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Megan Kiley
Daniel Schubert
Katelyn Sinn
Andrew Peterson

Engl 250
Kelly Slivka

Artificial Intelligence Discussion Panel Outline

Discussion question: What would a future with AI look like and where are we now?
I. Introduction - Daniel
A. Introduce ourselves
B. Discussion Question
II. Brief history - Andrew
A. What is Artificial Intelligence?
1. Ask Class
a) What do you think of when you think
Artificial Intelligence?
(1) Have you use artificial
intelligence today?
b) Definition
(1) Artificial intelligence
(AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer
science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study
of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of
success at some goal.[
2. General (AGI) vs. Task-Based
a) General is what you think of when
you think of a human-like AI
b) Task-Based is only for 1 goal,
playing go, poker, chess, comparing images, etc.
B. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity -
First paper in AI By Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts
1. Immanent - existing or operating within
2. Published in 1943
3. Theoretically any computable problem could be
solved through machines that act like neural networks
a) A model like this for the brain makes
sense, explains how cutting out parts of the brain can retain
functionality.
b) Lead up to and-gates and or-gates
(1) Which make up the
basics of all boolean algebra
C. AI Winters, Hype Cycles
1. Mansfield Amendment(1969)
a) required DARPA to fund "mission-
oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research."
2. The Lighthill Report (1973)
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a) Report in UK that killed enthusiasm

in AI research and lead to UK cutting AI funding
III. Now
A. Machine learning - Andrew
1. Neural networks
a) AlphaGo
(1) People didnt think
this was possible
(2) March 2016 matches
played, 4-1
(3) Differences between
chess and go complexity
(a) 8x8
board, chess
(b) 19x19
board, go
b) Explanation of Neural Networks -
Statistics and Structure
(1) Draw/Show Neural
Network
(2) TensorFlow
2. Limits of Neural Networks
a) Adversarial Examples
(1) Bring up paper and
image
(2) Explaining and

Harnessing Adversarial Examples 2015

(3)

(4) Can be overcome

b) Intelligence based on original
training set
(1) AlphaGo trained on
100,000s of Go games before being able to generate
competent new games

B. Voice recognition - Megan

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How many of you guys use Siri, cortana, alexa or any kind of voice recognition in
your everyday life?
1. Siri, Cortana and Google Now wont be the only
intelligent voice assistants
a) Weve come to rely more on natural
interfaces such as voice, touch and gesture.
b) Its now possible for developers to
build an intelligent voice interface for any app or website without
requiring an advanced degree in natural language processing.
c) The Siri founders are also working
on Viv, but they have not yet launched a product so it is unclear if
it is relevant to the emerging generation of voice applications.

C. Personality/Emotions in AI (Emotional Intelligence) - Katie

1. Robot Brain?
a) Like the human brain, functions
would be thinking, moving, remembering, feeling etc.
b) Humans are essentially complex
machines who grow and learn
c) Opinions, feelings, personality,
prejudices, etc. all from learned concepts and environment
d) http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc
e/article/pii/S074756320400024X

2. Personality robots (Nadia, Google)

a) Nadia can recognize facial
movements and discern what youre feeling
(1) Can also produce
facial emotions herself and as she speaks to more and
more people, her ability to discern what youre feeling
improves.
(2) https://thenextweb.co
m/artificial-intelligence/2017/03/24/say-hello-to-nadia-the-
terrifyingly-human-chatbot-with-emotional-
intelligence/#.tnw_jx7rqOrA

b) Google has made a patent for robots

with downloadable personalities
(1) The robots
personalities can resemble a celebrity or a deceased
family member
(2) The robots
personality also changes over time.
c) Autistic or intellectually disabled
children or adults speaking with robots
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(1) Chatbots like Nadia

or the Google robots could help children or adults with a
disability interact with someone.
(2) Chatbots have been
known to be used in classrooms for Autistic children to help
them interact with someone and be more comfortable

