) + 2 log(x + 2) + C
(x + 1)(x + 2)