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Editorial
Introducing the Weekly Analysis
What youve in your hand is the very first issue of a brand new Magazine.

It is with great pleasure that I write this led-off article in the WEEKLY ANALYSIS, a publication for everyone interested in the
world of current affairs especially Global Issues, Domestic and External Affairs of Pakistan, whose understanding is prerequisite
to achieve excellence in debates, exams and interviews of competitive exams especially CSS and PMS.

Finally, we have the opportunity to offer panoramic issue of the Weekly ANALYSIS which, includes Transcripts of best talk
shows of the week, book reviews, and solved past papers conducted by FPSC, PPSC, NTS, SPSC, KPPSC, BPSC, and AJKPSC
etc. Were also going to provide students and candidates of competitive exams with weeks best selective articles, editorials,
opinion and reports from leading national and international news papers, magazines and journalsNew York Times, Wall Street
Journal, Aljazeera, Economist, Diplomat, Daily Telegraph, Dail Mail, Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs, Dawn, News International,
Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Press Review, Islamabad Strategic Studies Institute, Jang, Nawai Waqt and Akhbar-e-Jahan
etc.

Another important feature of this magazine will be a weekly given research articles which will surely help serious candidates to
write a research-based argumentative essay.

For the first time, in the history of Pakistan, the WEEKLY ANALYSIS is the only Magazine who has taken initiative to provide
its readers with written and printed version of leading current affairs programs and talk shows so that readers especially aspirants
of competitive exams can keep abreast of latest knowledge which is essential for their success in debates, interviews and exams.

This first issue of the magazine examines most debated issues of the last week such as Syrian Crisis, Tensions in North Korean
Peninsula , Arm Race in South Asia, Indo-Pak Water Disputes, Pakistans Blasphemy Law, South China Sea dispute, FATAs
mainstreaming, Population Census, and South China Sea dispute. Section of solved papers consists of CSS Objective Papers
2017 of all compulsory subjects and General Knowledge Paper of PMS 2016. Similarly, nature Current Affairs MCQs given in
the magazine is in accordance with the questions asked in competitive exams. Talk shows such as GPS by Fareed Zakaria and
World Right Now with Hala Gorani are also included in this issue. In Section of CSS Essay, we have given a highly valuable
research article on Human Rights. Anyone who reads this article will be able to write on human rights in all perspectives.

We express our heart-felt gratitude to our honourable Dr. Sobia Tahir, Chairperson of Department of Philosophy & IDS GC
University Lahore, who have not only supervised and encouraged us but also made us able to come up with the first issue of the
WEEKLY ANALYSIS.

We, with both arms, welcome comments, opinions and suggestions from the readers of Weekly Analysis.

Mian Waqas Haider


0345-4740019
mianwhaider@gmail.com

Editorial Board:

Haseeb Hassan, Kamishka Iftikhar, M. Asad Mukhtar, Kinza Qaisar, Amir Saleem, Farina, Aqsa Batool, Jahanzaib,
Maliha Fayyaz, Dawood Gill, Momel Khan, Laiba Haq, Rizwan Haider, Uzlifa Muhammad Aslam, Faiza Azhar,
Rimsha Jameel,

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Global Issues
SYRIA'S CIVIL WAR EXPLAINED FROM THE BEGINNING

As the Syrian conflict enters its seventh year, more than The sectarian split is reflected among regional actors' stances as
465,000 Syrians have been killed in the fighting, more than well.
a million injured and over 12 million Syrians - half the Even global warming has been claimed to have played a role in
country's prewar population - have been displaced from their sparking the 2011 uprising. A severe drought plagued Syria
homes. from 2007-10, spurring as many as 1.5 million people to
In 2011, what became known as the Arab Spring revolts migrate from the countryside into cities, which exacerbated
toppled Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and poverty and social unrest.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Foreign involvement
That March, peaceful protests erupted in Syria as well, after Foreign backing and open intervention have played a large role
15 boys were detained and tortured for having written in Syria's civil war. An international coalition led by the United
graffiti in support of the Arab Spring. One of the boys, 13- States has bombed targets of the Islamic State of Iraq and the
year-old Hamza al-Khateeb, was killed after having been Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS) group since 2014.
brutally tortured.
The Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad,
responded to the protests by killing hundreds of
demonstrators and imprisoning many more. In July 2011,
defectors from the military announced the formation of the
Free Syrian Army, a rebel group aiming to overthrow the
government, and Syria began to slide into civil war.
What caused the uprising?
Initially, lack of freedoms and economic woes fuelled
resentment of the Syrian government, and public anger was
inflamed by the harsh crackdown on protesters. Successful
uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt energised and gave hope to
Syrian pro-democracy activists. Many Islamist movements
were also strongly opposed to the Assads' rule.
In 1982, Bashar's father, Hafez al-Assad, ordered a military The US has repeatedly stated its opposition to the Assad
crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama, government, but has hesitated to involve itself deeply in the
conflict, even after the Assad government allegedly used
The Syrian civil war is the chemical weapons in 2013, which former US President Barack
Obama had referred to as a "red line" that would prompt

deadliest conflict the 21st intervention.