D. Ethics - Daniel
1. Dangers
a) AI programs need to learn for
themselves, the programmers cant teach them everything (limits
their abilities)
(1) Deep Blue example
(2) Downside: makes
them harder to predict and intentions less transparent
b) Because an AI learns for itself, it
cant simply be programmed ethically, the program itself must
make decisions ethically
2. Moral status
a) The amount of care one takes when
affecting something
(1) You could easily
crush a rock, but now a human
b) Criteria: sentience (emotions) and
sapience (intelligence)
c) AI programs currently have no moral
status
d) Question: If an AI was to become
intelligent and/or capable of feeling emotions, would you give it
moral status?
IV. Future
A. Lacking-Katie
1. Emotional intelligence in AI isnt very established,
many researchers are trying to explore more complex emotions
2. EI in AI is less about feeling and more about
processing emotions that humans make, the robots cant feel. Yet.
3. You can make a robot learn and produce decisions
but you cant make them feel?
B. Singularity - Daniel
1. Definition
a) Refers to artificial general
intelligence
b) Can adapt, invent, learn skills, etc.
2. Methods
a) Whole brain emulation - copying the
brains methods for intelligence into a computer
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3. Question: do you think the singularity will happen?

Will it be for better or for worse?
4. Probability - arguments on both sides
a) For: Godel Machine (meta learning)
b) Against: brain too difficult to emulate
5. Estimating time until it happens - very difficult to do
a) Past predictions were essentially
random
b) Difficult to determine if hardware or
software is the limiting determinant
c) Difficult to say how many human
functions AI can currently perform
d) No reliable method yet
e) Accelerators
(1) Faster hardware
means easier brute forcing
(2) Larger database of
information for AI to use
(3) Understanding of the
brain will improve
f) Decelerators
(1) People could become
afraid of AI
(2) AI-related discoveries
become harder to find
C. Outcomes - Megan
1. Job loss- Jobs are at risk due to computers
replacing humans
a) China- 77%
b) UK- 35%
c) US- 47%
2. The USs 3/10 top companies are replacing their
workers with robots
a) Walmart- replacing warehouse
stock-checkers with drones to check the aisles in a matter of
seconds
b) Foxconn- (partner manufacturer of
Amazon, Google, and Apple) they have already released 60,000
workers to replace with robots
c) The US Department of Defense- use
drones for various Middle East conflicts.
3. Universal Robots- (Danish Company) replaced
workers for a single armed robot to do the repetitive motion jobs in the
automotive business.
a) Over 8,000 of these robots were
sold and are being used for injection molding, assembly line tasks.
One of these robots works with a neurosurgeon during surgery.
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4. Jobs
have been affected over the past decades and its only going to get
worse.
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Works Cited

Boden, Margaret A. AI's Half-Century. AI Magazine, 1995, pp. 9699,

www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1174/1091. Accessed 30 Mar. 2017.

This article outlines some of the techniques in AI from 1940-1995. The article

then briefly goes over the then current argument of classicalism versus

connectionism(Parallel Distributed Processing) in AI, and the potential of hybrids,

mixes between classical and connected models in AI. The final third of the article

is about philosophical controversies in AI, such as whether strong AI is possible

and if AI can ever obtain intentionality and consciousness.

Dubhashi, Devdatt, and Shalom Lappin. AI Dangers. Communications of the ACM, vol.

60, no. 2, 2017, pp. 4345., doi:10.1145/2953876.

Argues against the idea of a singularity. Notes that current AI programs are much

too narrow to ever have artificial general intelligence. Also argues that modeling

an AI after the human brain is not efficient.

Eden, Amnon H., et al. Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import. Singularity

Hypotheses A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment, Springer Berlin, Berlin, 2013, pp.

1542. The Frontiers Collection.

Defines what the singularity is. Assesses the probability of it happening, arguing

that it is likely, and the difficulty in estimating the time until it does.

Frankish, Keith, et al. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. The Cambridge Handbook of

Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2015.

Details what ethical care should be put into designing an AI, as well as the

potential dangers of a program that learns by itself. Also questions what moral

status an intelligent and/or sentient AI should have.

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Goodfellow, Ian J., et al. ICLR 2015. [1412.6572] Explaining and Harnessing

Adversarial Examples, 20 Mar. 2015, arxiv.org/abs/1412.6572. Accessed 30 Mar. 2017.

This paper is about how current (2015) neural networks that identify objects in

images are weak to adversarial examples, or directed small changes in images

that make the artificial intelligence classify images wrongly. The paper includes

training methods that help AIs to classify adversarial examples better and

includes many useful graphics to explain current weaknesses and limitations on

artificial intelligence.

