CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO WORK RY POWER CYCLES 271 work, and in a liquid-fuel rocket the compression energy is small, since the fuel and oxidizer are pumped as liquids. PROBLEMS: 81 The basic cycle fora steam power plant is shown by Fig. 8.1. Suppose that the turbine operates batically with inlet steam at 6,500 kPa and S25°C and thatthe exhaust steam enters the condenser at 100°C with a quality of 098, Saturated liquid water leaves the condenser, and is pumped to the boiler. Neglecting pump work and kinetc- and potential-energy changes, determine the thermal effcieney of the cycle and the turbine efcieney. 82 A steam power plant operates on the cycle of Fig. 84. For one ofthe following sts of operating conditions, determine the steam rate, che heattansfer rates in the boiler and condenser, and the thermal efciency of the plant (a) Py = P= 10,000kPa, T, ~ 600°C: = ating = 80,000 kW. 10KPa;n(turbine) = 0.80; (pump) = 0.78; power (B) Py = P= 7,000 Pa: T, = S80°C:; P, = Py = 20KPas n(turbine) = 0.75; n{pump) = 0.75; power * 100,000 kW. © 8,500KPa; T, = 600°C; P, 10kPa; n(turbine) = 0.80; n(pump) = 0:80; power 70,000 kW. «@ 25°C: P= Py 101.33 kPa; (turbine) = 0.78; (pump) = 0.75; © '4.Nipsia); n(eurbine) = 0.78; n(pump) = 0.75; (N= = P= Lipsia): nltuebine) = 0.80; (pump) = 0.75: power rating = 80,000 kW. 483 Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine eycle (Fig. 83) at 3,500 KPa and exhausts at 0 KPa. To show the elect of superheating onthe performance ofthe excl, calculate the thermal eficiency ofthe eyeleand the qu steam temperatures of 40, 500, and 600°C ‘84 Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine ycle (Fig. 8.3) at 480°C and exhausts at 20 KPa, To show the effect of boiler pressure on the performance ofthe cycle, calculate ‘the thermal efficiency of the eycle and the quality of the exhaust steam from the turbine for boiler Pressures of 4,000, 6,000, 6,00 and 10,000 KPa 85 A steam power plant employs two adiabatic turbines in series. Steam enters the fist turbine at {600°C and 6,500 kPa and discharges from the second turbine at LOKP. The system is designed for {equal power outputs from the two turbines, based on a turbine efficiency of 76 percent for each turbine. Determine the temperature and pressure of the steam in its intermediate state between the {wo turbines What the over effeney of the two turbines together wih respect 0 entropic expansion ofthe steam from the initial tothe final st 86 A sicam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, a illustrated in Fig. 85, includes just ‘one feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 4,000 kPa and 4S0°C and exhausts at 20 kPa, Steam for the feedwater heater is extracted from the turbine at 300KPa, and in condensing raises the temperature ofthe feedwater to within 6°C ofits condensation temperature at 300 kPa. Ifthe turbine and pump efficiencies are both 78 percent, whats the thermal ficiency ofthe cycle and what fraction ‘ofthe steam entering the turbine is extracted forthe feedwater heater? 87 A steam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, as illustrated in Fig. 85, includes just ‘one feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 600(psia) and 850("F) and exhausts at I(psi). ‘Steam for the feedwater heater is extracted from the turbine at 45(psia), and in condensing raises the temperature ofthe feedwater to within 11(°F) of its condensation temperature at 45(psia). IF the turbine and pump efficiencies are both 78 percent, what isthe thermal eficieney ofthe cycle and ‘what fraction of the steam entering the turbine is extracted for the feedwater heater? ‘ofthe exhaust steam from the turbine for turbine inlet77 INO EP ————————_—E———eEeEeeee 88 A steam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, as illustrated in Fig. 8.5, includes two feedwater heaters. Seam enters the turbine at 6000 kPa and 500°C and exhausts at 10 kPa, Steam forthe feedwater heaters is extracted from the turbine at pressures such that the feedwater is heated to 180°C in two equal increments of teraperature rise, with SC approaches to the steam-condensation temperature in each feedwater heater. Ifthe turbine