The Oxford Encyclopedia of ANCIENT GREECE & ROME VOLUME 1THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME Michael Gagarin EDITOR IN CHIEF Elaine Fantham ASSOCIATE EDITOR IN CHIEF VOLUME 1 Academy-Bible OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2010OXFORD ‘Oxford tniverity Press, Ine publishes works ha farther ‘sford University’s objective af excellence in research, scholarship, and education, ‘Oxfor New York Aueklaad Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kaag Karachi ‘ala Larapur Atadrid Melbourne Mexico Cig) Naimabi New Dethi Shanghai ‘Taipes Toronto With offices ia Angontina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary aly Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukesine Vietnam ‘Copyright ® 2010 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press. Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, semeoupcom ‘sfoed bs a registered trademark af Oafoed University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in retrieval system or transmitted, i any fort or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photacopying. recording, o€ ‘otherwise; withaut the prior permission of Oxlord University Press, ‘The Library af Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data ‘The Oafird encyclopedia afanckent Greece and Rome J Michael Gagarin, cio mem. ‘nce bibliographical references and ides. ISBN 97 -c-49-527072-6 (hardback) ~ ISBN 978-0-19-5388398 (ces) 1 Greece-Encyclopeias, 2, Rome-Eneyclopedias.s, CWilization, ‘Classical-Eneyelopedias, L Gagarin, Michel. I, Fantham, Haine, ML Title: Encyelopedia of ancient Greece andl Bare. DES,095 2010 ssaaj-des2 — aoa90atas6 as579864a Printed in the United States of America on acid-fre paper ci lune Fantham, associate editor in chietCONTENTS List of Entries: ix List of Maps xix List of Genealogical Tables xxi Preface xxiii Chronology xxix Directory of Contributors cv Common Abbreviations Used in This Work exli Map of the Ancient Greek and Roman World exiii THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME Topical Outline of Entries, vol. 7 285 Index, vol. 7 299List of Maps VOLUME 1 The Ancient Greek and Roman World ext The Achaean and Aetolian Confederacies at Their Maxinmwwin Teetitorial Extent 2 Plan of the Athenian Actapolis 7 The Campaigns of Alexander the Great G7 Alexandria from the Fourth Century ace to the Fourth Century co 72 Archaeological Sites in Turkey #74 The Athenian Empire at Its Height gor Plan of Lower City, Athens, Fifth to Fourth Centuries nce 300 Plan of Athens, First Century ace to Sixth Century ce 31g Barbarians, Ramans, and Byzantines, 430 ~ 600 368 VOLUME 2 The Ancient Greek and Roman World ¥ Greek Colonies and Colonization, 750-500 nce 255 in of Constantinople 203 Plan of Gosa 406 Plan of the Sanctuary of Apolo, Delphi, Sixth to Third Century ace a8 Succesior Kingdorns to Alexander the Great, 100 nce 41 VOLUME 3 ‘The Ancient Greek and Roman World vi Egypt 24 Plan of Ephesus 80 Monuments in the Roman Forum 213 Greece and the Aegean World 332 VOLUME 4 ‘The Ancient Greek und Roman World vi Etrusean and Roman Italy 95 Rome andl Its Allies in the Thitd Century wer 96 Languages of Italy 98 Campaigns of Julius Cs at 153Lust o Mavs Plan of the Palaee of Minos 182 ~ 183 Anaximander’s Map 335 Anaximander's Map on a Column-drura Earth 335 VOLUME 5 ‘The Ancient Greek and Roman World vi Mycenae 27 Plan of the Sanctuary at Olympia. 99 Alliances at the Outset of the Peloponnesian Wars 198 —199 ‘The Peloponnesias 203 Plan of the Upper City. Pergamum, Second Cent Royal Roads of Achaemenid Persia. 218 ‘Theater of the Persian Wars. 223 Plan of the Minoan Palace, Phaestus, ¢. 