[Ulinate Ail Buckling Resistance (KN) PRELIMINARY DESIGN CHART FIGURE 4.1 SQUARE SECTIONS ‘Steel to BS 4360 Grade 43C: Minimum Yield Strength 275 Nimm? ‘Conerete 28 Day Cube Strength 40 N/mm. ‘Tue limits ofeach size Band are fr the minim aad maim thicknesses giveo in Table 42. When assessing the resistance of a column fabricated fiom other grades of mattis he ‘al load and effective lent are to be modified wsing the appropiate conversion factors given below (see design procedure). Each band hat been termingted atthe columa slendermes limit forthe section size (up ta maximum length of 26 metres). to 12 14 EMesive Length (metres) mG.0 i i £ : i PRELIMINARY DESIGN CHART FIGURE 42 RECTANGULAR SECTIONS BUCKLING ABOUT X-X AXIS (Y-¥ AXIS RESTRAINED). ‘Steel to BS 4360 Grade 43C : Minimum Yield Strength 275 Nim? Concrete 28 Day Cube Strength 40 Nimm2, “The limits of enc size band are for he minimum and maximam thickness ivenin Table 4.4 ‘When assessing the resistance of s column fabriated from other grades of material, the sal Joad and effective length are to be modified using the appropcate conversion factors siven on Figare 4.3 (see design procedure), Each band hasbeen terminated a he oluma ‘lendermes imi forthe secon sie beasts i 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 ve 20 a 24 oe a 90 ae oe ‘ret nates G42PRELIMINARY DESIGN CHART FIGURE 43 RECTANGULAR SECTIONS BUCKLING ABOUT ¥-Y AXIS - (X-X AXIS RESTRAINED) ‘Steel to BS 4360 Grade 43C : Minimum Yield Strength 275 Nimm2 ‘Conerete 28 Day Cube Strength 50 Nim? ‘The limits of ach sine tand are for he minim and maximo thiknesses given a Table 44 ‘When assessing the eesistance of a column fabricsted from other grades of materi the ‘ial load and effective length are to be modified using the appropriste conversion factors given below (see design procedute). Each band has been terminate at the column Slenderness limit for the section sie 27 i : a i i oe i Sate “OP bb 6 6 a ue mb wm tei te te 16.43,ANIAL LOAD with fe/D>28 DESIGN PROCEDURE - (For budget design go to Step 1 only) Initial information sequired:- Factored applied axial fond - Ng. (KN) Effetive length > fox (m) STEP 1 ‘Go te FIGURE 45 choove Wal seston for factored applied aval Toad Ng ani effective lengta fex. (i) Figures are dra for fy = 275 Nin? (steel Jan foy = 40 Nam? (concrete) Ift is desined to use othr values off adr fo Imodify bath the efetive length and factored applied axial load tsingthe table onthe char (es obtain Na (equ) » Cy Na and e (ea) = Cele STEP 2. ‘Go i TABLE 47. For the choten section determine Ny and fe p stevie 2 = £8 Co tf STEP 3. ‘Gow FIGURE AT, determine Ki Calculate N= Ky.Ne Cheek shat N 2 Nd «Example STEP 1 STEP 2, STEP 3. A CIRCULAR COLUMN, UNDER AXIAL LOAD Factored applied sxial load Ng = 5500 kN Column effective lengt, fox = 35m Materials: stel of yield strength 275 Nim? operate of eabe suength 40 Na? (Gots FIGURE 45. Conditions of (Dare met Choose Wal secon for Nq= $500 EN and fox =3.5 metres. The point obtained lies where 3 size bands overlap (323.9, 385.6 and 406.4 rm di). The size selected wil depend on further criteria (designing for minimum colums size, minimum coma ‘weigh ete). Assume that 406 4mm da. is preferred. The