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HeatTreatmentofSteel
Mr.SGKulkarni
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HeatTreatmentOfSteel
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AllotropyInPureIron
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LatticeStructure
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Steel
Steelisdefinedas
AnAlloyofIron&Carbon
Withorwithout
OtherAlloyingElements
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Alloying
EFFECTSOF
ALLOYINGELEMENTS
ON
STEELPROPERTIES
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Aluminium
Aluminumisprobablythemost
activedeoxidizer incommon
useinproducingsteel.Itisused
forproducingsteelwithinherentlyfine
grainsize.
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Boron
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Carbon
When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, the
properties which give steel its great value begin to appear. As
the amount of carbon increases up to .80 or .90%, the metal
becomes harder, possesses greater tensile strength, and,
what is most important, becomes increasingly responsive to
heat treatment with corresponding development of very high
strength and hardness. If carbon were to be increased beyond
certain limits in plain carbon steel, the ability to be worked
either hot or cold would disappear almost entirely, and it
would begin to assume the characteristics of cast iron, which
usually has 1.7 to 4.5% carbon.
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Chromium
Chromiumincreasesresponsetoheattreatment.
Itincreasesdepthofhardnesspenetrationaswellaswear
resistance.
MostCrbearing alloyscontain0.50to1.50%Chromium.
HotDieSteelshavetypically5%Cr.
StainlesssteelscontainlargequantitiesofCr(12to25%),
oftenincombinationwithnickel,andpossessincreased
resistancetooxidationandcorrosion.
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Columbium(Niobium)
Columbium in 188 stainless steel has a similar effect to
titanium in making the steel immune to harmful carbide
precipitation and resultant inter granular corrosion.
Columbium bearing welding electrodes are used in welding
both Titanium
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COPPER
Copper is normally added in amounts of 0.15 to
0.25% to improve resistance to atmospheric
corrosion and to increase tensile and yield strengths
with only a
slight loss in ductility.
Higher strength properties can be obtained by
precipitation hardening copperbearing steel.
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LEAD
Lead in greatly improves machinability.
When the lead is finely divided and uniformly
distributed it has no known effect on the mechanical
properties of the steel in the strength levels most
commonly specified.
It is usually added in amounts from 0.15% to 0.35%.
Pollution issues restrict the use of Lead.
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MANGANESE
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MOLYBDENUM
Molybdenumaddsgreatlytothepenetrationofhardness
andincreasestoughness.
Molybdenumtendstohelpsteelresistsofteningathigh
temperaturesandisanimportantmeansof assuringhigh
creepstrength.
Itisgenerallyusedincomparativelysmallquantities
rangingfrom0.10to0.40%.
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NICKEL
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SILICON
Silicon is one of the common deoxidizers used during
the steel making. It also may be present in varying
quantities up to 1% in the finished steel and has a
beneficial effect on certain properties such as tensile
strength. It is also used in special steels in the rage of
1.5% to 2.5% silicon to improve the hardenability. In
higher percentages, silicon is added as an alloy to
produce certain electrical characteristics in the so
called silicon electrical steels and also finds certain
applications in some tool steels where it seems to
have a hardening and toughening effect.
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PHOSPHORUS
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Sulphur
Sulphur is an important element in steel When
present in relatively large amounts,increases
machinability.
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TITANIUM
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TUNGSTEN
Tungsten is used as an alloying element in tool steel And
tends to produce a fine, dense grain and keen Cutting edge
when used in relatively small
quantities.
When used in larger quantities of 17 to 20% in
Combination with other alloys, it produces a high speed steel
which retains its hardness at the high temperatures
developed in high speed cutting.
Tungsten is also used in certain heat resisting steel where
the retention of strength at high temperatures is important.
It is usually used in combination with Chromium or other
alloying elements.
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VANADIUM
Vanadium, usually in quantities from 0.15 to 0.20%
retards grain growth, even after hardening from high
temperatures or after periods of extended heating.
Tool steel containing vanadium seem to resist shock
better than those which do not contain this element .
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GrainSize
A Grain is the Crystal in the steel.
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HowAluminiumproducesfineGrainSize
Duringdeoxidation,Aluminium combinesWithNitrogento
produceAluminium Nitride.
ForfinegrainsteelAl=0.020%minimum
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Methodofgrainsizemeasurement
Itdependson:
1.Typeofsteel.
