Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami

NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The life of all living things are depend on the environment, its about good environment,
biotic, and abiotic. Similarly life microorganism , depending upon them on the environment,
microorganisms is not able to control outside factors fully, so their life is conform or adapt to
the environment. Self adjustment can occur temporary time quickly but can also give
evidence for changes that permanently so as to affect the form of and morphology and the
properties of physicology that hereditary. Bacteria can also affet pH medium where they live.
A characteristic of microorganism is their ability to grow form a population of organisms. One
of the results of microbial metabolism is an increase in the size of the cell.
For example, enzyme activity depends on the temperature of the environment, and
microorganisms are classified in three groups according to their temperature preferences.
Another physical requirement is the extent of acidity or alkalinity, referred to as the pH of a
solution. There are so many factors that can affect the growth of bacteria. One of them is
temperature. So that were going to do experiment about it.

1.2 Purpose
a. Students capable of know the effect of temperature on bacterial growth.
b. Students capable of know the types of bacteria in accordance with characteristic
temperature environment.
c. Students capable of understand the principle identification bacteria in lab work.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition Of Bacteria Growth

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

Growth of bacterial cultures is defined as an increase in the number of bacteria in a

population rather than in the size of individual cells. The growth of a bacterial population
occurs in a geometric or exponential manner with each division cycle (generation), one cell
gives rise to 2 cells, then 4 cells, then 8 cells, then 16 and so on. The ability of bacteria to
thrive in specific habitats, such as the human intestine or forest soil, is a function of both
nutritional and physical factors. Each type of bacteria has specific growth requirements,
which may be decided by an organisms ability to metabolize only one kind of carbohydrate
or to tolerate only certain pH levels and temperatures. The growth of bacterial populations is
dependent on both the extent of nutrients available in a given environment and the various
growth requirements of the organisms. Bacterial growth rates are highly variable. Division
cycles and population doubling for some species may take only minutes, whereas for others
these processes may take days. Growth rates and the limitations imposed by nutrient
availability and metabolic requirements have been studied extensively in the laboratory. As a
result, there exist a large body of knowledge concerning the various metabolic pathways
utilized by different organisms, which has enaled microbiologists to calculate and predict the
generation times for specific types of bacteria under all sorts of growth conditions (Rogers,
2011).

2.2 External FactorsThat Affect On Bacteria

As a group, bacteria depend on a wide range of substances for their growth. In general,
however, in order for any type of bacterial cell to grow, it requires a source of carbon and a
source of energy. How bacterial cells utilize the substances in their environments to obtain
carbon and energy varies substantially, and this underlies the diversity of metabolic pathways
seen throughout the bacteria domain. Thus, whereas the absence of a specific nutrient may
not have any affect on the growth of one type of bacteria, it may entirely prevent the growth
of a different type. Likewise, the presence or absence of oxygen, extremely acidic or basic
pH, and hot or cold temperatures can influence the growth of bacterial populations by altering
their ability to derive carbon and energy from their surroundings (Rogers, 2011).

2.3 Classification Of Bacteria Based On Temperature Along With The Bacteria

There are wide range of temperature which all bacteria can grow. Those bacteria that can
grow between 0-200C are called psychrophiles. Bacteria that is classified in group
psychrophiles is Bacillus stearothermophillus. Those that grow between 20-50 0C are called
mesophiles. One of the mesophiles is dominantly by clostridium and bacillus. The ones that
grow between 500C and 1000C are the termophiles and hyperthermophilles. The examples
are bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and pyrodictium (Ochei, 2008).
Bacteria have adapted to a wide range of temperatures. Bacteria that grow at
temperatures of less than about 150c are psychrophiles. The ability of bacteria to grow at low
temperatures is not unexpected, since the average subsurface temperature of soil in the
temperate zone is aout 120C and 90 percent of the measure 5 0C or colder. Thermophilic
prokaryotes can grow at temperatures higher than 60 0. These temperatures are encountered
in rotting compost piles, hot springs, and oceanic geothermal vents. In the runoff of a hot
spring, thermophiles such as the bacterium Thermus aquaticus are found near the source
where the temperature has fallen to about 700C (Rogers, 2011).

