ESO 210/ESO203A

Introduction to Electrical Engineering

(Units 3-1-2-13)
(2014-15, First Semester)
Lecture-10

Phasor representation of voltage and current

AC circuits with R, L and C
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Here
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Solution of Steady State Current in Circuits Fed from Single-phase AC Supply

1. Purely resistive circuit (R only)

2. Purely Inductive circuit (L only)
3. Purely Capacitive circuit (C only)
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AC Power Calculations
For a system shown as below, the power delivered to a load at any instant is
defined by the product of the applied voltage and the resulting current; that is,
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For AC circuits, since v and i are sinusoidal quantities, let us establish a

general case here,

Substituting the above equations for v and i into the power equation
will result in
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After applying trigonometric identities, the following form for the power equation
will result:

where V and I are the rms values

1-FOR RESISTIVE CIRCUIT (=00)

For a purely resistive circuit v and i are in phase, and =0, we obtain

where VI is the average or dc term and VI cos 2wt is a negative cosine

wave with twice the frequency of either input quantity (v or i) with a
peak value of VI
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The power returned to the source is represented by the portion of then curve below
the axis, which is zero in this case. The power dissipated by the resistor at any
instant of time t1 can be found by simply substituting the time t1 into Eq. to find p1,
as indicated in Figure on the previous slide.

The average (real) power for purely resistive load is VI:

APPARENT POWER

From the analysis of dc networks (and resistive elements), it would seem apparent
that the power delivered to the load is simply determined by the product of the
applied voltage and current, with no concern for the components of the load; that is
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Apparent power and is represented symbolically by S

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2-INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT AND REACTIVE POWER

For a purely inductive circuit v leads i by 90. Therefore =90. Substituting

this yields
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Reactive Power:
The peak value of the curve VI is defined as the reactive power associated
with a pure inductor.
In general, the reactive power associated with any circuit is defined to be VI sin
Note that it is the peak value of that term of the total power equation that
produces no net transfer of energy.

The symbol for reactive power is Q, and its unit of measure is the volt-ampere
reactive (VAR).

The Q is derived from the quadrature (90) relationship between the various
powers.

where is the phase angle between V and I.

Reactive Power For Inductor:

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The apparent power associated with an inductor is S=VI, and the average
power is P =0. The power factor is therefore
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3-CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT

For a purely capacitive circuit i leads v by 90. Therefore, Substituting

=90 into general power equation, we obtain
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Reactive Power For Capacitor:

The reactive power associated with the capacitor is equal to the peak
value of the pC curve, as follows

But, since V=IXC and I=V/XC, the reactive power to the capacitor can also be
written as

and

Apparent power
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and the average power is P =0, The power factor is, therefore,
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THE POWER TRIANGLE

The three quantities average power (P), apparent power (S), and reactive
power (Q) can be related in the vector domain by

where
For an inductive load, the phasor power S, as it is often called, is defined by

The 90 shift in QL from P is the source of another term for reactive power:
quadrature power.
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For a capacitive load, the phasor power S is defined by

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EXAMPLE:

a. Find the total number of watts, volt-amperes reactive, and volt-amperes,

and the power factor Fp for the network of Figure below

b. Sketch the power triangle.

c. Find the energy dissipated by the resistor over one full cycle of the input voltage if
the frequency of the input quantities is 60 Hz.
d. Find the energy stored in, or returned by, the capacitor or inductor over one half-
cycle of the power curve for each if the frequency of the input quantities is 60 Hz.
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Solution:
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Example:
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Solution:
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Power triangle:
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