2.Conditionofsteel
PriorAusteniticGrainsizeismostcommonmethodfor
checkingasperASTMMicroscopicallyat100X
magnification
Comparisonwiththechart
measuringno.ofgrainsperunitarea
intersectionmethod
ImageAnalyser
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EffectsofGrainSize
1.Finergrainsize Lowerhardenability
2.Finergrainsize Bettermechanical
propertiese.g.Fatigue,
UTS,YS,Impactetc.
3.Finergrainsize Lowercorrosion
resistance
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Hardness
Hardnessiscommonlymeasuredas
ResistancetoIndentation
MaximumattainablehardnessisafunctionoftheCarbon
contentofthesteel.
WhensteelisheatedtoAusteniteandsuddenlyquenched,
theMartensite isformed.Thisstrongandbrittlestructureis
formedbyentrappedcarboninMartensite.
Requiresachangeinstructurefromthebodycenteredcubic
structurefoundatroomtemperaturetothefacecentered
cubicstructurefoundintheAusteniticregion.
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Hardenability
Almost all elements increase the Hardenability i.e.
response to Heat Treatment to different degree.
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HardenabilityofSteels
Hardenability: A measure of the ability a specific
alloy to be hardened by forming martensite as a
result of given heat treatment
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Jominy EndQuenchTest
flat ground
specimen
(heated to 4
phase field)
24C water
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WhyhardnesschangeswithJominyposition?
BecauseThecoolingratevarieswithposition
Softest
Hardest
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EffectofCarbonContenton
Hardenability
Thehardenability
increaseswiththecarbon
content.
Hardenabilitycurvesforfour
8600seriesalloysofindicated
carboncontent.
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EffectofAlloyingElementsonHardenability
Hardenability Curvesfor
Distancefromquenchedend
FiveSteelAlloys(Each
Containing0.4wt%C)
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EffectofSize&Alloy
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EffectOfSectionOnHardeningPattern
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TransformationDiagram
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TheIronIronCarbidePhaseDiagram
F
E L+Fe3C
P 2.14 4.30 G
M
O
N 0.76 H
0.022
CementiteFe3C
C
6.70
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IronCarbonDiagram
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Carbon%Vs.Microstructure
Ferrite(light)+Pearlite(dark)
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TypesofHeatTreatments
1. PremachiningHeatTreatments
1.1Normallizing/Normallizing &Tempering
1.2FullAnnealing
1.3IsothermalAnnealing
1.4Spherodising
1.4Quenching&Tempering(Toughening)
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TemperatureRegimeofSteel
HeatTreatment
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Normallizing
Objectives:
Set Microstructure to Normal i.e Ferrite & Pearlite
uniformly distributed , with appropriate hardness for
better machinability (Tool life & Surface finish)
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SlowCooling
Time in region
indicates amount of
microconstituent!
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MediumCooling Cooling Rate, R, is
Change in Temp /
Time C/s
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This steel is very
FastCooling hardenable 100%
Martensite in ~ 1
minute of cooling!
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AnnealingProcesses
Annealing: aheattreatmentinwhichamaterialis
exposedtoanelevatedtemperatureforanextended
timeperiodandthenslowlycooled.
Threestagesofannealing
1. Heatingtothedesiredtemperature
2. Holdingorsoakingatthattemperature
3. Cooling,usuallytoroomtemperature
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StressRelieving
Internal stresses can build up in metal as a result of
processing.
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RefinementofGrainStructures
Recrystallization Annealing/
Processannealing/Interstage annealing
Aftermetalworking(particularlycoldworking),the
crystalstructuresareelongatedinthedirectionof
working.
Annealingcanchangetheshapeofthegrainsback
tothedesiredform.
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IsothermalAnnealing
Its a shortcut to full annealing .Isothermal means
transformation at constant temperature.
It is done to save furnace time and avoid banded
structure, especially in lower carbon carburizing steels.
It involves :
1.Heating to 30 C above the carburizing temp.
2.Fast cooling to close to Pearlitic Nose (650 C)
3.Transforming to Pearlite +Ferrite at constant temp.
4.Cooling as fast as possible.
The resultant structure is Blocky Pearilte + Ferrite.
This is a very stable, Stressfree and machinable
structure. Bandsfree micro is mainly a result of
Step 2.
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IsothermalAnnealing
IsoannealedNormallized
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SpherodizeAnnealing
For some grades like SAE
52100,this is the ideal pre
machining treatment.