2.4 The Influence Of Temperature Against Bacteria Growth

Temperature influences the growth rate of all microorganisms. As with chemical
reactions, it accelerates biochemical reactions. Cellular activity (resulting from all of the
involved enzyme activities) and consequently growth vary with temperature according to

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

abell curve. At the optimum temperature, generation time is the quickest. This curb not only
varies with the species and strains but also with the environment in which the bacteria
multiply. This range of temperature results in the permanent denaturation of bacterial
enzymes, and too low a temperature leads to metabolic activity being too slow or stopped
entirely. The optimum temperature is that at which an organisms grows most profusely. The
maximum temperature is the temperature above the upper limit of range (Gayon, 2007).

2.5 Definition Of Enzyme Denaturation

The most important property of an enzyme is catalytic capacity or activity. The catalytic
capacity depends on the protein structure. It is, therefore, obvious that a multiple of physical
and chemical parameters can and do cause perturbations in the nave proteins geometrical
and chemical structure with concomitant reductions in activity. This phenomenon is called
enzyme denaturation. Depending on the magnitude of the denaturing agent, the quartenary,
tertiary or secondary structure may be affected. The quartenary structure alteration is often
reversible; the change in the tertiary structure is often irreversible leading to a coagulation
effect and total inactivation of the enzyme. After identifying the individual parameter, which
influences enzyme denaturation, its is important to recognize that it is not the individual
factors, but their combination that determine the rates of enzyme deactivation. The sensibility
of a certain protein to denaturation at high temperatures can vary with solution pH, and the
influence of various pH-temperature combinations may be completely different from one
protein to another (Pandey, 2008).

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Function of Tools and Materials
1. Incubator = to incubate the bacteria
2. Petri dish = as a culture container on the incubation process
3. Reaction Tube = as a bacteria cultures container
4. Drop pipette = to take and move the colony of bacteria
5. Measuring pipette = to take and measure the solution
6. Stopwatch = to count the times

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

7. Bunsen burner = as the source of heat

8. Beaker glass = as a container for the treatment
9. Matches = as a source of fire
10. Bulb = to absorb the solution
11. Thermometer = to measure the temperature
12. Clamp = to clamp the reaction tube
13. Screw cap = to close the reaction tube

3.2 The Picture of Tools and Materials

Tools and Materials Picture Hand Drawing

Incubator

Petridish

Reaction Tube

Drop Pipette

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

measuring pipette

stopwatch

Bunsen Burner

Matches

Beaker glass

Thermometer

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

Bulb

Clamp

Screw cap

3.3 Procedure
Tools and Materials
prepared

Biofilm
taken with drop pipette
Put on to the 3 reaction tube each 3 drops

Aquades
put on to the 3 reaction tubes each 9 ml and closed the reaction tube with
the screw cap

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

3 beaker glass
filled with 400 ml of water each
Done the treatment for beaker 1 is filled with ice cube, for beaker 2 is
normal and for beaker 3 is heated with fire
Put on the 3 reaction tubes each into the 3 beaker glass and waited until
20 minutes
Measured the thermometer in ech beaker glass

3 petri dish
filed with each 1 ml solution and nutrient agar to each petri dish
Closed and wrapped with brown paper
Tied with rubber
Wrapped with pertamax plastic

Incubator
Incubated at 370C for 24 hr
analyzed

Result

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND RESEARCH
4.1 Result
4.1.1 Data of the practicum result
No Treatment Temperature (0C) Picture Information
.

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

The colour is a bit

yellow, but the layer
is the thickest
compared to the
others. And the
smell is the worst
1. Normal 27 odor than the other.
And the colour is
not well spreaded,
theres a paint
where the colour is
way darker than
other part.

More or less the

look is same with
the hot but the
layer is a bit thicker
2. Cold 7
than what hot has.
The smell is
strongest than the
hot

The layer is looked

so thin. The colour
is looked a bit of
3. Hot 65 yellow. And the
smell is really odor
but the odor is not
really strong

4.1.2 Analysis of the data

There are three treatments that given to the nutrient agar. Its cold, normal, and hot.
The cold one by giving the water some ices until its temperature is 7C, the normal one
just let it in the room temperature until 27C, and the hot one is heated by the fire until
the themperature is 65C. From those three treatments, can be concluded from the data
that the normal one The colour is a bit yellow, but the layer is the thickest compared to
the others. And the smell is the worst odor than the other. And the colour is not well
spreaded, theres a paint where the colour is way darker than other part. For the cold
one, More or less the look is same with the hot but the layer is a bit thicker than what
hot has. The smell is strongest than the hot. The layer is looked so thin. The colour is
looked a bit of yellow. And the smell is really odor but the odor is not really strong. For
the dark spots. There are way more dark spots in the hot treatments among the other
treatments. From that dark spots that showed up in the medium, can be concluded that

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

the bacteria is included in the Thermophiles bacteria. Because it grow so optimum in

that themperature.

