Alternators:

In huge alternators, the moving part is poles.

In case of alternators, the stator frame serves as a return path for the flux.
Alternators mostly work on rotating field type principle, which is different from dc machines
where the field is stationary. Therefore the alternators work on Faradays law.
High-speed alternators have a rotor construction of non-salient type.
The voltage applied to the field of a rotating cylindrical rotor type alternator is low dc voltage.
Alternators are usually designed to generate different frequencies.
The standard practice, nowadays in alternators is to have rotating field.
The diameter of high-speed turbo alternators as compared to hydroelectric ones is smaller
because speed is high.
The slip rings employed in a three-phase alternator in hydrostation are insulated for low voltage.
When the speed of alternator increases, the frequency increases.
Steam-turbo-alternators are much smaller in size than water turbine alternators for a given
output. This is so because steam-turbo-alternators run at high-speed.
For a coil having a span of 2/3 or pole pitch, the coil span factor is 0.866.
Distributing the armature winding of alternator is more than one number of slots per pole per
phase results in reduction of irregularities produce in the waveform.
When the power factor of load is unity, the armature flux of an alternator will be cross
magnetizing.
An alternator is capable of delivering power at a particular frequency. The frequency can be
increased by increasing armature speed.
If the input of the prime mover of an alternator is kept constant but the excitation is increased
then kVA will be leading.
For two alternators operating in parallel, if the load shared by one of them is to be increased, is
field excitation is to be kept constant but input torque should be increased.
If P = number of poles, f = the frequency in Hz, S = speed in rpm, the relationship between the
three for synchronous alternators is given as f = PS/120 Hz.
If 0 is the angle measured in electrical degrees between any point on the pole face and center of
the pole then for setting a sinusoidal wave as the output, the air gap at that point should be such
that air gap 1/cos .
The sinusoidal voltage developed per-pole per phase in a group of coils is defined as E gap =
4.44NnfK4Kp V, where N = number of turns per coil; n = number of coils per phase per pole.
The armature reaction of an alternator will be cross magnetizing of the power factor of the load
is unity.
If Xs = the synchronous reactance of the machine, Xe = leakage reactance and Xg = reactance due
to armature flux the Xg = Xs - Xe.
The best and the most accurate method for determining the voltage regulation is potier triangle
method.
An alternator is said to be over-excited if it is operating at leading pf.
From what source does a rotating field type alternator receive its exciter voltage from an
auxiliary generator driven by main generator shaft?
High-voltage alternators are usually of the rotating field type. This means the generated voltage
is connected directly to the load.
The maximum current that can be supplied by alternator depends upon the strength of the
magnetic field.
One of the advantages of distributing the winding in alternator is to improve voltage waveform.
 Distribution factor K4 is defined as the ratio of emfs of distributed winding to concentrated
winding.
For a uniformly distributed winding the value of distribution factor is 0.955.
One of the advantages of a short pitch winding lies in elimination or suppression of harmonies.
Pitch factor is defined as the ratio of the emfs of short pitch coil to full pitch coil.
A winding is short pitched by 60 degrees electrical. Its pitch factor is 0.866.
Synchronous impedance of an alternator is defined as the ratio of open circuit voltage to short
circuit current for same value of excitation.
Synchronous reactance consists of two components, namely leakage reactance and fictitious
reactance.
The imaginary of fictitious part of synchronous reactance takes care of armature reaction.
Regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in terminal when full load is thrown off
expressed as percentage of the terminal voltage for the same value of excitation and speed.
Synchronization of alternators means connecting alternators in parallel.
To synchronize alternator, three conditions must be fulfilled, namely same voltage, same
frequency and voltages should be in phase opposition with respect to local series circuit.
For synchronizing three phase alternators, the additional requirement is that the phase rotation
must be the same.
The method most commonly used for synchronizing the alternators in a powerhouse is bright
lamp method and a synchroscope.
In order to transfer the load from one alternator to another alternator, when they are operating in
parallel prime mover power input is increased.
Adjustment of field excitation of one of the two alternators operating in parallel will change its
power factor.
Each of the two alternators operating in parallel is adjusted for unity power factor. Increasing the
field current of one causes its power factor to become lagging.
Salient-pole type rotor is most suitable for turbo-alternators, which are designed to run at high-
speed.
Dampers in large generators increase stability.
Short-pitch coils in the alternator are used to reduce the harmonics from the generated emf of the
alternator.
If the input to the prime mover of an alternator is kept constant but the excitation is changed then
the reactive component of the output is changed.
The driving power from the prime mover driving an alternator is lost but the alternator remains
connected to the supply network and field supply is on. The alternator will behave as a
synchronous motor and will rotate in the same direction.