point lies towards ‘the Botom ofthe band so ty 2.5m thick, {Go io TABLE 4.) For 4D x12.5 section with = 275 Nima snd fog = 40 Ninn No=S927 KN p= 117 metres as me ae 3k, er) Gow FIGURE 47. For 0307 Ky So,N = 098 x $927 = S808KN NB Ny ox ‘COMMENT ‘When all size bands are investigated, the following column sizes are found to be suitable forthe specifies material grades. Diameter | thceness | N | wt. eal | Tota (rm) fom | tam | tim | om 229 20 460 064 12s 12 ‘This demonstrates the wide range of possibilities open to a designer when using concrete filled circular sectionsAXIAL LOAD with travlal containment (Tiaxial containment ‘ean anly be allowed for when the rato &/D < 25.) DESIGN PROCEDURE (For budget design go to Step | only) Initial information eguired:- Factoed applied axial toad Ng (RN) Effective length ox) vera, ‘Go tw FIGURE 46. choose wl recon for factored applied axa Tondo, and effective length fey () (0 lures are drain for fy =275 Ninn? (steel ard fog = 40 Nin? (concrete). Its desired 1 use other values of fy andlor fog, modi both the effective length and factored applied axial load using the table on figure 5.5 (ke. obiain Nd (equ) = CyNg and €(egu) = Cote. sre, (Goto TABLE 47. For the choten ial sain deterine Ny fod Kp CGouerplae inert for elevant &fD value necessary). Cotculae ay = te sTEP3. Goo FIGURE 47, determine Ky, Calle N cr Kp Ny Check NENExample STEP. svera, STEP. {A SHORT CIRCULAR COLUMN, UNDER AXIAL LOAD (to be designed taking accoont of triaxial containment) Fctored applied axial load Ng = $500 kN Column etfectve length, Zex = 3.50 (Materials: stel of yield strength 275 Nisan? concrete of ebe suength 40 Nem? (Goto FIGURE 46. Conditions of pat) are met. Choos ial section for Na =500 Ki and fx = 3.5m. The pont obtained les jst within the 273 bond, within the 323.9 and 355.6 bsads and i wel below the 406.4 da. band For itusteative purpose, assume prefered size ssl 46.4mm da. (sin example 1) and ry 406.4 x 10.0 (innest in the ange). (Goto TABLE 47. For 4064100 with f= 275 Ninn? and fey = 40 Na Ny= 5227 kN, f= 11.59 metees tex 35 fx = BS 561 00 Ky = 1.21 (ey itrplation BS 1p = 121 (by interpolation) 3S 95 wd 25-030 Gow FIGURE 47. Fork=30=KI= 98 So, N= 0.98 x 1.21 x $227 = 6198 kN N2Na. (25500 kN) OK comment When all the size ands are investigated. the following colama sizes are Found to be suitable forthe specified material grades ameter | Theansss | Kp | oN | waste | Toa (nem) (om) | 8) | team | choir) | tain an 2 an | see | asa 269 a9 6 tir | or | tae ere 586 ms | 320 | srs | 6 02 060 woo | a2: | 1s | sre 387 ‘These sizes and capacities can be compared to those obtained in example 1 for the same loading conditions 10 see the advantage that can be gained when (axial containment i take into accountUNIAXIAL BENDING (other axis restrained) DESION PROCEDURE - (For budget design go to Steps 1-3 only. Ind inormavon equied:~ Factored applied axial load = Ng (kN) Fctered applied moments = Myi GN) applied to each end of column Mjz GNan) fective length fox) STEP 2, STEP 3. Ter’. STEP 6. ‘Goto FIGURE 45 choose wal section for factored applied axa ond aad efecive length x i) (Figures are drawn for fy = 273 Win? (steel and fo = 40 Nim? (concrete) If tis