Jonathan Plaxton

UWRT 1104
4/5/2017
Annotated bibliography
"Batteries for Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles." Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Hybrid
and Plug-In Electric Vehicles. Accessed April 04, 2017.
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_batteries.html.

- This source is an article that was written by US department of energy that explains the different
types of hybrid batteries and how they work. The article lists the common types of hybrid
batteries and gives a brief explanation of how they work. The second part of this article covers
how these batteries are recycled and disposed of.
- This report is very informative and will definitely be used in our presentation. The article
discusses how the batteries are recycled and disposed of and how the country hasnt yet
established an infrastructure to deal with the precious metal disposal. We plan to reference this
in our project as it helps our argument.
- Since this is a government document written by the department of energy on the matter of
alternative fuels I believe it is a very credible source because of the extensive research and large
number of experts they consulted with before presenting their results.

"The electric cars arent green myth debunked." Shrinkthatfootprint.com. Accessed April 04, 2017.
http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-cars-green.
- This article was written about a year ago regarding the passage of some law to do with hybrid
vehicles and their regulation. I believe the information presented is fairly true but its extremely
outdated and no longer relevant.
- I probably wont directly quote this article or use any of its numbers because I dont trust the
validity of the information at all. The website I got the article from is very opinion driven. With
that said, I think this article (and its comments) have brought new ideas to my mind and given
me things to look into that I would have never thought of.
- The author of this piece doesnt seem to really state any facts or have any evidence other than a
3-year-old study of carbon per kilowatt of energy produced in various countries. I dont have any
evidence to show the author has any idea of what shes talking about. The website in itself is
primarily an opinion based article site so I wouldnt say the information is very credible.

Biello, David. "Electric Cars Are Not Necessarily Clean." Scientific American. May 11, 2016. Accessed April
04, 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-are-not-necessarily-clean/.

- This article, published after Teslas Model 3 reveal at the Chicago auto Expo, gives evidence to
prove that the electric car isnt truly zero emissions. The article discusses how the electricity
used to power a hybrid car usually isnt very clean meaning that the car is actually responsible
for emissions. One major downside with the article is that it only talks about emissions
produced from driving the car and not from production of disposal.
 - The information from this project will be integrated into our presentation because it seems to
be credible and agrees with the information I have found in other sources.
- While the author of this article is a reporter (which generally arent entirely trustworthy) all the
facts are backed up by federal or private testing. The article refers to many government
documents and tests. I believe the author and publisher are credible and plan to use the
information.

Berners-Lee, Mike, and Duncan Clark. "Manufacturing a car creates as much carbon as driving it." The
Guardian. September 23, 2010. Accessed April 04, 2017.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/sep/23/carbon-footprint-
new-car.
- This article discusses the emissions and other environmental effects of producing a modern car.
It provides information from the vehicle manufacturer on what the effects of producing a single
car. Im using this information as a baseline to compare to a hybrid car that requires a different
process to be manufactured.
- The information from this project will be integrated into our presentation because it seems to
be credible and agrees with the information I have found in other sources.
- The author has used government and manufacture information to write the report making the
source credible. Most of the writing is opinionated but provides good numbers as a base that I
can use.

Voelcker, John. "Five Reasons Buying a Hybrid Prius Won't Save the Planet." Green Car Reports.
Accessed April 04, 2017. http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1052110_five-reasons-buying-
a-hybrid-prius-wont-save-the-planet.
- This article is a discussion of a report that the author helped write. He talks about how an
electric car (specifically a Prius) is only as clean as the electricity it is charged with. Many good
points are given, such as nothing will reduce emissions as much as not driving. The article
supports the idea that people should think harder about the real environmental consequences
of products that are marketed as green or ecofriendly.
- I plan to use some of the numbers and research that this article published to show how bad an
electric car can be. The first half of the article contains a lot of information that I can use and I
havent been able to find elsewhere.
- This article seems to be very credible and author is a former EPA employees meaning that he
has experience in the field and is conveying ruthful information.