D.C. Generators:

The output voltage of a single loop generator is a pulsating dc.

A smooth output from a generator is obtained by design of the armature winding.
The output voltage of a generator is given by the equation E = V + IsRs.
In most generators, the output voltage is induced by relative motion between the field and the
armature coils.
Self-excited classification is given to a dc generator that receives in field excitation current from
internal source.
The shunt field of a compound generator is connected across both the series and the armature.
This connection is known as long shunt.
 Residual magnetism is necessary in a self-excited generator.
If the number of poles in a lap-wounded generator is increased by a factor of 2 the generated emf
will remain the same.
Electric dc generators have normally an overall efficiency of the order of 85-95%.
The armature magnetic field has effect that it cross magnetizes or distorts it.
Brushes are always placed along magnetic neutral axis (MNA).
MNA makes an angle of 90 with the flux passing through the armature.
In a dc generator the flux is seen to be crowded at the trailing pole tips and also at the leading
pole tips weakened.
If m is the forward lead angle in radians, Z is the total number of conductors and I is the current
in each armature pole, the demagnetizing ampere-turns/pole are given as ATg = ZI x m / 2.
The function of a compensating winding is to neutralize the demagnetizing effect of armature
reactor.
In the commutation process it is the current, which is getting reversed.
In any dc generator the emf generated in the armature is maximum when rate of change of flux is
maximum.
A simple method of increasing the voltage of a dc generator is to increase the speed of rotation.
The method, which can be used to improve commutation process, is all of the above.
Interpoles are connected in series with the armature and compensating windings are connected in
series with the armature.
Maximum number of equalizer rings needed in an electrical machine is equal to N = 2 x No. of
Conductors / No. of Poles.
Shunt generator is most suitable for running in parallel operation.
Shunt generators are used where the main requirement is a constant voltage over a narrow load
range.
Equalizer connections are required when paralleling two compound generators.
The function of an interpole is neutralizing cross-field of armature reaction and obtain ideal
commutation.
Interpoles are normally connected in parallel with the field.
In DC generators, lap winding is used for low voltage, high current.
DC generators preferred for changing automobile batteries is shunt generator.
In a dc generator commutator plays vital role for providing direct current of a dc generator.
In dc generator the ripples in the direct emf and generated are reduced by using commutator with
large number of segments.
Shunt generator are preferred for parallel operations.
Full-load efficiency of the generator will be 92.51%.
Copper loss in dc generator varies with load.
In dc generator, the cause of rapid brush wear may be any of the above.
In a shunt generator the voltage built up generally restricted by saturation of iron.
The armature of a dc generator is laminated to reduce eddy current loss.
With dc generator 1% regulation is preferred.

D.C. Motors:

Magnetic as well as heating effect produced by the electric motor.