Hurst, Luke. Google Patents Customisable Robot Personalities.Newsweek, 2 April 2015,

http://www.newsweek.com/google-patents-customisable-robot-personalities-319079

Google has patented a robot device with customizable personalities. A user can

download a personality type even ones that resemble celebrities or family

members. The robots personality changes over time and in certain situations that

it detects or by command.

Maack, Mar M. Meet Nadia, the scarily human chatbot who can read your emotions.

TNW, 25 March 2017, https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2017/03/24/say-hello-

to-nadia-the-terrifyingly-human-chatbot-with-emotional-intelligence/#.tnw_LtEmDJW2.

The news article is focused on a chatbot called Nadia, created by a New Zealand

company Soul Machines. Nadia is a virtual chatbot who can speak and has facial

emotions and analyzes the facial cues of who she is talking to. As Nadia

analyzes facial expressions more and more as she talks to more people, she will

become better at it, she learns.

Martnez-Miranda, Juan and Arantza Aldea. Emotions in human and artificial intelligence.

Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 21 no. 2, March 2005, pp. 323-341,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.010.
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In this article, an analytical view of human emotions is discussed, going over how

the human brain works as parts and how environment and learned behavior all

play into human characteristics. Establishing this, the article branches off into

artificial emotional intelligence, discussing how a computer can analyze human

feelings and possibly create feelings of its owns.

Melendez, Steven. Deep Learning: Teaching Computers to Predict the Future.

NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 2 Dec. 2016,

www.nbcnews.com/mach/technology/deep-learning-predicts-future-n690851. Accessed

30 Mar. 2017.

Computers analyze a video and then present a clip of what would occur

afterwards using a video clip.

Prado, Guia Marie Del. 18 Artificial Intelligence Researchers Reveal the Profound

Changes Coming to Our Lives. Business Insider, Business Insider, 26 Oct. 2015,

www.businessinsider.com/researchers-predictions-future-artificial-intelligence-2015-10.

Accessed 30 Mar. 2017.

Numerous predictions from various scientists about how AI could help society

(Cyborgs, safety, injuries, etc.).

Scientists Afflict Computers with Schizophrenia to Better Understand the Human Brain. UT

News, 5 May 2015, https://news.utexas.edu/2011/05/05/schizophrenia_discern.

This article goes over interesting research into schizophrenia and the effect of

increasing learning rate in a computer. It explains how the software is introduced

to input and forms a output through reasoning. After the researchers increased

the learning rate of the software, rendering it in human terms unable to forget,

the researchers noticed that after giving it input with a known output, the software

would actually meld output from other types of input. This is like when
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schizophrenia patients from delusions and a mixed reality. At one point, the

software admitted to being in charge of a terrorist attack.

Tuttle, Tim. The Future Of Voice-Activated AI Sounds Awesome. Techcrunch, 6 March.

2015.https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/06/the-future-of-voice-activated-ai-sounds-

awesome/. Accessed 3 April 2017

This article explains that advancements in voice recognition are still occurring and

going to be more in depth. Companies are planning on making apps have voice

recognition and not just a web searching device (Siri). They touch upon if robots

are going to take over in the next few decades and become more dominant than

humans.

Williams-Grut, Oscar. 3 of the world's 10 largest employers are now replacing their workers with

robots. Business Insider, 9 June. 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/clsa-wef-and-citi-

on-the-future-of-robots-and-ai-in-the-workforce-2016-6?r=UK&IR=T. Accessed 2 April

2017.

Three out of the ten largest employers are making switches to robots rather than

human employees. We are able to see that China is facing up to 77% of their

employees being taken over by robots as well. Along with this information, there is

a graph representing how this switch to computers has impacted jobs over the last

century.

Yakowicz, Will. Robots Are Coming for Dirty, Dangerous, and Dull Jobs. Inc.

http://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/robots-replacing-dirty-dangerous-jobs-is-good.html.

Accessed 4 April 2017.

This article focuses on the jobs no one wants to do for the rest of their lives. The

automotive industry has started using one armed robots for their testing of

products. The repetition of this particular job is given to the robot because no

human wants to just sit and move things around for hours. This particular robot is
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useful for assembly lines and injection molding. Many of these robots have been

sold to various companies. The US is at risk of about 45% of jobs getting

jeopardized by the production and switch robots.