desired to use other values off andor fy modify both the efetive length and factored applied ‘sil load using the table given on chart. (ii) Dhis procedure assumes that axial load predominate. If moments predominate, it may be better to start wih Sep 2 ond choose Secilon sige on an etinate moment capacity basis such that Misa least 2x Mg then proceed io Step 3 (he. obtain Ng (equ) = Cy Ngand be (qu) = Ce te. ‘Gove TABLE 47, Forte chosen ral scion determine Mg Ccaleuate Ny= NA (atgg i anger oumerical value of| 1 Mas) Mate nd Map My) Goo FIGURE 4.5 with Np and dy choose a now wr ection with Allowance for benting (), ‘Go to TABLE 47 and for the chosen section determine Go, Noy Mey fe t Cateatte y= BE a Gov FIGURE AT, deermine Kix ‘Goto TABLE 46, determine Kyiy 04 Ky Ing hy, Bobuaned a Sop 4 cota = Ra Nu fa ‘Check > Na,Example — sve. ——— ster2. ——— steps. —— steps. —— srers. ——__ str. [A CIRCULAR COLUMN IN BENDING ABOUT ONE AXIS WITH. ‘THE OTHER AXIS RESTRAINED AGAINST BUCKLING {columns in single curvature, with equal end moments Le. = +1) Factored applied axial fond Na 30008N Factored applied moment Mjy = SOKN-m Colima etfoctive length, fen sm, Materials: ste of yield sung 355 N/m? ‘onerete cube strength 40 Nim? {Goto FIGURE 45. The conditions of (ate not met Caleuate values of Na (equ) and ex (equ forthe require seat end concrete strength using the ‘conversion fats given onthe char. for 35510: C= 083,50 Ng (equ) = 0.83 x 300 = 2490 kN Cf = 1.10, 0 fey (om) = Lx 5.0% 5.50. “The equivalent axial load poit lies within thre overlapping sie bards (219.1, 244.5 and 273 mm din) ‘Gow TABLE 47. Selec rom the 2643 sna ange. Ty 244516, 2M 281.4 4m 2490 (ra aia N= = 029K {Go 0 FIGURE 4.5 with Ny = 3029 HN and fax (@qu)= 5 5m. Poet sles Within chosen size band, but the change in position ofthe point suggests that itwould be best to resleet a thicker section. Ty 248.5 x20, {Go 0 TABLE A.) For 2445 x20 wih fy = 355 Nima? ond fey = 40 Nr US, Na 4BEN My =336.7N-m fo 207 (Goto FIGURE 47 for = 0807 Ky = 079 Gow TABLES Forae=O.115, 20.80 and B=: ky, SoN=0.795x5148 [1 192 (2,) +0. 67 ( J paseBIAXIAL RENDING DESIGN PROCEDURE (For budget design goto Steps 1-3 only) Initial information requted:- Factored applied axial load — Ng (KN) STEP 1. STEP 2. STEP. STEP 4, sTEr s, STEP 6. STEP 7. Fctored applied moments Mix, Maze kN) ateach ead of thecolumm —~ Myiy. May ON-m) fective lengths Fox Fey 2) (Gow FIGURE 45 apd choose tial section for facored applied axial load Ny andthe effective length of the more slender as () (i). (i) Figeres are dram for fy = 275 Nino? (stel) and feu = 40 Nin? (concrete) If itis desired rouse ether values off andor fu, modify both the effective lengths and factored applied axial oad using table given on chart. (ie obtain Na equ) = Cy Na and lo (eau) = Ce be) (i) The procedure assumes that axlal load predominates. If moments predominate, may be beter o start with Stop 2 and choose section see (on an wliimate moment capacity bass such ha: My sat east 2 (gaa + My) Then proceed to Step 3 ‘Got TABLE 4. forthe chosen section dotamine My Ne Poe Ccaoulate Ny , ia Me where Mag and May ae the numetial values fr the colin end which gives the largest value of this rato. {Go FIGURE 