The rotating part of a dc motor is known as carbon brush.
The function of a commutator in a dc machine is to change alternating voltage to direct voltage.
 Carbon brushes are used in electric motors to prevent sparking during commutation.
Voltage equation for dc motor is V = Eb + IaRa
Condition for maximum power output for a dc motor is Eb = V / 2.
The speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to back emf and inversely proportional to flux.
The highest speed attained by a dc shunt motor is equal to no load speed at rated flux.
In a dc motor iron losses occur in the yoke.
The dummy coil in dc machines is used to bring about mechanical balance of armature.
An external resistance is added in the series with the field of a dc shunt motor. When the motor
runs, the effect of resistance is to increase the speed of the motor.
The speed of a dc shunt motor is required to be more than F.L. speed. This is possible by
reducing the field current.
If speed of a dc shunt motor increases, the back emf increases.
The current flowing in the conductors of a dc motor is ac.
As the load is increased the speed of a dc shunt motor will reduce slightly.
The current drawn armature of a dc motor is (V - Eb) / Ra.
If the current in the armature of dc series motor is reduced to 5% the torque of the motor will
become 25% of the previous value.
The shunt current flowing in short shunt compound-wound motor is given by I sh = (V + IscRsc) /
Rsh.
In dc shunt motor, if the terminal voltage is reduced to half and torque remains the same, then
speed will be half and armature current becomes double.
A 4-pole lap-wound armature has 400 conductors and a flux per pole of 25 mWb. The emf
generated, when running at 600 rpm, will be 120V.
The torque of a motor is the product of tangential force on the rotor and its radius.
The armature current drawn by any electrical motor is taken from the coupling mounted on the
shaft.
The power stated on the nameplate of any motor is always the output power at the shaft.
A starter is necessary to start a dc motor because it limits the starting current to a safe value.
The efficiency of any electrical machine/apparatus will be high, if its losses are minimum.
The direction of rotation of a dc motor is reversed by reversing armature connections.
The armature of dc motor is laminated to reduce the eddy current losses.
Shunt motor with commutating poles has the least drop in speed between no load and nominal
load.
The speed of a series motor at no load is infinity.
The speed of a dc series motor decreases if the flux in the filed winding increases.
Dc shunt motor is used to derive the constant speed line shafting lathes, blowers and fans.
If the back emf in a dc motor is absent, the motor will burn.
The field flux of a dc motor can be controlled to achieve the speeds higher than rated speed.
By providing a variable resistance across the series field (diverter) in a dc series motor, speeds
above normal can be obtained because flux is reduced.
DC series motors are best suited for traction work because torque is proportional to the square of
armature current and speed is inversely proportional to torque.
A series motor is started without load. The effect is that the speed increases rapidly.
The direction of rotation of a dc series motor can be reversed by interchanging the field terminals
only.
The motor used for intermittent, high torque is cumulative compound motor.
If the field of a dc shunt motor is opened the speed of the motor will become very high.
DC cumulative compound motor is used for rolling mills.
Armature reaction is attributed to the effect of magnetic field setup by the armature current.
 If the supply terminals of dc shunt motor are interchanged motor will run at its normal speed in
the same direction as it was running.
When the electric train is moving down a hill the dc motor acts as dc series generator.
Series motor is suitable for high starting torque.
To get a stronger magnetic field air gap between stator and armature of an electric motor kept as
small as possible.
Interpoles are meant for reducing sparking at the commutator.
Swinburnes test is most economical for finding the no-load losses of a large dc shunt motor.
The rated speed of a given dc shunt motor is 1050rpm. To run this machine at 1200 rpm field
resistance control will be used.
It is preferable to start a dc series motor with some mechanical load on it because it may develop
excessive speed and damage itself.
If a flux of a dc motor approaches zero, its speed will approach infinity.
As the load is increased, the speed of a shunt motor reduces slightly.
A 230V-dc series motor is connected to 230V-ac will run with less efficiency.
The main function of a commutator in dc motor is to convert ac to dc.

Induction Motor:

Squirrel cage Induction motor has very small starting torque.

Just like a DC shunt motor the speed of induction motor operating in stable region decreases with
increases in load.
Magnetic flux produced due to the stator winding with three phase current of frequency f and
which is of constant value, rotates at synchronous speed. If P is the Number of poles of the
motor, the synchronous speed is given by Ns= 120f / P
In an induction motor rotor runs at a speed, which is always lesser than the speed of the stator
field.
The frequency of the rotor current in an induction motor is given by (if f is the supply frequency
f is the rotor frequency and S is the slip f = Sf).
Frequency of the rotor in an induction motor in terms of Ns, N and P is given as N s N = 120 f
/ P.
In a 3 induction motor, the torque increases with the increase in supply voltage.
Improvement in the power factor in an induction motor increases the torque and decreases the
current due to the increased in impedance.
In an induction motor the torque is related with the supply voltage as T V2.
Torque under running conditions is maximum at the slip S which makes rotor reactance/phase
equal to rotor resistance/phase.
The value of the slip at maximum torque condition (under running condition) in terms of R2 and
X2 is S=R2/X2.
Two of the power supply terminals to a 3-phase induction motor got interchanged during
reconnection after maintenance of the motor, when put back into service, the motor will rotate in
the reverse direction to that prior to maintenance.
A 400kW, 3-phase, 440V, 50Hz induction motor has a speed of 950 rpm on full load. The
machine has six poles. The slip of the machine will be 0.05.
If the air gap of the induction motor is increased the magnetizing current will increase.
In a slip-ring induction motor, resistance is connected in rotor phases to increase the starting
current.
 For a 3-phase, wound-rotor induction motor, as increase in rotor resistance affects the motor
performance in the starting current decreases.
It is advisable to avoid line starting of induction motor and use starter because motor takes 5-7
times its full load current.
A change of 5% in the supply voltage of a 3-phase induction motor will produce to its torque a
change of approximately 10%.

Synchronous motors:

Synchronous motor has constant speed.