1900-€, 1430 her 238 Plan of Pompeii 33 VOLUME 6 ‘The Ancient Greek and Roman World vi ‘The Territories of Rome and Its Allies, Barly First Century nce 143 Provinces of the Roman Empire, n7 ce 152 Diaceses and Provinces as Established by Diotletian, Barly Fourth Century 153 ity of Rome in the Age of Constantine 177 Imperial Fora 180 Sicily 308 Iberian Peninsula 372 VOLUME 7 ‘The Ancient Greek and Roman World vi Plan of Thessaloniea 47“UNIVERSITY PRESS ‘Axford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further ‘Oxford University’s objective af excellence in reseaech, scholurship, and education ‘Oxford New Yark ‘Avekland Cape Town Dar ¢s Salaam Hong Kang. Karachl Kus Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City: Nairmbi [New Delhi Shanghai Taipe: Toronto ‘With offices ia Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Maly Jopan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland ‘Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, tne 198 Maclison Avenue, New York, NY 0016 ‘Oxford isa registered trademarks af Oxford University Press All rights reserves No part of Uhis publication muy be repraducs stored in 1 metrieval system, or transtaitted. in any form or by any means, eeetronie, mecianieal, photacopying, eeording, or otherwise, withaul the priar peemissian of Oxlord University Press, ‘The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘The Oxfnl endo ance Grew a ome Mikael Sagi oe ced Eine Fann, aot chi Ince iran eens nine ISIN ortoapsiere6 (abr) ISBN 678 00-5880-8 2 Grete Emel. tome-Eneyelopatn 9 Cecio {asc Fneypeia Lag, Mice HF ae i tide Faceplates Greece an ome Dts 06 stones ooprabo6 iys7atcea Printed athe Unie Sates of Ameren on aie paperOXFORD “UNIVENSETY PRESS ‘Oxford Uivertey Pees, Inc publishes works thal fares Oxford University objective of excellence i reeearch, scholarship, and education, ‘Oxford New Yark ‘Avekiand Cape Town Dar ¢s Salaam Hong Kang Karachl Kula Lumpur Madrid Melboane Mexico City: Nuirbi [Now Dethi Shanghai Taipe) Toronto ‘With offices ia Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Maly Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland ‘Thailind Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Brews Published by Oxford University Press, tne 198 Maclison Avenue, New York, NY 0016 sewnecoup.com ‘Oxfords a registered trademark: of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part ef this publication may be repraduced, stored in 1 metrieval system, or transtaitted. in any form or by any means, eeetronie, mechanical, photacopying, recording, oF otherwise, without the priar peemissian of Oxlord University Press “The Library of Congress Calaloging-in-Publication Data ‘The Onfard encyclopedia of ancient Grewe and Rome J Michael ‘Gagarin, editor in chief; Elaine Fantham, assoeiate editor in chiet pen. Includes biblhographical references and ines. ISBN 974 7072-6 (hurlback) ~ ISBN o78-0-14-sa8830-8 (deh ‘Classieal-Enoyclopeadlas I. Gagarin, Michaet Il ML, Tithe: Encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Blame, DE5.045 ano. gganj-dea2 — a0agoatyg6 ays79864aa Prince! in the United States of America on acide paperUNIVERSITY PRESS ‘Oxford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further ‘Osford University’s objective of excollence in research, scholarship, and education, ‘Oxford! New York Auckland Cape Town Dae es Salaam Heng Kong Karachi ‘Kuala Lumpar Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Naimbi ‘New Delhi Shanghal Taipei Toronto wi Argentina Austria Bearil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary aly Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam ‘Copyright 2010 by Orxtard University Press ‘Published fy Oxford University Press, Ine 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 semenap.com ollie iat ‘Onfoed isa registered trademark of Onfoed University Press Al rights reseeved, Na part of this publication may be repradices. stoved in «vetsieval system, or transmitted. in any form or by any means, eeetronic, mechanieal, photacopying, wearding, oF ‘otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press “The Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data ‘The Oxford eneyolopedia af ancient Grewe and Rowe J Michael ‘Gagarin, editor in chief; Elaine Fantharn, assoviale editor in ebiel em. ‘Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-527072-6 (hardback) ~ ISBN 978-0-19-538830-8 (desh 1. Growee-Bneyelopedtias, 2, Rome-Eneyelopedias. 