On April 7, the US carried its first direct military action against

century has witnessed so Assad's forces, launching59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at a


Syrian air force base from which US officials believe a chemical
attack in Khan Sheikhoun had been launched.

much of the city.


far.
which killed between 10,000-40,000 people and flattened The White House spokesman said: [Trump] "made it very clear
that if those actions were to continue, further action will
Although the initial protests in 2011 were mostly non- definitely be considered by the United States."
sectarian, armed conflict led to the emergence of starker In October 2015, the US scrapped its controversial programme
sectarian divisions. Minority religious groups tend to train Syrian rebels, after it was revealed that it
to support the Assad government, while the overwhelming had spent $500m but only trained 60 fighters.
majority of opposition fighters are Sunni Muslims. In February 2017, the CIA froze funding and logistical support
Most Syrians are Sunni Muslims, but Syria's security for rebel factions in northern Syria but according to Free Syrian
establishment has long been dominated by members of Army (FSA) sources, the funding was restored to a certain
the Alawite sect, of which Assad is a member. extent by late March.

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Russia launched in, September 2015, a bombing campaign Since Assad's forces recaptured Aleppo, a new military alliance
against what it referred to as "terrorist groups" in Syria, of rebel groups in northern Syria was formed with the aim to
which included ISIL as well as rebel groups backed by consolidate military control over Idlib province, the western
western states. Russia has also deployed military advisers to part of Aleppo province and parts of Latakia province,
shore up Assad's defences. according to an FSA commander.
At the UN Security Council, Russia has vetoed eight Whereas several rounds of peace talks have failed to stop the
Western-backed resolutions on Syria, while China vetoed six fighting, the Syrian government and the opposition groups have
resolutions. agreed to 12 evacuations. Evacuation deals allow opposition
Several Arab states, along with Turkey, have provided fighters to safely leave government-besieged cities and towns for
weapons and materiel to rebel groups in Syria. The areas under opposition control in Northern Syria.
governments of majority-Shia Iran and Iraq support Assad, Rebel groups have jockeyed for power, and frequently fight one
as does Lebanon-based Hezbollah, while Sunni-majority another. Fighting has occasionally spilled over from Syria into
states including Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and
others staunchly support the rebels.
Turkish troops and special forces, backed by the
Free Syria Army, launched in August 2016
operation "Euphrates Shield" against ISIL to
liberate the strategic Syrian city of Jarablus on the
border with Turkey and stop the advance of
Kurdish militia fighters. Turkey's government
fears its large native Kurdish population may grow
more restive and demand greater autonomy as a
result.
In March 2017, Turkey officially ended the
Euphrates Shield military operation, but Prime
Minister Binali Yildirim suggested there might be
more cross-border campaigns to come.
Rebel groups
Since the Free Syrian Army formed in 2011, many
new rebel groups have joined the fighting in Syria,
including ISIL, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, Iran-backed
Hezbollah, and the Syrian Democratic Forces
(SDF) dominated by the Kurdish People's
Protection Units (YPG). Lebanon, contributing to the country's political polarisation.
The FSA has weakened as the war has progressed, while The situation today
explicitly Islamist groups such as the al-Nusra Front became A suspected chemical attack that killed at least 80 civilians in
empowered. al-Nusra Front leader, Abu Mohammed al- the Idlib opposition-held town of Khan Sheikhoun is being
Joulani, announced in 2016 his group's name changed to investigated by the UN as a potential war crime, while Bashar
Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, or The Front for liberation of al- al-Assad said it was a "fabrication" to justify US military
Sham, and severed ties with al-Qaeda. intervention.
ISIL emerged in northern and eastern Syria in 2013 after Despite that 1,300 tonnes of sarin nerve gas and its precursors
overrunning large portions of Iraq. The group quickly were removed from Syria, chemical weapons have been
gained international notoriety for its brutal executions and a recurring footnote in the bloody narrative of Syria's civil war.
its energetic use of social media. The ranks of ISIL include a In the latest evacuation deal between
sizeable number of fightersfrom around the world. fighters said it has begun a new phase of its campaign on the
Kurdish groups in northern Syria are also seeking self-rule in ISIL-held city of Raqqa in northern Syria, aiming to complete
areas under their control. its encirclement and sever the road to the group's strongholds
Lebanese members of Hezbollah are fighting on the side of in Deir Az Zor province.
Assad, as are Iranian and Afghan fighters. Also in March, fighting in and around Damascus has
In December 2016, the Syrian army announced that Aleppo intensified after surprise attacks by rebel fighters in the
has been fully recapturedfrom rebel fighters, the northeastern parts of the city. The United Nations said the
government's biggest victory in the nearly six-year civil war. rebels and the goverment, over a 110 people were killed in
Syrian government forces used chemical weapons in rebel- an attack targetting the evacuation convoys from the rebel-
held areas of Aleppo during the final weeks of the battle to besieged towns of Foua and Kefraya in Idlib.
retake the key city, killing at least nine people and wounding
hundreds more, according to Human Rights Watch.