The synchronous speed of a 50-cycle 10-pole motor is 600rpm.
The speed of a synchronous motor connected to a 50-cycle supply is 1000rpm the number of
poles it must have 6.
The maximum power developed in a synchronous motor occurs at a coupling angle of 90.0.
A 3-phase, 4-pole, 24-slot, alternator has its armature coils short-pitched by 1 slot. Its pitch factor
will be 0.94.
Synchronous motor is capable of being operated at lagging and leading power factor.
The synchronous motor is not inherently self-starting because the force required to accelerate the
motor is to the synchronous speed in an instant is absent.
When the stator windings are connected in such a fashion that the number of poles are made half,
the speed of the motor of a synchronous motor increases to two times the original value.
In a synchronous motor, as load is applied, the motor takes more armature current because the
motor by shifting its phase backward causes motor to take more current.
Synchronizing power of a synchronous machine is inversely proportional to the synchronous
reactance.
Synchronous motor always runs at the synchronous speed.
Synchronous motors are not self-starting.
An over-excited synchronous motor takes leading current.
The motor in which stator and rotor magnetic field rotate at the same speed is synchronous
motor.
When the excitation of an unloaded salient pole synchronous motor suddenly gets disconnected,
then the motor stops.
In a synchronous motor, the torque angle is the angle between the rotating stator flux and rotor
poles.
A 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz, 4-pole synchronous motor has a load angle of 100 electrical. The
equivalent mechanical degree will be 5.0.
The breakdown torque of a synchronous motor varies as applied voltage.
In a synchronous motor, windage losses not vary with load.
A 3-phase, 400V, 500Hz salient pole synchronous motor is running on no load. If there is break
in the excitation winding of the motor the motor will stop.
A 3-phase synchronous motor is running clockwise. In case the direction of its field current is
reversed the motor will continue to run in the same direction.
The speed regulation of a 3-phase synchronous motor is zero.
In a synchronous motor, the synchronizing power comes in to action when rotor speed is either
less or more than synchronous speed.
The speed of the synchronous motor always remains constant.
The minimum armature current of the synchronous motor corresponds to operation at unity
power factor.
 If the field of a synchronous motor is under-excited the power factor will be lagging.
The motor stops when the excitation of an unloaded salient-pole synchronous motor suddenly
gets disconnected.
In a 3-phase synchronous converter the ratio of AC current to DC current is equal to 0.943.
The armature current of the synchronous motor has large values of both low an high excitation.

Transformers:

The principle of working of a transformer is mutual induction.