3, Ciifzation, ‘Classical-Encyclopedias I, Gagarle, Michael I, Fanthar, Elaine, 1M, Title; Encyclopedia of ancient Grovce ancl ame, E5,095 2010 ga8aq}-dex2 s0agoayge rasrosoaa ‘Printed in the United States of America on acld-fwre paperOXFORD USIVERSITY PRESS ‘Oxford Univerlty Press, Inc. publishes works that farther Oxford University’ objective af excllene in research, scholarship, and education ‘Oaford New York Auckland Cape Town De es Salaam Heng Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourae Mexico City’ Naleobi [New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto ‘With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic Trance Greece ‘Guatemala Hungary ttaly Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland ‘Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam ‘Copyright © anya by Oxkard University Press Published by Oxford University Prevs, Inc. 198 Matison Avent, New Yorks NY 19036 ‘wrewoupcom, ‘Oxford fc a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be: reproduced, stored in «retrieval system. or transmitted. in any form ar by any mewn, electronic, machanieal, photacopying, wearding, oF ‘otherwise: without Ube prior permission of Oxloed University Press. ‘The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data "he Oxon enycdopia fant Greece and oe / Mikal Sgt toro et Ele Fanta, sete eR bn he Inositol reftenes nex ISBN srB-srrra hardin) ~ BBN 9-08 98368 "ieee facepiece 4 Caton {Sansa-nojlpens Lar, Mico Fath Ei Ie Enel of ae ives al Kae Dksths ane sstooy-dcra_somgoahigs errr Printed in the United Sates Aria on ai. paperOXFORD USIVERSITY PRESS ‘Oxford Univeralty Pres, Inc. publishes works that farther Oxford University objective af excell in research, scholarship, and education ‘Oar New York Aue&and Cape Town Dar es Salsam Heng Kang Karachi ‘Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi {New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Tomnts ‘With offices ia Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Coch Republic Trance Greece ‘Guatemala Hungary ttaly Japan Polané Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland ‘Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam ‘Copyright® 2010 by Oxkard University Press ‘Published by Oxford University Brees ne. 198 Madison Avene, New York, NY 19016 swaewoup.com, ‘Oxford fea registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be repraduces, stored in-w cetrieval system. or transmitted. in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, machaniea, phosacopying, wearding, o€ ‘otherwise, without the prior permissian of Oxford University Press, ‘The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘The Oxon enycdopia facent Greece and oe / Michael Sept tor et Ee Fann, soe eR chi Inositol retences inex ISBN gross (hadbuk) ~ SBN 9-046 98368 Cd "eee Tacelopa Tome- Tne 4 Caton {Gansca-nojlpelas LGaprn Mice Forth Ei: Ie Enel facet ive a ae Ds a0 sstocy-dcia_so0g028i6 Psa79 864d Printed the United Sates Aerie om aie paperINDEX Page numbers in boldface refer to the main entry of the subject. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. a Aalto, Alvar, 52179 Abbot, George, 23213 Abiaction of Gareyrncae (Rubens). 5e5 Addiction af Helen (Calkuthus), 5al52 Abinnaeus, Flavius, $172 abortion, gynecological treatises on, 2 Absternius, 8153: Ai urbo condita (Livy), 270-271 Academia Ercolanese, 22201 Academie (Academies) (Cocero 2139, 7159-16) Aeadémle de France a Kome, Académie Royale d Architecture (Paris). 22200 Académie Royale de Feinture et de Seaujture (Paris), 2:200 scudlesmies ‘nineteenth century, 2:20 ‘ofthe Renaissance, 21182 seventeenth century, 2:199 Academy, HSL; $261 Aristotle in, 242; 3349 (Chrysipps statdent at, 25112 closed by Justinian, 4:167—168 cosmology of, 62251 destroyed by Sulla, founding, 52252, 00 faurdens at, 3:271, 273 gymnasium in, 32367. 369 ‘Neoplatonism in, 5:55 fo apprehensive appearances, 6191 Plutarch mensber of, 533 Presocratic influence in, 623 undler Proelus, 556-87 26 sanctuary to the Muses, 5:5 skepticism In, 6314, 315-316, 317 turn from skepticism back to Plate, 4:297 Acamas, 4:96; 7:43 Aearnanig, BEI AAceis, Lueius, 23171 Atreus, 7100-101 (Groek tragedy adapted by, 71100 Influenced by Ennis, 42212 Irageclies by, 72100) Accursius (Francisca Accorse anal}, 28178 Accusation af Kratos, The (Lucian of Samosata) 289 Achaea and the Achaean Contederaey, 1:13: 352 Achacans as ethnic group. 