4.2 Research
4.2.1 Explain the Effect of Bacterial Growth
The treatmentthat we did on the practicum were giving different temperature to
different tube that already filled with the biofilm. And the effect was some color change,
some dark spots showed up and the texture change a bit. The temperature change
affects the bacteria itself to grow. As we know some bacteria stand to certain heat or
freeze.
Based on the literature, the effect of temperature on enzyme activity and on
bacterial growth is bacterial growth is that every bacterial has maximum temperature
along with optimum temperature and also minimum temperature. The bacterial growth
drop off beyond the maximum temperature. This occurs because enzymes are
destroyed by being denaturated at temperatures not far above the optimum. Bacteria
shows different temperature optima (Manahan, 2009).

4.2.2 Treatment of The Most Widely Grown Bacteria

Based on the result of the practicum, the bacteria mostly grow at the high
temperature. The prove is on the color of the nutrient agar that turned into yellow and
many dark spots showed up. The isolation of those bacteria from different materials is an
easy matter, using the plate method with nutrient agar medium, the plates being
incubated at a temperature above 500c. under these conditions the colonies developing
on on the agar medium are certain to be thermophilic and can be obtained in pure culture
by transplanting on to tubes of slanted agar. The biological characters of the 60 cultures
studied showed marked cariation (Bergey, 2016).

4.2.3 Based on the Data of the Practicums Result What Category the Bacteria Is
The petri dish that has the most bacteria in it is on the heated petri dish. As in the
picture taken, it showed that the heated petri dish has the most dark spots im it among
other petri dish. That means the bacteria is on their optimum growth on the temperature.
The heated dish was heated in the 650C. so from that case, the bacteria is included into
Thermophilles bacteria.
Bacteria have adapted to a wide range of temperatures. Bacteria that grow at
temperatures of less than about 150c are psychrophiles. The ability of bacteria to grow at
low temperatures is not unexpected, since the average subsurface temperature of soil in
the temperate zone is aout 120C and 90 percent of the measure 5 0C or colder.
Thermophilic prokaryotes can grow at temperatures higher than 60 0. These temperatures
are encountered in rotting compost piles, hot springs, and oceanic geothermal vents. In
the runoff of a hot spring, thermophiles such as the bacterium Thermus aquaticus are
found near the source where the temperature has fallen to about 700C (Rogers, 2011).

4.2.4 Factor Failures that Can Be Happened On The Practicum

There are some factor failures that happened on our practicum. The first one is when
we heat the beaker glass and the reaction tube is being held with one of the practican
with a clamp. It shouldnt touched the beaker glass. But it touch so it will affect the
temperature. And the second one is were not taking out the petri dish from the incubator

Environmental Microbiology Practicum

 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

exactly 24 hours after the practicum but we took it late. So it may affect the result of the
practicum also.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING
5.1 Summary
Bacterial growth rates are highly variable. There is a wide range of themperature
within which all bacteria can grow. Bacteria that grow at temperatures of less than about
Environmental Microbiology Practicum
 Name: Annisa Kurniasavira Utami
NIM : 165100900111027
Group: E1

150c are psychrophiles. The ability of bacteria to grow at low temperatures is not
unexpected, since the average subsurface temperature of soil in the temperate zone is
aout 120C and 90 percent of the measure 5 0C or colder. Those bacteria that can grow
above 150C until 600C are called the mesophilles. And the last for those bacteria that can
grow in the themperature for more than 600C is called the Thermophiles. From this
practicum, the petri dish that has the mos dark spots in it is the heated petri dish. That is
mean that the bacteria is on the optimum growth at that temperature. The heated dish
was placed in the 650C so it is concluded in the thermophiles.

5.2 Suggestion
From the practicum that is done in Thursday, April 27 th 2017, it is done really well. The
materials were delivered in a good and friendly way by the assistants, so we can absorp
the materials easily. It should also be noted to all the practicans to bring and wear all the
safety wear such as laboratorium coat, mask, and latex because it is necessary. And the
last is dont forget to always sterilize all the tools before using it because dust or other
microorganisms may stay in the tools and will affect the result of the practicum.

Environmental Microbiology Practicum