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In March, an alliance of US-backed fighting around Syria's is to blockade the Spratlys, a massive naval commitment that
capital has cut off 300,000 people from humanitarian China would see as an act of war. The same would be true of
assistance and pauses in the conflict are needed to allow aid any nation that attempted to block China from the islands.
convoys to get to the area. (Published in Aljazeera, April 17, 2017)
In addition to Aleppo, the Syrian government currently 6 STEPS SOLUTION TO SYRIAN CRISIS
controls the capital, Damascus, parts of southern Syria and Step 1: Agreement on general, reasonable principles such as: 1)
Deir Az Zor, much of the area near the Syrian-Lebanese Preserving the unity and territorial integrity of Syria; 2)
border, and the northwestern coastal region. Rebel groups, Preserving Syrian state institutions, including the army and the
ISIL, and Kurdish forces control the rest of the country. civil service; 3) Engaging all Syrian stakeholders in the political
Syrian refugees process; 4) Exploring the middle ground through boosting
The Syrian war is creating profound effects far beyond the moderates; 5) Ending safe havens for terrorists in Syria; 6)
country's borders. Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan are now Ending the provision of arms and finances to the violent
housing large and growing numbers of Syrian refugees, many opposition;7) Ensuring the rights of minorities; 8) Enhancing
of whom have attempted to journey onwards to Europe in humanitarian assistances; 9) Working for a power sharing
search of better conditions. system; and 10) Exploring a practicable formula for peaceful
With much of Syria in ruins, millions of Syrians having fled political transition.
abroad, and a population deeply traumatised by war, one Step 2: The formation of a broad-based forum comprised of
thing is certain: Rebuilding Syria after the war ends will be a moderate, non-violent opposition groups and the government.
lengthy, extremely difficult process. Step 3: The declaration of a ceasefire to be monitored by
Does the international community recognize China's international observers.
claims? Step 4: The expansion of badly needed humanitarian assistance.
An international tribunal rejected China's nine-dash line last Step 5: The implementation of the above agreements and steps
July, condemned its island-building, and found that most of through the formation of a transitional governing body.
the Spratlys belonged to the Philippines. Beijing has ignored Step 6: UN-organized and supervised free elections.
the ruling. With ISIS as everybodys common enemyISIS needs to be
How can the U.S. block access to islands China created? contained and defeated as effectively and expeditiously as
Under President Barack Obama, the U.S. stayed out of the possibleall parties involved should join hands to bring the
territorial dispute, recognizing the South China Sea as Syrian mess to an end. This would deal the ISIS a devastating
international waters and making it clear that America would blow.
defend the interests of its allies in the area. But President A wide range of political analysts and pundits, Americans and
Trump and his administration have indicated they intend to others, have been pointing to an important missing element in
take a more hawkish stance, borne out by Tillerson's threats the bigger picture: some sort of U.S.-Iran ententeboth of
to block China's access. whom are players in the Syrian drama, albeit in their own ways.
The U.S. has a vested interest in keeping the sea lanes open This could become a reality with the much-anticipated nuclear
deal, which, fingers crossed, looks more
promising than before.
Political resolve in both capitals should
make a mutually-acceptable and
reasonable deal a reality: the sooner,
the better. Such a positive
development, notwithstanding the
strenuous efforts of its varied host of ill-
wishers, could also help shape a more
realistic, more balanced U.S. policy
towards the Middle Eastwhich will, by
any reckoning, better serve everybodys
long-term interests.
(Source:Ambassador Seyed Hossein
Mousavian is a research scholar at
Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson
School of Public and International Affairs
and is treaty-bound to come to the defense of both Japan and a former spokesman for Irans nuclear negotiators. His latest book,
and the Philippines should they become involved in an Iran and the United States: An Insiders view on the Failed Past
armed conflict over the South China Sea. But the only way and the Road to Peace was released in May 2014.)
to prevent China from building islands and accessing them

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their estimation, the only reliable guarantee of the
THE NORTH country's basic sovereignty, of the communist regime's
control, and of the rule of Kim Jong Un," he said.