and pump efficiencies are oth 80 percent, what is he thermal efciency of the cycle and what Fraction of the steam entering the turbine is extracted or each feedwater heater? {89 A powerplant operating on heat recovered from the exhaust gases of internal-combustion engines tses isobutane asthe working medium in a modified Rankine cycle in which the upper pressure level is above the crtial pressure of isobutane, Thus the isobutane does not undergo a change of phase ts it absorbs heat prior to its entry into the turbine. Isobutane vapor is heated at 4,800 kPa 10 260°C, find eners the turbine asa supercritical fluid at these conditions. Isentropic expansion inthe turbine prodices superheated vapor at 450 KPa, which is cooled and condensed at constant pressure. The Fesullng saturated liqid enters the pump for return to the heater. I the power output ofthe modified Rankine eyle is 1,000 kW, what i the isobutane flow rate, the heat-ransfer rates in the heater and condenser, and the theemaleficiency of the eyele? ‘The vapor pressure of isobutane is given by 2.606.775, in P/kPa = 1457100 - 20062775 PR 8100 278.068 8.10 A power plant operating on heat from a geothermal source uses isobutane as the working ‘medium ina Rankine eyee. Isobutane is heated at 3400 kPa (a pressure just a litle below is critical pressure) to temperature of 140°C, at which conditions it enters the turbine. Isentropie expansion in the turbine produces supetheated vapor a 4S0KPa, which is cooled and condensed at constant pressure. The resulting saturated liquid enters che pump for return to the heater/boiler. Ifthe flow fate of isobutane is 75kgs', what is the power output of the Rankine cycle and what are the heavtransfer rates in the heater/boiler and condenser? What is the thermal eficieney ofthe cyte? “The vapor pressure of isobutane is given in the preceding problem. {8.11 Show thatthe thermal eciency of the air-standatd Diesel cycle ean be expressed a5 where isthe compression ratio and r is the cutoff ratio, defined as r, = Va/ Vox (See Fig. 8.10.) ‘Show that for the same compression ratio the thermal efficiency ofthe sr-standard Otto engine is greater than the thermal efficiency of the aistandard Diesel cycle “Hint: Show that the fraction which multiplies (1/7)""" in the above equation for is greater than unity by expanding rin a Taylor’ series with remainder taken tothe fist derivative If'y = 14, how does the thermal efficiency of an air-stndard Oso cycle with a compression ratio of 8 compare with the thermal effceney ofan air standard Diesel eycle withthe same compression Tatig and a cutoff ratio of 2? How is the comparison changed i the eutft ratio is 3? 8.12 Anair-standard Diesel eyte absorbs 1,500.1 mol! of heat step DA of Fig. 8.10, which simulates combustion), The pressure and temperature atthe beginning of the compression step ere | bar and , 20°C, and the pressure atthe end ofthe compression step is bar. Assuming ai to be an ideal gas for which Cp ~(7/2)R and Cy ~ (5/2)R, what are the compression ratio and the expansion ratio ofthe cycle? {813 Calculate the efficiency for an sirstandard gas-turbine cycle (the Brayton cycle) operating with a pressure ratio of 3, Repeat for pressure ratios of 5,7, and 9. Take y= 1.35. 8.14 An airstandard gas-turbine eyle is modified by installation of a regenerative heat exchanger to transfer energy from the air leaving the turbine to the ai leaving the compressor. In an optimum ‘countercurrent exchanger, the temperature of the air leaving the compressor is raised to that of point ing the turbine is cooled to that of point B in Fig.CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO WORK BY POWER CYCLES 273 8.12. Show thatthe therm ficiency of js eyele is piven by ze IS Consider an airstandard cycle for representing the turbojet power plant shown in Fig. 8.13. ‘The temperature and pressure of the air entering the compressor are I bar and 30°C. The pressure ratio in the compressor is 6.5, and the temperature at the turbine inet i 100°C. If expansion in the ‘nozzle i isentropic and ifthe nozzle exhausts at | bar, what isthe pressure atthe nozle inlet (turbine exhaust) and what is the velocity of the air leaving the nozzle?