4.5 with Ny and fay (for the more slender axis), Choore «ew tral section wit allowance fr beading. (Go to TABLE 47 and for the chosen tal section determine a, Nx My and A seule = Sa, y=; Band Cocaine Af 1y =f Bea By Gove FIGURES 7, deernine Kix and Ky Go to TABLE 4.6, determine Kx, Koda Moly. ad py wang tt, yy ad, By obtained in Step 4 s(t) oo sme} > ste) {forthe colama end with the larger total moment Calculate Uy Calealte Ny Kiy Ny (=U) and, (uy) Then at eck N > NgExample STEP 1, STEP 2. sree 3, step 4, STEP. STEP 6. STEr7. A CIRCULAR COLUMN BENDING ABOUT BOTH AXES Factored applied axial lord Ng = 4000 xN Fctored applied moments May = 100 KN-m; May Column effective lengths fer = 4.2m, fey = 6.0m Materials: stel of yield stength 275 Nim? concrete of cube stength 40 Nim? “Go te FIGURE 4.5. Conditions of (are met, note (i) does nov apply, Choose tral section sing the ming as efective length fay = 6.0m. The axial load point Fes where thre size bands overlap (273, 323.9 and 385.) Polat is towards the bottom of the 355.6 range. Therefore to scoount for bending choose section with high wall thickness, say 16mm, (Go o TABLE 4:7 For 355.63 16.0 section My =497.1 EN-m. Np = = sot 1007 + 50? en (Go t FIGURE 4.5 with Nb = 5161 RN and fey = 6.0m. The point stil Hes ‘within te siz band, ba es been sified by enough fo suggest that a thicker tube might be more suitable. Select now tral section as 395.6 x 20 (Goto TABLE 47. For 355.6 X 20 with fy 75 Nine? and fe G=021T Ny=OHORN fgel0Alm My STLORNm 42 60 toy oat and ay = (80. (0282 "= Toa (Go FIGURE 4.7. For hy, ‘Got TABLE SS Por de 0.217, hy 0.40 and Fora =0.217, 0.58 nd By s uystin(2% osm (2%) ant (ana. 0.685 anda, = 0.089 194 spon Bam (25) an Ng =0.96 x 6293 (10.194) =024 A 89 x 6493 (1-0.059]=5438 BN gee Siam * Sone ~ a5 So, N=4484 iN; N-2 Ng (4000 kN) . OK COMMENT. this example axial load predominates. The RHS biaxial bending example shows the alternative procedure in note 2 being applied to a case when ‘ending moments predominate, @MAJOR AXIS BENDING MINOR AXIS UNRESTRAINED (a special ease of| axial bending) DESIGN PROCEDURE - (Fer budget design go to stops 1-3 only) Initial information sequied:- Factored applied axial load = Ng (kN) sTEP1. STEP2, sTEP3. STEP 4, STEP s. STEP. Fctored applied moments at ~My (N-m) each end of axis of bending - May (2N-m) Effective lengths fens ley (®) ‘Goro FIGURE 4.5 aad choose tial ection for factored applied anal Toad No, andthe minor axis eectve length, fey. (0) (i (Figures are drawn for fy = 275 Ninn? (stel) and fey = 40 Nini? (concrete). fit ts desved wo use other values off and/or fou modify both the effective lengths and factored applied axial iad using the table given on charts (ie obtain Na (equ) = Cn Na and le (egu) = Cee) (i) This procedare assumes that arial load predominates. If moments predominate, it may be beter to start with Step and choose section site ‘on an ultimate moment capacity bass such thar My sa eas 2 Ma then proceed to Step 3 ‘Got TADLE 4), For the chosen tral section determine Mg Na Catctae y= NS were Maxis te ager numerical valve Max) “of Mgueand My on eas 2). (Go to FIGURE 4.3 with Ny and dey Choose «now tal secon with allowance for bending (Goo TABLE 4:7 and