KOREA PROBLEM What is the stance of US President Donald Trump?


On the campaign trail, Mr Trump proposed to negotiate
with Mr Kim over a burger. But he also likened Mr Kim
How did we get here?
North Korea has conducted five nuclear weapons tests, to a "maniac", and said he would get China to "make that
including two last year, and dozens of ballistic missile launches. guy disappear in one form or another".
Its nuclear weapons tests, which began in 2006, have become Yesterday, Mr Trump tweeted: "North Korea is looking
stronger. South Korea's Defence Ministry estimated that for trouble. If China decides to help, that would be great.
Pyongyang's latest nuclear test had a yield of 10 kilotons. In If not, we will solve the problem without them!"
comparison, the "Little Boy" bomb dropped by the United What can China do? The escalation of North Korea's
States on Hiroshima, Japan, held 15 kilotons of energy. weapons programmes has strained ties with China, its
Economic sanctions as well as six-party talks - which involved only major ally. After the February missile test, China
China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea and the US, banned coal imports from its neighbour until the end of
and stalled in 2009 - have so far failed to stop the North the year. Some argue that China could exert much more
Koreans from developing nuclear weapons. pressure since it supplies most of North Korea's food and

How much of a threat does North Korea pose? energy. Mr Trump has said China could solve the
North Korea is thought to have as many as 20 nuclear warheads problem of North Korea with "one phone call".
and missiles that can reach South Korea and Japan. China's willingness to pressure Mr Kim is another
It is unclear if it has mastered how to miniaturise a nuclear question. It fears that a collapse of North Korea's regime
device so that it can be delivered on a missile. In his 2017 New might lead to a refugee crisis and - if South Korea absorbs
Year's address, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un claimed his its neighbour - create a well-armed US ally straddling its
nation was in the "last stage" of preparations to test-fire an border.
intercontinental ballistic missile, the type necessary to reach as After Mr Xi Jinping's visit to Florida, United States
far as North America. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the Chinese
What does North Korea want? President had agreed to increase cooperation to control
In short, survival. As Professor John Delury of Yonsei the North. Last Friday, the day that Mr Trump and Mr Xi
University in Seoul told the BBC last September, North Korea's held talks, China's Customs department issued an order
nuclear programme is about security above all else. "It is, by
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telling trading firms to return their North Korean coal cargoes. rate of the Norths missile tests has prompted speculation
China and South Korea agreed on Monday to slap tougher that the United States is already doing so.
sanctions on North Korea if it carries out nuclear or long-range Diplomacy
missile tests, a senior official in Seoul said. The Trump administration has not indicated publicly it is
Would a pre-emptive military attack work? interested in reviving moribund diplomatic negotiations
It might succeed in taking out North Korea's known nuclear with North Korea over its nuclear and missile programs.
and missile sites, but the cost could be huge. The country has There have been no official negotiations for seven years.
too many facilities spread out over too much terrain to destroy China, alarmed at rising U.S.-North Korea tensions, has
simultaneously. Even if North Korea reacted with only called for talks leading to the denuclearization of the
conventional weapons, its response, and South Korea's counter- Korean peninsula.
attack, could be devastating.
Can Thaad shield against a nuclear attack? Military force
The Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (Thaad) system Military options available to Mr. Trump range from a sea
being installed in South Korea joins a network of US missile blockade aimed at enforcing sanctions to cruise missile
defence systems across the Pacific. Whether they can take out a strikes on nuclear and missile facilities to a broader
North Korean nuclear missile remains to be seen. Still, its campaign aimed at overthrowing Mr. Kim. How North
advanced radars can help detect missile launches. Korea would respond to even a limited strike is
Is accepting North Korea's N-bombs an option? unknown, but it threatened on Friday to ruthlessly
Some analysts suggest that the best way to deal with North ravage the United States if Washington chooses
Korea is to accept it has nuclear weapons and seek its to attack.
cooperation in preventing them from being proliferated. But On his visit to the demilitarized zone, Mr. Pence raised
others say this would lead South Korea, Japan and perhaps the prospect of military intervention, pointing to Mr.
Taiwan to seek their own nuclear arms, undermining the Treaty Trumps recent actions in Syria (where he issued an air
on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. strike on a government-controlled airfield) and
(Published in The Straits Times on April 12, 2017) Afghanistan (where he authorized the military to drop the
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CURRENT mother of all bombs on a cave system used by Islamic
CRISIS BETWEEN NORTH KOREA AND US : State). North Korea would do well not to test his
Most options fall into four categories: economic sanctions, resolve, or the U.S. armed forces in the region, Mr.
covert action, diplomatic negotiations and military force. Pence said Monday.