"Emissions Showdown: Toyota Prius vs HUMMER H2." Autobytel.com. Accessed April 04, 2017.
http://www.autobytel.com/toyota/prius/2009/reviews/emissions-showdown-toyota-prius-vs-
hummer-h2-105357/.
- This article will be heavily used and cited in our presentation because its a complete
comparison from production to disposal of a hybrid car and a notoriously dirty car (Hummer).
The comparison is baked up with facts and many tests done by various 3rd party groups as well
as the government. The only major downside to this article is the fact that its a couple of years
old. The information is outdated so I would have to get up to date test results and comparisons
to double check the information in its current state.
- This project will help our presentation because it is exactly the comparison we are doing and
hold all the relevant information that is need to make the comparison.
 - This article is extremely credible, as is the author. The facts are all backed up with citations of
the relevant testing and the author (Jeff Wysaski) is known for writing very in depth
comparisons and has a good working knowledge of the steps both cars undertake from
production to disposal.

J.O., Estima, and Marques Cardoso. Efficiency analysis of drive train topologies applied to electric/hybrid
vehicles. Report. Electromech Engr, University of Coimbra.
- This article is a research paper that was written by the University of Columbia on how the hybrid
drive train works and how it effects the rest of the car. The paper refers to many of the current
production vehicles and the technology they possess. The authors go into detail on how hybrids
work and what the energy does while being stored. This is a very informative paper because its
so in depth, but at 160 pages long most of the information is above my head and wont be used
in the project.
- I will use the source and directly quote it because of how well it explains of a hybrid system
drives a car. This project will help me explain to my peers how a hybrid car works so they can
understand the concepts before we begin talking about the environmental issues.
- This information comes from an extremely reliable author and the paper was released by the
university so I believe its very credible.

R, Suarez-Bertoa. Unregulated emissions from light-duty hybrid electric vehicles. Report. Sustainable
Transport Unit, European Commission, Sustainable Transport Unit, Joint Research Centre (JRC),
Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Ispra, VA, Italy.
- This paper is a research paper that was written by a member of the Sustainable transport unit of
the European Union. The paper provides evidence that hybrid vehicle manufactures are using
the small amount of regulations from hybrid vehicles to produce a car and then make it seem
ecofriendly when they, in fact, are worse than current cars. A major downside of the article is
that it refers to European laws. While the laws are different, the cars are extremely different
between European and American markets.
- I plan to use this paper because it has a lot of information comparing hybrid cars to traditional
gasoline cars. This paper contains facts that can be used in our presentation and all the
information and sources of the information.
- Again, this paper was written by a professional and published an establishment that is obviously
credible and has a good reputation of solid information.

A. Scholte, F. Haulser, A. Hecker, and E. Bergmann. Cooperative regulation of emissions using plug-in
hybrid vehicles. Report. Connected Vehicles, Hamilton Inst., Nat. Univ. Ireland, Maynooth,
Ireland.
- This research paper covers regulations of plug in hybrids (common hybrid) and the emissions of
these vehicles. This paper also refers to vehicle manufacturers and the need for regulation of
these vehicles so they can truly be weighted up in terms of emissions. Currently the batteries
and other hybrid drive systems come from china in unregulated areas so the government
doesnt know exactly whats in it.
- The source is very like some of my other sources so I may or may not use. I would use it because
it talks about the unregulated production of these hybrids and how it could lead to more
emission than expected.
- The authors all work at the University of Ireland and have studied the topic of alternative energy
and its production for many years so the information is credible.
Hao, Han, Qaio Qinyu, and Zongwei Liu. Report. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,
Tsinghua University, Beijing.
- This paper, written by a board from Tsinghua University, is about the safety and energy of
production vehicles. I am using the source for its summarization of hybrid energy systems and
how they are made. It explains the extra production required for a hybrid car and how the
battery and motors are sourced. The paper is very long so it will be hard finding the exact
information and tests regarding the extra production costs and emissions.
- This report will help me show that hybrid cars require extra production which means
considerably more emissions.
- These authors are very reliable and have a solid reputation for investigating new trends in
production vehicles so they have experience in field. The university is also a key player in global
investigation of vehicle safety and reliability.