Bootstrap (front-end framework)

Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end web On October 29, 2014, Mark Otto announced that Boot-
framework for designing websites and web applications. strap 4 was in development.[9] The rst alpha version of
It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for Bootstrap 4 was released on August 19, 2015.[10]
typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other inter-
face components, as well as optional JavaScript exten-
sions. Unlike many web frameworks, it concerns itself 2 Features
with front-end development only.
Bootstrap is the second most-starred project on GitHub, Bootstrap 3 supports the latest versions of the Google
with more than 107,000 stars and 48,000 forks.[3] Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari
(except on Windows). It additionally supports back to
IE8 and the latest Firefox Extended Support Release
(ESR).[11]
1 Origin
Since 2.0, Bootstrap supports responsive web design.
Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was de- This means the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically,
veloped by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter taking into account the characteristics of the device used
as a framework to encourage consistency across internal (desktop, tablet, mobile phone).
tools. Before Bootstrap, various libraries were used for Starting with version 3.0, Bootstrap adopted a mobile-
interface development, which led to inconsistencies and rst design philosophy, emphasizing responsive design by
a high maintenance burden. According to Twitter devel- default.
oper Mark Otto:
The version 4.0 alpha release added Sass and exbox
support.[10]
A super small group of developers and I
got together to design and build a new inter-
nal tool and saw an opportunity to do some- 3 Structure and function
thing more. Through that process, we saw our-
selves build something much more substantial
than another internal tool. Months later, we
ended up with an early version of Bootstrap as
a way to document and share common design
patterns and assets within the company.[4]

After a few months of development by a small group,

many developers at Twitter began to contribute to the
project as a part of Hack Week, a hackathon-style week
for the Twitter development team. It was renamed from
Twitter Blueprint to Bootstrap, and released as an open Example of a webpage using Bootstrap framework rendered in
source project on August 19, 2011.[5] It has continued to Mozilla Firefox
be maintained by Mark Otto, Jacob Thornton, and a small
group of core developers, as well as a large community of Bootstrap is modular and consists of a series of Less
contributors.[6] stylesheets that implement the various components of the
On January 31, 2012, Bootstrap 2 was released, which toolkit. These stylesheets are generally compiled into a
added a twelve-column responsive grid layout system, in- bundle and included in web pages, but individual compo-
built support for Glyphicons, several new components, as nents can be included or removed. Bootstrap provides a
well as changes to many of the existing components.[7] number of conguration variables that control things such
On August 19, 2013, Bootstrap 3 was released, which re- as color and padding of various components.
designed components to use at design, and a mobile rst Since Bootstrap 2, the Bootstrap documentation has in-
approach.[8] cluded a customization wizard which generates a cus-

1
2 6
tomized version of Bootstrap based on the requested
components and various settings.
As of Bootstrap 4, Sass is used instead of Less for the
stylesheets.
Each Bootstrap component consists of an HTML struc-
ture, CSS declarations, and in some cases accompanying
JavaScript code.
Grid system and responsive design comes standard with
an 1170 pixel wide grid layout. Alternatively, the devel-
oper can use a variable-width layout. For both cases, the
toolkit has four variations to make use of dierent reso-
lutions and types of devices: mobile phones, portrait and
landscape, tablets and PCs with low and high resolution.
Each variation adjusts the width of the columns.
3.1 Stylesheets
Bootstrap provides a set of stylesheets that provide basic
style denitions for all key HTML components. These
provide a uniform, modern appearance for formatting
text, tables and form elements.
3.2 Re-usable components
In addition to the regular HTML elements, Bootstrap
contains other commonly used interface elements. The
components are implemented as CSS classes, which must
be applied to certain HTML elements in a page.
3.3 JavaScript components
Bootstrap comes with several JavaScript components in
the form of jQuery plugins. They provide additional
user interface elements such as dialog boxes, tooltips, and
carousels. They also extend the functionality of some ex-
isting interface elements, including for example an auto-
complete function for input elds. In version 2.0, the fol-
lowing JavaScript plugins are supported: Modal, Drop-
down, Scrollspy, Tab, Tooltip, Popover, Alert, Button,
Collapse, Carousel and Typeahead.
4 Bootstrap 4
On October 29, 2014, Mark Otto announced that Boot-
strap 4 was in development.[9] On September 6, 2016,
Mark suspended work on Bootstrap 3 in order to free up
time to work on Bootstrap 4. Over 4,000 commits have
been made to the Bootstrap 4 codebase so far.
Bootstrap 4 is almost a complete rewrite from Bootstrap
3. Signicant changes include:
Switched from Less to Sass.
REFERENCES
Dropped IE8, IE9, and iOS 6 support.
Added exbox support and then dropped non-
exbox support.
Switched from pixels to root ems.
Increased global font-size from 14px to 16px.
Dropped the panel, thumbnail, and well components
in favor of cards.
Dropped the Glyphicons icon font.
Dropped the pager component.
Rewrote almost all components, jQuery plugins and
documentation.
5 See also
CSS framework
Responsive web design
6 References
[1] Rebert, Chris (July 25, 2016). Bootstrap 3.3.7 released.
Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[2] Otto, Mark (January 6, 2017). Bootstrap 4 Alpha 6.
Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[3] Search stars:>1. GitHub. Retrieved February 23,
2017.
[4] Otto, Mark (January 17, 2012). Bootstrap in A List
Apart No. 342. Mark Ottos blog. Archived from the
original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved February 23,
2017.
[5] Otto, Mark (August 19, 2011). Bootstrap from Twitter.
Developer Blog. Twitter. Archived from the original on
February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
[6] About. Bootstrap. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
[7] Otto, Mark (January 31, 2012). Say hello to Bootstrap
2.0. Developer Blog. Twitter. Archived from the original
on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
[8] Otto, Mark (August 19, 2013). Bootstrap 3 released.
Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[9] Otto, Mark (October 29, 2014). Bootstrap 3.3.0 re-
leased. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[10] Otto, Mark (August 19, 2015). Bootstrap 4 alpha.
Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Re-
trieved February 23, 2017.
[11] Supported browsers. Bootstrap. Retrieved February 23,
2017.
 3