POPULISM
Economic sanctions
North Korea is already among the most heavily sanctioned
nations, facing numerous strictures to limit its ability to
conduct commerce, participate in international finance and Widespread use of the term populism dates to the
trade in weapons and other contraband. Despite those 1890s, when Americas Populist movement pitted rural
measures, most analysts agree that U.S. and multilateral populations and the Democratic Party against the more
sanctions have not prevented North Korea from advancing its urban Republicans. (It was also used to refer to Russias
fledgling nuclear weapons capability, said a report last year
19th-century narodnichestvo movement, which largely
from the U.S. Congressional Research Service.
comprised self-hating intellectuals with a crush on the
Reuters reported in April that Mr. Trump is focusing his North
peasantry.) In the 1950s academics and journalists began
Korea strategy for now on tougher sanctions, possibly including
an oil embargo, banning its airline, intercepting cargo ships and
applying it more broadly to describe everything from
punishing Chinese banks doing business with Pyongyang, U.S.
fascist and communist movements in Europe to
officials said. But the U.S. officials expressed doubt about how
Americas anti-communist McCarthyites and Argentinas
much farther China is willing to go: Beijing has long feared that
Peronistas. As Benjamin Moffitt explains in his book
economic collapse in North Korea would flood China with
The Global Rise of Populism, a conference at the
refugees and leave it to deal with chaos on the
London School of Economics in 1967 agreed that the
Korean peninsula.
term, while useful, was too mushy to be tied down to a
Covert action
single description. Some scholars linked it to frustration
The United States, with help from Israel, temporarily set back
over declines in status or welfare, some to nationalist
Irans nuclear program via a computer virus called Stuxnet,
nostalgia. Others saw it as more of a political strategy in
which destroyed thousands of centrifuges used to enrich
which a charismatic leader appeals to the masses while
uranium. The United States tried, but failed, to deploy a
sweeping aside institutions (though not all populist
version of the Stuxnet virus to attack North Koreas nuclear
movements have such a leader). Despite its fuzziness, the
weapons program in 2009-2010, Reuters reported in 2015.
terms use has grown.
Another semi-covert approach would be for Washington to use
In 2004 Cas Mudde, a political scientist at the University
electronic warfare or cyber attacks to disable North Korean
of Georgia, offered a definition that has become
missiles during or shortly after their launch. The high failure
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increasingly influential. In his view populism is a thin there are important distinctions within the category, such
ideology, one that merely sets up a framework: that of a pure as that between inclusive and exclusive varieties.
people versus a corrupt elite. (He contrasts it with pluralism, Exclusive populism focuses on shutting out stigmatised
which accepts the legitimacy of many different groups.) A thick groups (refugees, Roma), and is more common in
ideology like fascism has a holistic view of how the politics, Europe. Inclusive populism demands that politics be
economy and society should be ordered. On the other hand opened up to stigmatised groups (the poor, minorities),
populism calls for kicking out the political establishment, but it and is more common in Latin America. Mr Mudde
does not specify what should replace it. This thin ideology can argues that while most writers deplore populism, its
be attached to all sorts of thick ideologies with more moving upside lies in forcing elites to discuss issues they prefer to
parts, such as socialism, nationalism, anti-imperialism or racism, ignore. But populisms belief that the people are always
in order to explain the world and justify specific agendas. right is bad news for two elements of liberal democracy:
Polands Mr Kaczynski, a religious-nationalist populist, pushes the rights of minorities and the rule of law.
for a Catholic takeover of his countrys institutions from elite Causes of the current rise of Populism
secular liberals. The Dutch Mr Wilders, a secular-nationalist Two core issues lie at the root of todays rising populism:
populist, demands a crackdown on Islam (in defence of gay the challenge of migration and the lingering euro crisis.
rights) and reviles the multicultural elite. Spains Podemos, an Identifying the problem, however, is not the same as
anarchist-socialist populist party, pushes to seize vacant overcoming it. And here, Europe faces a dilemma. The
buildings owned by banks and distribute them to the poor, and continents problems can only be addressed through
attacks la casta (the elite caste). increased cooperation, but European electorates refuse to
This thin ideology definition of populism seems apt in authorize any further transfer of sovereignty to Brussels.
Britain, where Brexiteers denounce experts, refer to themselves The populist surge is partly a rational response to the
as the people and boast of having smashed the elite. Indeed, apparent political failures of the established parties. It is
Brexit seems to lack a unified thick ideology: Brexiteers have also an emotional backlash to a sense of
different attitudes to trade, race, government spending and disenfranchisement. Increasingly, the European Unions
almost everything else. But other scholars feel that the thin- compromise machine is perceived as an institutionalized
ideology definition fails to capture some dimensions. Jan- grand coalition between the center-left and the center-
Werner Mller, a political scientist at Princeton University, right that routinely ignores opposing voices. (Source: The
thinks populists are defined by their claim that they alone Economist)
represent the people, and that all others are illegitimate. And

