DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA
A,

CONDUCTOR SIZE
ts,d,Io

TOUCH & STEP

CRITERIA
Etouch70, Estep70

INITIAL DESIGN
D,n,LT,h

GRID RESISTANCE
Rg,LT
MODIFY DESIGN
D,n,LT,LR

GRID CURRENT
IG

YES
GPR < Etouch

NO

MESH & STEP

VOLTAGES
Em,Es,Km,Ks,Ki,Kii

NO
Em<Etouch

YES

NO
Es<Estep

YES

DETAIL
DESIGN
 EARTHING CALCULATION

A GENERAL DESIGN DATA

1 Soil Resistivity, : 100 Ohm-M

2 Gravel Resistivity, s : 100 Ohm-M

3 Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, Iefs : 6,500 A

4 Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts : 0.2 Sec

5 Maximum Allowable Conductor Temp. : 700 C

6 Design Ambient Temperature : 40 C

7 Thickness of Crushed Gravel, hs : 0 mtr.

8 Depth of Earth Grid, h : 0.5 mtr.

9 Reference depth of the Grid, ho 1 mtr.

STANDARDS USED

IEEE Gude for Safety in AC Substation

Grounding IEEE - 80 2000

B SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR :

I
Amm 2 =

( K +T Eqn.: 40 Page : 43
TCAP104
t c r r )(
ln 0 m
K 0 +T a ) IEEE Std. 80 - 2000

Where

Material Proposed Copper-clad steel wire

r = Resistivity of Conductor Material 0.00378 Ohm - M

r = Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature Tr i 5.86

Tm = Max. allowable temperature in C 700 C

Ta = Ambient temperature in C 40 C

Ko r 1/r - Tr in C 245

Iefs = rms current in Ka 6.5 KA

 EARTHING CALCULATION

tc = Duration of Current in s 0.2 Sec.

TCAP = thermal capacity per unit volume from Table 1 3.85 J/(cmC)

Amm = Conductor cross section in mm 20.14 mm

A kcmil = 39.75 kcmil

Amm = 20.14 mm

Selected Amm: = 4.00

50 mm

Diameter of Conductor selected: = 0.0080 m

TOUCH & STEP CRITERIA

s Eqn. 21, Page 21, IEEE 80 2000

K=
+ s

Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2000

K = Reflection factor between different material resistivities

= Resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in .m

s = Surface material resistivity in .m

hs = Thickness of the surface material in m

Cs = Surface layer derating factor

K = 0.00

Cs = 1.00

0. 157 Eqn. 30, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

E step70=(1000+6C s s )
ts
Where

Estep 70 = Step Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

Estep 70 = 561.7 Volts

 EARTHING CALCULATION

0 . 157 Eqn. 33, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

Etouch 70 =(1000+1 . 5Cs s )
Where
ts
Etouch70 = Touch Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

Etouch70 = 403.7 Volts

C INITIAL DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Length Breadth
Preliminary Layout of Grid = 8 8

n = Number of parallel conductors = 4

D = Conductor Spacing = 2.7 m

h = Depth of grid burial = 0.5 m

Lp = Length of the conductor across perimeter = 32 m

Nr = No. of Ground Rods = 8

Lr = Length of Ground Rods = 4.5 m

LR = Total length of Ground Rods = 36 m

LT1 = Total length of buried condcutor = 64 m

LT = Total length of buried conductors & rods = 100 m

Lx = Maximum length of conductor in X-Axis = 8

Ly = Maximum length of conductor in Y-Axis = 8

Dm = Maximum distance between any 2 points = 11.3

D GRID RESISTANCE

R g =
[ 1
+
1
LT 20 A
1+
( 1
1+h 20/ A )] Eqn. 52, Page 65, IEEE 80 2000

Where

A = Area of the Grid = 64 m

Rg = Grid Resistance

Rg = 5.98
 EARTHING CALCULATION

E MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

IG D f I g
Where

Ig = Maximum grid current in A 6,500 A

Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault, given in s 0.7

IG = 4,550 A

F GROUND POTENTIAL RISE

GPR=I GR g
GPR = 27,207 V

VERIFICATION FOR HUMAN SAFETY

The safety to personnel is specified by IEEE 80, which requires to limit the development of
electrical potential to dangerous value during earth fault current.