7 External links
Bootstrap Blog - The ocial Bootstrap blog main-
tained by the developer, Mark Otto
4 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text
Bootstrap (front-end framework) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)?oldid=777748548 Contrib-
utors: William Avery, David spector, KAMiKAZOW, Jordi Burguet Castell, Fuzheado, Greenrd, Bevo, Bearcat, Dumbledad, HaeB, Alexf,
Trixter, Sleske, Bkkbrad, Koavf, Frappyjohn, CapBBeard, Bovineone, Rwxrwxrwx, Chris the speller, Keegan, Frap, Vincent Pace, Piopier,
Yipct, Beetstra, Evoluzion~enwiki, Jac16888, Medovina, PKT, O, Ninjakannon, Maxskybarger, MER-C, Magioladitis, ABerhow, Der-
Hexer, Hbent, NunoAgostinho, Andsam, CommonsDelinker, Katharineamy, Daniel347x, Andy Dingley, Flyer22 Reborn, OsamaBinLo-
gin, GorillaWarfare, Resoru, Acabashi, Mdikici, XLinkBot, Anthonno, Addbot, Mortense, Fyrael, MrOllie, LaaknorBot, Yobot, Fraggle81,
RazorbladeXtreme, Mariiwakura, AnomieBOT, , Materialscientist, Zad68, Deeptext, Jmdoren, Krinkle, NuclearWizard, Ogre-
Bot, CoryLiseno, Tra, Ngyikp, RedBot, Cos-fr, Serols, Latios, Orzelf, KommissrMatthi, VernoWhitney, TonyStar, EmausBot, John
of Reading, Tuankiet65, Goo3, Frabrunelle, Redsandro, Dilipray, Najeeb1010, Wibeasley, MartinThoma, Royr719, Beosman, ZroBot,
Ulziibuyan, Msurguy, Aavindraa, Heliumsingh5000, JordiGH, ChuispastonBot, Kookiethebird, Rocketrod1960, MechanisM, Simonhamp,
Petrb, Serlack, ClueBot NG, YannickFran, LockerX, HMSSolent, Saravanakumargn, Andregoiano, BG19bot, Amiramix, Cyprianio,
Alexlur, Amitosh.swain, MattSoave, Marktomory, Obscaenvs, Axeman1402, CCDesigner, David.moreno72, DualSignal, ChrisGualtieri,
Mazuritz, YFdyh-bot, Saranshkataria, Rdasn, Themoother, Diskonnection, Frosty, Mohsen Ekhtiari, Joeinwiki, Pedroassumpcao, Owen-
Versteeg, Tobiwan74, Chadluo, MarcelBrandon, Umermunir94, Snowstormer, F6rnando, Kanin2604, Bitobor, Iniciativass, OutofTheBox-
Thinker, Mohitbhatia1994, Rahulbabur, Paper9oll, Rasordk, Jrdnwvr, Twitterbootstrap, JaconaFrere, Cadencemarseille, Tamersaadeh,
Bad Dryer, David.johnson.dave, TheDragonFire, MagicianLord, Stiegenaufgang, Melcous, Nigh7mar3, Punterf17, Ashobiz, Mintygoat,
Bananaboat67, Richard Yin, Binarytheme, KDDLB, HMSLavender, Asdklf;, Enumnet, RationalBlasphemist, ChamithN, Bosco89it, Viam
Ferream, Nrezane, Akash22222, Ashvin.panicker, Xaranke, Miraclexix, Dprent, DixtosaBOT, Dhassouni, TheLordJagged, Zuckergloy,
Pratik Sethia, KSFT, Christian Seitzer, Keswick.from.kidderminster, Crytopus, Flymediatech, Hyperforin, Delki8, , Elri-
cad1308, Sussanhose, LiveTangent, Reilana, Chonfa and Anonymous: 203

8.2 Images
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg Li-
cense: LGPL Contributors: Own work Original artist: w:User:Tkgd, Everaldo Coelho and YellowIcon
File:Free_and_open-source_software_logo_(2009).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Free_and_
open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: FOSS Logo.svg Original artist: Free Software Portal
Logo.svg (FOSS Logo.svg): ViperSnake151
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Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Twitter_Bootstrap_Under_Firefox_32.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Twitter_Bootstrap_
Under_Firefox_32.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://getbootstrap.com/examples/offcanvas/ Original artist: Bootstrap devel-
opers http://getbootstrap.com

8.3 Content license

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