Pakistans Domestic Affairs


Video footage of the savagery unleashed upon the young

THE DARKNESS man shows an enraged crowd beating his naked body
with sticks, kicking and stoning him while raising
religious slogans. Another student was also attacked for

WITHIN the same reason and badly injured; his whereabouts are
unknown.
But why should we be surprised at this display of
A medieval brutality, a very cancer of the soul, has permeated
bestiality masquerading as virtue? After all, the road to
this society. Not only has it pervaded the hinterland, it has
Mashal Khans murder is punctuated with many a
also spread to places where minds are supposed to be
landmark pointing to where we are headed: eight people,
enlightened by knowledge and learning.
including a child, burned alive in Gojra in 2009 on
Each ghastly detail of Mashal Khans murder on
allegations of blasphemy; governor Punjab Salmaan
Thursday illustrates this chilling fact. The 23-year-old student at
Taseer, gunned down by his security guard in 2011 for
the Abdul Wali Khan University in Mardan was lynched on
coming to the defence of a blasphemy accused; lawyer
campus by a mob of fellow students over allegations of
Rashid Rehman, shot dead in May 2014 for defending a
blasphemy.
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blasphemy suspect; brick kiln workers Shama and Shahzad, state-approved narrative. And if innocents must die in the
burned alive by a mob in November 2014 on allegations of process, then so be it.
blasphemy. And this is but a partial list, even in terms of the However, while the law should take its course in
lives lost. punishing those guilty of Mashal Khans murder, voices
For the ruin of many a life has played out in the crucible of of sanity must speak up in the face of such cynical
blasphemy: people driven out of their homes, deprived of their manipulation of religious sentiment.
livelihoods, sometimes even languishing in jail for years because Imran Khan, whose party heads the KP government, has
few lawyers now have the courage to defend them. rightly condemned Mashal Khans lynching, vowing to
The culpability of the state particularly some elements of it resist the law of the jungle. He is, shamefully enough,
in bringing matters to such a pass is undeniable. For even while so far among the few politicians to have taken such an
spewing platitudes in the name of anti-extremism, it has fed the unequivocal stance.
fires of intolerance and unreason, deliberately creating an Even most of the electronic media, otherwise so
environment where mere allegations of blasphemy trigger loquacious, has only covered Mashal Khans murder in a
vigilante justice and where appeals to moderation are superficial manner, carefully avoiding the real issues that
conflated with defending blasphemy itself. underpin the tragedy. Until these are debated, and the
This is a Damocles sword that can conveniently be used to contradictions in society acknowledged, our descent into
silence anyone professing views that question or contradict the a dystopian nightmare will continue.
(Editorial Published in Dawn