This is done by holding for a long
time just below the Lower
critical point, austenitizing
just above the lower critical
temperature and cooling slowly
thro the critical range . This gives
Rounded (spherodised) Carbides
in ferrite Matrix .
Alternately, Pendulum Annealing
may be used for getting similar
structure.
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HardeningOfSteel
Conventionalheattreatment
proceduresforproducingmartensitic
structureinvolves:
1.Heatingtorequiredtemperature
2.Soaking toobtainuniformAustenite
3.Fast,continuouscooling(quenching)
inansuitableagitatedmedium
suchaswater,oil,orair.
Theoptimumpropertiesofasteelthathasbeenquenchedandthen
temperedcanberealizedonlyifduringthequenchingheattreatment,the
steelisconvertedtoahighcontentofmartensite
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Microstructure
but
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HardeningOfSteel(Cont.)
Thesuccessfulheattreatingofsteelstoproducea
predominantlyMartensite microstructurethroughout
thecrosssectiondependsmainlyonthreefactors:
Alloycomposition
QuenchingmediumCharacteristicsand
BathAgitation
3.Thesizeandshapeofthecomponent
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EffectofPartSize
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EffectofSizeonHardening
Pattern
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HardenabilityCurves
Hardnessvs.distancefromthequenchedend
Hardness, HRC
flat ground
4
Asteelthatishighlyhardenablewillretainlargehardnessvaluesfor
relativelylongdistances;alowhardenableonewillnot.
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Quenching
Quenching includes :
1.Cold Oils Normal, Accelerated & Speciality.
2.Hot (Martepering) Oils
3.Molten Salts
4.High Pressure GasPlain / Blended
5.Plug/Die(Restraint) Quenching
6.Intensive Quenching
7.Selective quenching
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QuenchingMedium(1):Water
The most commonly used quenching medium
Inexpensive and convenient to use
Provide very rapid cooling
Especially used for lowcarbon steel, which requires a
very rapid change in temperature in order to obtain
good hardness and strength
Can cause internal stresses, distortion, or cracking
Cooling rate is very sensitive to bath Temperature
e.g.Cooling rate drops to 50% from 24 C to 40 C
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QuenchingMedium(2):Oil
More gentle than water. Used for more critical parts, such as
parts that have thin sections or sharp edges like Razor blades,
springs, and knife blades.
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QuenchingMedium(3):Air
Moregentlethanoil
Doesnotproducesteelthatisashard
orstrongassteelquenchedbywater
oroil
Lesschanceofproducinginternal
stresses,distortion,orcracking
Generallyusedonlyonsteelsthat
haveaveryhighalloycontent
Specialalloys(suchasCrandMo)are
selectedbecausetheyareknownto The heated sample is placed
causematerialstohardeneven on a screen. Cool air is blown
at high speed from below it.
thoughaslowerquenchingmethodis
used
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QuenchingMedium(4)Polymer
Polymers quenchants are water based and have Cooling Rates
in between Water and Oils.
* The Cooling rate is Variable and is inversely proportional to
polymer percentage. This is the biggest plus point of Polymers,
since for variety of parts /steels, , suitable cooling rate is
obtained by changing polymer percentage.
* Also, they have much reduced tendency for distortion and
cracking compared to water.
* The above two advantages make it very useful for hardening of
Large sections of low alloy steels and carbon steels.
* Polmers are cammonly used in Induction Hardening for above
Reasons.
* Being waterbased, polymer solutions are sensitive to bath
temperature.
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QuenchingMedium(5)Gas
*High Pressure Gas Quenching has become popular with
Vacuum processes like Vacuum Carburizing/ Vacuum
Hardening .
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MechanismofQuenchingProcess
Quenchinghasthreestages:
1.VapourPhase Formationofvaporblanketreducingtheheat
transferfromworkpiece toquenchant.
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Quenching&Tempering
This is done for one of the following reasons
As pretreatment for low temp. Nitriding/ Nitro
carburizing, Induction hardening, or Flame
hardening to provide adequate core strength. i.g.
Gear blanks ,Crankshafts etc.
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Tempering
Temperingisreheatinghardenedsteelfor:
1.ReducedHardness.
2.IncreesedDuctility.
3.IncresedToughness.
4.ReducedStresslevels.
ThisisduetodiffusionofCarboninMartensite.
ThreemainVariablesoftempering
Temperature
Time
CoolingRate
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TemperingCurves
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Austempering
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Thanks!!
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