Transformer is used to change the values of voltage.
The path of the magnetic flux in a transformer has low reactance.
Electric power is transformed from one coil to the other coil in a transformer magnetically.
Transformer operates at power factor depending on the power factor of the load.
The laminations are made from nickel alloy steel stampings.
The steel for construction of transformer core is made so as to have high permeability and low
hysteresis.
The special silicon steel is used for laminations because hysteresis losses are reduced.
Magnetic circuit is common in the two windings of the transformer.
The main function of the iron core in a transformer is to decrease the reluctance of the magnetic
path.
Preferably, the resistance between the primary and the secondary of a transformer should be as
low as possible.
Ideal transformer assumptions do not include zero reactance of windings.
The reactance of the transformer is determined by its leakage flux.
The efficiency of a transformer is normally in the range of 90-98%.
The resistance of low voltage side of a transformer is less than the resistance of its high voltage
side.
Eddy current losses in transformer core are reduced by decreasing the thickness of laminations.
The primary and secondary voltages are 180.0 out of phase is a transformer.
The basic property of the transformer is that it changes the voltage level of an AC signal without
changing power, frequency of shape.
Eddy current losses in a transformer are minimized by laminating the core, the lamination being
insulated from each other by a light coat of core plate varnish.
The induced emf in the transformer secondary will depend upon frequency, flux and number of
turns in the secondary.
At every instant the direction of the secondary current in a transformer must be such as to oppose
any change in flux. This is accordance with Lenzs law.
The voltage transformer ratio is E2/E1.
The magnitude of mutual flux in a transformer is same at all levels.
The concentric windings are used in core type transformer with LT winding placed next to core.
Crossover windings are used for high voltage winding of small rating transformers.
In an ideal transformer on no-load, the primary applied voltage is balanced by the secondary
induced emf.
Transformers are rated in KVA.
Air core is used for a high frequency transformer.
If in a transformer the secondary turns are doubled and at the same time the primary voltage is
reduced by half, then secondary voltage will not change.
The no-load current of a transformer in terms of full load current is usually 1-3%.
 Oil cooling is the common method of cooling a power transformer.
Eddy currents heat up the metal parts.
Autotransformer has only one winding.
The use of higher flux density in transformer design decreases the weight per KVA.
The transformer oil used in transformers provides insulation and cooling.
Variable transformer is the typical use of an autotransformer variable transformer.
In any transformer the voltage per turn in primary and secondary remains always same.
The full load copper loss in a transformer is 400W. At half load, the copper loss will be 100W.
A transformer is working at it maximum efficiency. Its iron loss is 500 W.
Power transformers are designed to have maximum efficiency at near full load.
As compared to an amplifier, a transformer cannot increase output power.
Distribution transformers have good all day efficiency due to low iron loss.
In transformer the purpose of breather is to extract moisture of the air.
Two transformers when operating in parallel will share the load depending upon their per unit
impedance.
The magnetic coupling between the primary and the secondary windings of a transformer may be
increased by using the magnetic core of low reactance.
Conservator consist of an air-type metal drum fixed at the top of the tank.
For a 3-phase transformer, turns ratio K is given as 3 line voltage ratio.
In a power transformer the winding which is nearer to the iron core of the transformer is LV.
Winding.
All day efficiency of a transformer A < Electrical efficiency of transformer.
If we increase the flux density in the case of a transformer the size of the transformer will reduce.
In an ideal transformer on no load, the voltage applied across the primary winding of the
transformer is balanced by the secondary induced emf.
No-load primary input is practically equal to the iron losses in the transformer because primary
current is small.
Transformer of energy from primary of the transformer to the secondary takes place due to the
flux linkage between the two windings.
If Rs is the resistance of secondary winding of the transformer and K is transformation ratio then
the equivalent secondary resistance refers to primary side will be Rs/K.
The percentages of the resistance, reactance and impedance have the same value whether
referred to primary or secondary of the transformer.
If the supply frequency to the transformer is increased, the iron loss will increase.
The size of a transformer core will depend on (i) and (ii) both.
Two transformers operating in parallel will share the load depending upon their rating.
Three 10:1 single phase, step-down transformers are connected in Y/. For a primary line-to-line
voltage of 3980 Volts, find the corresponding line voltage on the secondary side 230 Volts.
Two transformers operating in parallel will share the load depending upon their rating.
While conducting short circuit test on a transformer the following side is short-circuited LV side.
NAME:______________________________ ENGR. DANILO M. GACUSAN
EE 4 BSEE 1