THE UNTOLD STORY OF


PAKISTANS BLASPHEMY LAW
In the collective imagination of mainstream Pakistan,
In Pakistan, Those persons who are accused of blasphemy are blasphemy is not a pardonable offense and anyone who
charged under the Blasphemy Law (clause 295-C of the Pakistan believes otherwise is also committing blasphemy, and
Penal Code). The clause reads: must similarly pay with their life.
295-C Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Junaid Jamsheds plea for mercy has raised a question
Holy Prophet: about whether or not a repentant blasphemer may indeed
Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation be pardoned.
or by any imputation, innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, This is also not the first time the issue is coming under
defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be inspection.
upon him) shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life, and The question was asked centuries ago by Hanafi Jurists
shall also be liable to fine. such as Abu Hanifa, his student Abu Yusuf in Kitab al-
The law prescribes a fixed death penalty for all those who are Kharaj, Imam Tahawi in Mukhtasar al-Tahawi, Imam
found guilty. The option of life imprisonment was made Sufyan ath-Thawri, Imam Abu Bakar Ala al-Din Kasani
defunct after a 1991 Federal Shariat Court judgement. in Bada'i as Sanai, Taq al-Dn al-Subki in al-Sayf al-masll
Junaid Jamshed has already responded with a public al man sabba al-Rasl, and a vast number of other
repentance, re-affirmation of his faith and a plea for pardon. eminent Hanafi scholars.
Unfortunately, for Junaid Jamshed, the dominant religious All were led to the question that Junaid Jamshed is
narrative in the country holds that blasphemy is an currently plagued by:
unpardonable offence. Is blasphemy a pardonable offense?
Simply put you blaspheme, you die. The answer, it is clear, was a categorical yes.
No ifs, ands or buts about it. The credibility of this assertion is The stance that blasphemers who ask for a pardon would be
built on an apparently universal consensus (ijma) on the subject spared the death penalty has already been established by the
across all four Sunni schools of thought. By maintaining this founder of the Hanafi school of thought, Abu Hanifa.
front of scholarly consensus, the religious leadership disallows Within the Hanafi position, it simply does not go higher
any concept of an alternative position. than Abu Hanifa, and it is the Hanafi school of thought
This idea of a unanimous scholarly endorsement of an that is foremost in significance, in terms of religio-legal
unwaivable death penalty for blasphemy has been relentlessly debates in the Supreme Court, the Federal Sharia Court
repeated: in the Federal Sharia Court Judgment on the and the Council of Islamic Ideology.
blasphemy law in the 90s, in the Parliament, in the popular Moreover, a long line of students and followers of Abu
print and oral narrative on television channels, and has seeped Hanifa, legal heavyweights of their respective eras, further
deeply into the consciousness of the Pakistani population. corroborated this position in many of their works.
9
Centuries of Hanafi scholarship have maintained the same In fact, it is a Federal Sharia Court interpretation of the
categorical answer to our original question: Yes, blasphemy is a law that serves as the operational blueprint of the
pardonable offense. application of the law, which rules out pardon.
Keep in mind: as per the principles (usul) of the Hanafi They considered the same sources as listed above, and
jurisprudence, a consensus of Abu Hanifa and his students somehow reached the opposite conclusion: that the
cannot now be challenged. authoritative position of Imam Abu Hanifa and his
This is one of the primary principles of taqlid in traditional students is that blasphemy is not, in fact, a pardonable
Islamic legal thought. offense.
The letter of the law 295-C makes no mention of the How could this possibly have happened? How could such
permissibility of pardoning a blasphemer. a clearly stated position, maintained for centuries, be so
In fact, it is a Federal Sharia Court interpretation of the law misinterpreted?
that serves as the operational blueprint of the application of the In my pursuit of answers, I discovered that in the 15th
law, which rules out pardon. century a Hanafi scholar, Al-Bazzazzi, misquoted the
They considered the same sources as listed above, and somehow Hanafi position on pardon that had been established
reached the opposite conclusion: that the authoritative position since the time of Abu Hanifa.
of Imam Abu Hanifa and his students is that blasphemy is not, It is important to note that he was not offering an
in fact, a pardonable offense. alternative stance; he meant to describe the original
How could this possibly have happened? How could such a position but erroneously ended up misrepresenting it
clearly stated position, maintained for centuries, be so entirely. It is baffling
misinterpreted? to consider how he could have strayed so far from the
This is one of the primary principles of taqlid in traditional original position.
Islamic legal thought.
Imam Ibn e Abidin, one of the most revered scholars in
South Asia, chancing upon his erroneous depiction, was
moved to write an impassioned critique of this divergent
position not only explaining Bazzazzis error as a
'misreading of two important works' (Al Sarim-ul-Maslool
ala Shatim-ur-Rasool by Ibn Taymiyyah and Al Shifa by
Qadi Iyad), but also summarily dismissing the idea that
blasphemy is unpardonable as ridiculous.
One of the most important scholarly figures in Islamic
legal tradition, and one of the most revered figures in
Deobandi madrassahs across Pakistan, Imam Ibn Abidin
had the wisdom and foresight to warn that these
competing narratives, if allowed to exist, would create
undue confusion and chaos. He counseled the scholars to
be meticulous in their research on the referencing of
primary resources.
Where Pakistan's laws came from
Advocate Ismaeel Qureshi, the architect of the blasphemy
law, apparently did not get the memo.
In his best-selling book on blasphemy and his petition,
Qureshi apparently built his case of an irrevocable death
penalty, with no scope for pardon on the works of
leading Hanafi authorities, and ironically, Imam Ibn
Abidin himself.
In an a case of history repeating itself, he followed in Al-
Bazzazzis footsteps in erroneously subverting the position
of Imam Ibn Abidin.
At one point, in Fatawa e Shami, Ibn Abidin takes
Bazzazzis claim the punishment for blasphemy is
Excerpt from translated summary of Ibn Abidins Radd al- death, it is unpardonable and anyone who disagrees is
Muhtar ala al-Dur al-Mukhtar. also guilty of blasphemy dissects it and goes on to
The letter of the law 295-C makes no mention of the criticise it for the next six pages.
permissibility of pardoning a blasphemer. Advocate Ismaeel Qureshi, grasping the first thing he
saw, slaps Imam Ibn Abidins name on to the very

10
When I learnt of this, I approached Advocate Ismaeel

position that Abidin so passionately refuted right after quoting


the original problematic claim.
Advocate Ismaeel Qureshi incorrectly attributed Bazzazzi's
Excerpt from Ibn Abidins Radd al-Muhtar ala al-Dur al-Mukhtar in Arabic.

position to Ibn Abidin.