The regulation stipulates the following parameters to be within the permissible limit

a) Step Voltage (Foot to Foot Contact)

b) Touch Voltage (Hand to Foot Contact)

CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE

A Mesh Voltage

I G K m K i
Emesh( Design )= Eqn. 80, Page 91,

Ki
[
LC + 1. 55+1 . 22

= Corrective factor for current irregu-

(
Lr
L2x +l 2Ly )] L R
IEEE 80, 2000

larity

K i= 0 . 644 +0 .148 n Eqn. 89, Page 94

Where

n =na nb n c nd Eqn. 84, Page 93

Eqn. 85, Page 93

 EARTHING CALCULATION

2 LT
na = na = 4.0
LP

= 1.0

= 1.0

= 1.0

n = 4.00

Ki = 1.24

Km = Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage

Where

Kii = Corrective wieghting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh

1
K ii= 2
n
( 2n )

Kii = 0.35

Kii = 1.00 With Rods

Kh = Corrective weighting factor that empasising the grid depth

Where
=
( 1+
h
ho )
ho = Reference depth of grid = 1

h = Depth of the ground grid conductor = 0.5

Kh = 1.22
 EARTHING CALCULATION

Kh

Km = 0.70

Emesh (Design ) = 2,885.8 Volts

Calculated Mesh Voltage is Greater than the Tolerable Touch Voltage. MODIFY DESIGN

B Step Voltage

Voltage developed for step as per the earthing system proposed during full Earth fault current

[ ( Ks Ki I G ) ] Eqn. 92, Page 94

Estep ( Design )= IEEE 80, 2000
[ 0 . 75 LC +0 . 85 LR ]
Where

Ks = Spacing factor for Step voltage

Ks=
1
[ 1
+
1
2 h D +h
+
10 . 5 n2
D ( )] Eqn. 94, Page 94, IEEE 80, 2000

Ks = 0.509

K i= 0 . 644 +0 .148 n

Ki = 1.24

Estep (Design ) = 3,639.09 Volts

Estep (Design ) = Err:502 Volts

Err:502
EARTHING CALCULATION

Enter same value as you entered for

Enter 0 if no gravel is used. Typical value is 0.1 to 0.15m

EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION
EARTHING CALCULATION

Use a value of 1 for a fault of 30 cycles or more (ts > 0.6s).

EARTHING CALCULATION

nb = 1 for square grids

nc = 1 for rectangular and L-Shaped grids

nd = 1 for square, rectangular and L-shaped grids

EARTHING CALCULATION
 EARTHING CALCULATION
SUMMARY

A EARTH GRID CONDUCTOR

Type of Conductor Copper-clad steel wire

Size of Conductor 0 mm

Length of Conductor 64 mtr

Depth of Conductor 0.5 m below GL

B GROUND RODS

Total Length of Ground Rods 36 mtr

Length of Individual Ground Rods 4.5 mtr

No. of Ground Rods 8 No.

C HUMAN SAFETY

UNIT Designed ValuePermissible Value

Step Voltage [V] 561.7 Err:502

Mesh Voltage [V] 403.7 2,885.8

 TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS

Material
Description Conductivity r factor K0 at
(%) at 20C (0C)

1 Copper annealed soft - drawn 1 100 1 0.00393 1 234 1

2 Copper, commercial hard - drawn 2 97 2 0.00381 2 242 2

3 Copper-clad steel wire 3 40 3 0.00378 3 245 3

4 Copper-clad steel wire 4 30 4 0.00378 4 245 4

5 Copper-clad steel rod 5 20 5 0.00378 5 245 5

6 Aluminium EC Grade 6 61 6 0.00403 6 228 6

7 Aluminium 5005 alloy 7 53.5 7 0.00353 7 263 7

8 Aluminium 6201 alloy 8 52.5 8 0.00347 8 268 8

9 Aluminium-clad steel wire 9 20.3 9 0.0036 9 258 9

10 Steel, 1020 10 10.8 10 0.0016 10 605 10

11 Stainless - clad steel rod 11 9.8 11 0.0016 11 605 11

12 Zinc-coated steel rod 12 8.6 12 0.0032 12 293 12

13 Stainless steel, 304 13 2.4 13 0.0013 13 749 13

NSTANTS

TCAP
Fusing r Thermal Nominal mm
Temperature 20C( Capacity [J/ Cross Sections
Tm (C) cm) (cm.C]

1083 1 1.72 1 3.42 1 35 mm

1084 2 1.78 2 3.42 2 50 mm

1084 3 4.4 3 3.85 3 70 mm

700 4 5.86 4 3.85 4 95 mm

1084 5 8.62 5 3.85 5 120 mm

657 6 2.86 6 2.56 6 150 mm

652 7 3.22 7 2.6 7 185 mm

654 8 3.28 8 2.6 8 240 mm

657 9 8.48 9 3.58 9 300 mm

1510 10 15.9 10 3.28 10 400 mm

1400 11 17.5 11 4.44 11 500 mm

419 12 20.1 12 3.93 12 630 mm

1400 13 72 13 4.03