31 alliance with Avtatian Contederacy, 1233 “Antigoaus Il Gonatas and, 1:115 Argos in, 12S assembly of, 12285 colonization by, 22253 Corinth in, 23302 ethvios ine 1M as Fedlerated state, 32170 Flamininus, Tutus Quinctias, in, pag map. 1:2 Pelopannesus under, $203 Roman conquest of, 6140-141 Achnemenid Persia, $:207-219 ‘Alexandh glass in, 959038 ferusalem under, map of, 5.288 Philip ll of Macedan’s war agalst, 164 Phowntcla under, 5276 Scythia influences ys 260 in Turkey. 1:175 Achaeus, 7999 Acharaions (Avistophanes), 289-254 S190 Callisteavus producer of, 1252 choms, 1236 Euripides in, 2270 fluenced by Herodotus, 3:43 0h mocking Euripidean tragedy, ra fon Lamaehus, 22270 pilot, 12235, 236 prize for, 1282 Acheicopoictos (Thessalomiea), 7918 insults directed ‘Ajax and, 1:4 ‘Amazons and, 1:85 Athena and, 12293, 295; R312 conflict of hero and, 3:34 education of, $413 hhero eull of 85125 fn Mal, 12152 216-17 kale by Apollo, 12132 ‘Odysseus compared with, $289.90 with Penthesilea, statue of, 6245 palis played by, 7:90 Statins on, 65396 tending the wouncled Patrosts Ls “Thessaly we home of, 7519 Achilles Painter, 72163 Achilles Tatius, 5:72, 73 Acontius and Cysippe, 3127 299300 agora of, temple of Zeus, 62110 Valley af the Temples, ius, SSH garrisoned by Philp Il, 2301 sanctuary te Aphmdite Ural 1190 acrolithic statues, 2336 Acropolis, Athenian, Iab=8, 305; 2e153, See ley Erecheheur (Acrupalis!: Theater of Dionysus veretion of deities xt, 62207 acroteria, 6252 architectural seulptuce, 6.249 Athena's grove on, 3¢311 Atlas ane, LST Flewsinian sancteary in, Elgin Marbles, S413, 42 ‘equestrian statues in, $196 Eras temple on, 3:105-107 kkorai sculptures on, 6:242 painting in, 59140, 132 pediment, 6251 Pericles in creation 0 plan, 1:7 sack by Nenwes I, 1:30 sacred shake at, 62 stoas in, 6:38 Acropolis Muscum (Athens), 12905 5:10, 176 acroteria, 6:88, 252-250 Etruscan, 6251 Nike in, 3368. 64 Roman, 6235, Actacon, 7127-28 Aetia {guinguennial games), Actium, batt 3M 32 Ageippa in, 152 Horace on, 431 Maecenas at, 4:31 ‘Mark Antony’ and, 2:25 850 ‘Messala in command of ships at, 4295, aval warfare in, 6:30 Prapertius, Sestus, on, 6259 stipes in, 132 sctors and seting, 1:10=13 Grovk, HOI tours by, 72108 in tragedy, 7:98, 99-100 B20 sama of, 64748 marriage and. 6:48 number of actors see by Acschybus, 1:10, 23, 26: 7:88 by Aristophanes, 134-235, is Boman comic theates, 7223 ‘pantonizne, 5167-168 Roman, 1212-13 status of 7423 Sophocles’ use of 659 theatrical production and, 1-22 Acts of Jasin, 4365 Acts of Paul and heels, 4357, 453: 5192-198 Acts of Peter, 4857 Acts ofthe Apostles, 113-14 fh meetings, 28117 188-189 ‘on philosophical schools, 52253 Acts of Thomas, 4454 Acusllaus of Argos collation of myths, 531 Genealogies, 5:46 jn Seven Sages, 6:287 Acute andl Chowne Diseases (Soranms), 8385 A.D, (miniseries, Cooper), 2217 Ada (satrap of Caria), 255% Adages (Erasmus). 6:53 Adam, Robert, 1159; 2201, 205 ‘om travel, 72114 Adamantinsy Adamecteanu, Adame, Mark, 2:200 5126 larshasn, 72274 ‘Ad Brotwm (Cicoro), 4245 Adelphi (The Brothers) (Terence), courtesans in, 7852 fat funeral games, $269 93) tase of Menander, Adeodatus, 1329 ‘Ad feunitiares (Ciearo), 4284-285 Pliny the Younger's Letters compared to, $326 Ad Helvicm. See Consaletio ad Hetrians (Seneca) Adherbal Iugurtha and, 4:140, Numidea under, $80 Ad Herenniaim See Rhctorica ad Merenntaa Adikia, $206 Adfocntiona Poifam (Lucan), #2 Adlets, 1255; 4108-109 administrative boards, Roman, asa Adonis “Aphrodite and, 1:13 temple in Dura-Buropos, 285% ‘women’s roles in worship of, 7239 adaptions life ane, 72139 of Antoninus Pius as heir, bby Augustus, 12842; 4:14; Incest and, 4:59 of Justinian, 42166, ‘of Lucius Aurelius Verus, 1:12: aga oman adoption and fosterage of children, 8167: 5et45 ‘of Scipio Aemillans, 6254 ‘of Tiberlus, 142; 62157; 7164 of Trajan, 62161 adarnment, personal, 1:14 Ad Quinton (Cicero) 4245 Adrastus tson of Talaus), 798 Adrastus af Aphrodisias ‘comme taries on Aristode, Peripatetic exegetie work, 428 Adriana in Sta (Metastasio and Pergotesi) 2:21) ‘Adriano, battle of (378 cx) “16% 6169, Grook Jaw, 218 punishment for, 6294 Hom: Augustus om, 3:16 42356 divorce and, 4355 Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS), 52173 satvondtis, 712%, See alsa thumps Adversus Gentes (Arnobius). 672 Advice on Heath (Plutarch), 5833 Advice un Marcie (Plutareh), 335 Advice on Publte Life (Plutarch), a advocates in Roman equrts, 22127: 44015, 227 Aebutius Libera 6281