EXERCISE

1. In a DC generator if P be the number of poles and N be the rpm of rotor, then the frequency of
magnetic reversals is given by
(a) NP/2 (b) NP/60
(c) NP/120 (d) NP/3000
2. The material used for commutator brushes is mostly
(a) Copper (b) Mica
(c) Carbon (d) Cast iron
3. A 4-pole DC generator rotates at 1500 rpm. How many times in a second, will the emf induced in
each armature conductor change its direction?
(a) 500 (b) 100
(c) 400 (d) 200
4. For a fixed number of poles and armature conductors, select the winding that will give higher
emf
(a) Lap winding (b) Wave winding
(c) Any of the above (d) None of these
5. Eddy current loss is
(a) Inversely as the thickness of the laminations
(b) Inversely as the square of the thickness of the laminations
(c) Directly as thickness of laminations
(d) Directly as the square of the thickness of laminations
6. From amongst the following losses in a DC generator, select the one that has the least proportion
(a) Copper losses (b) Hysteresis losses
(c) Eddy current losses (d) Windage losses
7. For a shunt generator, what loss is considered constant?
(a) Copper loss (b) Eddy current loss
(c) Hysteresis loss (d) All of the above
8. If f be the frequency of magnetic reversals, then hysteresis loss changes as
(a) f (b) 1/f
(c) 2f (d) f/2
9. A sinusoidal voltage of 5 Hz is applied to the field of a shunt generator. The armature voltage
wave
(a) Will be zero (b) Will be 5 Hz
(c) Will be of 5 x N Hz (d) Will be of N/5 Hz
10. Interpoles are usually wound with
(a) Very fine gauge copper wire (b) Heavy gauge copper wire
(c) Insulation material (d) Interpoles do not need winding
11. If m be the mechanical degrees, e be the electrical degrees and P be the number of poles on a dc
generator, then which of the following rations is valid
(a) m = 2eP (b) e = 2mP
(c) m = 2e /P (d) e = 2m /P
12. Which of the following loss in a dc generator is dissipated in the form of heat?
 (a) Mechanical loss (b) Copper loss
(c) Core loss (d) All of the above
13. The emf generated by a shunt wound dc generator is E. If pole flux remains constant and the
speed of the generator is doubled, the emf generated will be
(a) E (b) E/2
(c) 2E (d) Slightly less than E
14. Two dc generators A and B have 6 poles each. Generator A has wave wound armature while
generator B has lap wound armature. The ratio of the induced emf in generators A and B will be
(a) 1:3 (b) 2:3
(c) 3:1 (d) 3:2
15. Two dc generators A and B have 6 poles each. Generator A has wave wound armature while
generator B has lap wound armature. The ratio of the induced emf in generators A and B will be
(a) 1:3 (b) 2:3
(c) 3:1 (d) 3:2
16. Magnetic field in a dc generator is produced by
(a) Permanent magnets (b) Electromagnets
(c) Both (a) and (b) above (d) None of the above
17. In a generator, the winding loss is proportional to
(a) Supply voltage
(b) Square of the supply current
(c) Square of armature speed
(d) Flux density
18. The number of armature parallel paths in 12 pole dc generator provided with triplex lap winding
will be
(a) 16 (b) 24
(c) 48 (d) 36
19. The emf in volts induced in a coil of 200 turns when the magnetic flux change from 0.01 Wb to
0.0025 Wb in 0.1 sec will be
(a) 4.5 (b) 3.0
(c) 1.5 (d) 7.5
20. In a dc generator
(a) External characteristics = internal characteristics + armature reaction
(b) Internal characteristics = magnetization characteristics ohmic drop
(c) External characteristics = magnetization characteristics ohmic drop armature reaction
(d) Magnetization characteristics = External characteristics
21. A generator is known as flat compounded when
(a) The voltage remains constant irrespective of the load on the generator
(b) The voltage produced is in proportion to the load on the generator
(c) The generator is capable of producing higher voltage at lighter loads
(d) The generator is capable of producing voltage more than the rated voltage.
22. Iron losses in dc machine occur in
(a) Yoke (b) Commutator
(c) Main body (d) Armature rotor
23. Eddy current loss in a dc shunt generator
(a) Varies inversely as the square of the lamination thickness
(b) Varies inversely as the square of flux density
(c) Occurs in magnetic as well as magnetic conductor materials
(d) Is independent of the rotor speed
24. In a dc generator the critical resistance means the resistance of
 (a) Brushes (b) Field
(c) Armature (d) Load
25. When two dc generators are running in parallel an equalizer bar is used
(a) To increase the series flux
(b) To increase the generated emf
(c) To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both the machines
(d) Since the two identical machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load
26. Which one is the condition for maximum efficiency for a dc generator?
(a) Eddy current losses = stray losses
(b) Hysteresis losses = eddy current losses
(c) Copper losses = 0
(d) Variable losses = constant losses
27. With a dc generator which of the following regulation is preferred?
(a) 100% regulation (b) Infinite regulation
(c) 50% regulation (d) 1% regulation
28. Which generator would you prefer for feeding long dc transmission lines?
(a) Series generator (b) Shunt generator
(c) Overcompound generator (d) Flat compound generator
29. How can the polarity of a dc generator be reversed?
(a) Increasing field current
(b) Reversing field current
(c) Reversing field current as well as direction of rotation
(d) Any of the above
30. A generator may lose residual magnetism because of
(a) Varying loads (b) Over-excitation
(c) Vibrations (d) Heating
31. Select the one that is not a cross field machine
(a) Level compound generator with interpoles
(b) Amplidyne
(c) Roseneberg dynamo
(d) Metadyne
32. For a 6 pole wave wound dc generator the number of brushes will be equal to
(a) 12 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 2
33. When P is the number of poles in a lap wound dc generator, the number of brushes will be equal
to
(a) 2P (b) P
(c) (2P+2) (d) P/2
34. Mica belongs to which class of insulation?
(a) A (b) E
(c) F (d) H
35. The two-circuit armature of a four-pole generator has 51 slots, each slot containing 20
conductors. Useful flux per pole is 0.7 x 10-2 Wb and rpm is 1500. The voltage generated will be
(a) 192 V (b) 212 V
(c) 315 V (d) 357 V
36. In a dc generator Windage loss varies with speed (N) in the ratio of
(a) N (b) N2
(c) 1/N (d) 1/N2