forthe chosen tal section determine de, x and fp. Caeulte Ay = n and By ‘Gow FIGURE 47, Determine Kix and Riy {Gow TABLE 46, Determine Rony and ix walng yaad fi obtaned Tw Step cate on) cue x + NadU) Kix - Nu come = toy ty, N7 Ny "By Gmck NENGExample STEP 1. STEPS. STEP 4, sTer s. STEP 6. ‘A CIRCULAR COLUMN LOADED IN DOUBLE CURVATURE BENDING ABOUT THE X-X AXIS (Le 8 Factored applied axial losd Ng = 900kN Factored applied moment Mg = 15 kN CColumm effective lengths fey = 2.55 miley ‘Matera: stel of yield stength 355 Nim? concrete of eabe strength 40 Nim? ‘Go to FIGURE 45, Conditions of (i) are not met. Caleulte values of Ny (equ) ‘and equivalent ininar axis length f4y (equ) for required steel and concrete Strengths using conversion factors given on the ear. foe 355140 Cy C8 1.40 m0 fay (eqs) = 3.3m “Tie equvatent anil load point les inthe mide of the 139.7 bad. Tey 13928, Goto TABLE 47 for LidcTa Bpecions My 47.03 IN a7 1086%N 5 (-a) Thea Ny = (Go to FIGURE 45 with Np = 1096 KN and fey (ea8) es in the mite ofthe 168.3 size band. 3m, The point ow {Go te TABLE 47. Inspection shows that sections in the midrange ofthis band have high values of Nn and My so select a 168.3 x 5.0. For 168.3 x 5.0 with fy= 395 Nimm? and fey = 40 Nim? = 0.299 Ny = 1183 RN (= 4.3m and My = 47.00 kN so ign 2 fa 1, = 300 0.58 ant ay = 200 9 as 6 ‘Gow FIGURE 47. For hy = O58 Rig O89 For hy = 068 Rly % Gow TABLES for yan = 0.505 299, I= OSB and Py Ton = 0.180 and e012 + ases(#2)- om oN #089 x 1 0-010) =938.0KN Nyy 0.85 x 1183100510) 11 009 N=s909kN WN . ‘Nag (290048) OF NT ios" 531" 399 ‘COMMENTS (@) Barther assessments show theta 139.7 x 8 is, infact suitable, with an timate anal resistance of 911.6 RN under the applied design moment snd an Mag eatio ofthe sae order (6) The example als illustrates tha, particularly for CHS, in double curvature the preliminary asersment method can over compensate forthe effect of the design moment and that the magoitade of Uy ean be relatively Tow compared t9 Mgi/My- Accordingly care must Be tke that May does 20t exceed Mgx forthe chosen section. (This can also be tne fr RH). °PRELIMINARY DESIGN CHART. FIGURE 4S CIRCULAR SECTIONS Steel to BS 4360 Grade 43C : Minimum Yield Strength 275 Nim? ‘Concrete 25 Day Cabe Strength 40 N/mm, ‘The limits of each ss band are forte minimum and masinum thicknesses given in Table 47. Wen ming ns fn ed em aber reo maa es) | ininidietelogaarwtcsaiieeeaefegrersccmeccrtcessies” | ices pts dst an oe mato! ib aatems i i Z 2 i f 46 8 0 a ee ee ew me ww ‘ce Legh ft) FiG4sPRELIMINARY DESIGN CHART FIGURE 46 CIRCULAR SECTIONS (WITH ALLOWANCE FOR TRIAXIAL CONTAINMENT) ‘Steel to BS 4360 Grade 43C: Minimum Yield Strength 275 Nimm2, ‘Conerete 28 Day Cube Strength 40 Nimm?, ‘The limits of each size band are fr the einimum and maximum thickness given in Table 47, ‘When assessing the resistance of a column fabeicated from otber grades of material the axial load and effective leagth ae to bo modiied using the appropriate conversion factors ven on figure 4.5 (see design procedure). Each band terminates atthe limit fefD = 25. ‘When this ratio is exceeded, columns shouldbe designed using fgute 45. ry ‘Ws ia ie Rs of +o 8 ® @ Ww we @ ‘etc a aes) mG-46 n