Qureshi with the primary text and showed him the counter-
evidence to his assertions.Qureshi acknowledged that mistakes
had been made in the research upon which the judicial
interpretation of Pakistan's blasphemy law now rests. The
history and process of how the events transpired to produce the The blasphemy law, according to the Hanafi position,
law in its current form therefore, reads like a series of allows for pardon.
unfortunate errors. That is all that Imam Ibn Abidin pointed out.
The repercussions for those caught in the crossfire, are however, (By Arafat MazharRepublished in Dawn, April 3, 2017)
far more deadly than just 'unfortunate'.
Why does no credible source from the mainstream religious
leadership then step forward and set the record straight?
It seems to be of greater importance to withhold the facts of the
case, as a more open dialogue may also incidentally amount to
collusion with the secular position surely, the worst of crimes. FATAs
In the midst of all this chaos and misinformation, there is still
hope for the likes of Asia Bibi and Junaid Jamshed.
There is no need to change the letter of the blasphemy law for
MAINSTREAMING
Junaid Jamshed and Asia Bibi to get their pardon. All that is
required is to revisit the judicial interpretation, and rectify the Federally Administrative Tribal Areas (FATA) is
erroneous conclusion of the Federal Sharia Court that was geographically located between the Pakistan-Afghanistan
reached on the basis of dubious research. border and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Out of the seven
agencies of FATA, other than Orakzai, the rest Bajaur,
11
Mohmand, Khyber, Kurram, North Waziristan and South or his representative, the Governor of Khyber
Waziristan share border with Afghanistan (373 miles-long Pakhtunkhwa Province. The introduction of local
border). The living conditions in FATA are poor with 60% of government system, as envisioned in the 24 point FATA
the population living below the poverty line and an reforms needs appropriate deliberation. The powers and
unemployment rate ranging between 60-80 percent. Similarly, responsibilities of the local bodies and the mode of
only 62% of the FATA has electricity and on average the road election, whether the elections will be conducted in all
density is 0.17 (as compared to the national average of 0.26) the agencies simultaneously or not are the concerns
referenceIrfan Uddin, Administrative System of FATA: A which need to be addressed. The dynamics of the area are
Hindrance in Economic Development, Fata Research Centre- best known to the locals, and they should not get the
FRC. These indicators portray a bleak picture of FATA. FATAs impression of being relegated in comparison to KP. To
proximity with Afghanistan and the war on terror have further make the merger process smooth, the political will to
deteriorated the socio-economic indicators. As per the damage reform is a must. In this regard, the administrative and
need assessment survey carried out under the supervision of the legal reforms for mainstreaming FATA are vital. Political
FATA Disaster Management Authority-FDMA (August 2014), institutions need to be established in FATA so that the
nearly 60,000 houses had been damaged in Orakzai, Khyber, ensuing political activities can create a sense of ownership
South Waziristan and Kurram Agencies. among the tribesmen.
The status of FATA, its representation in the Federation and Economic empowerment is another area of vital
security of the area is significant. FATA had been governed importance. The Rs. 110 billion development package,
through the Frontier Crimes Regulation-FCR (formulated by proposed by the six-member FATA reforms committee,
the British in 1901). Political Agents (PAs) and tribal elders had been approved for the tribal region. In the past, the
controlled the area. In August 2011, Political Parties Order initiatives to develop FATA, like the FATA Development
2000 was extended and the Frontier Crimes (Amendments) Authority-FDA, and other collaborative endeavours with
Regulation 2011 were introduced in FATA. These FATA international organizations have failed. US $ 2.46 billion
regulations were steps in bringing the tribal area into the main were pledged for a nine year development programme
stream national politics. In November 2015, the FATA (2006-2015); the aim was to improve the literacy rate of
Reforms Committee was formulated by the Federal FATA from 17% to 30-40%. Unfortunately, it did not
government, primarily to carry out in depth analysis of the work out. To ensure that the development initiatives
areas dynamics and socio-economic conditions, and suggest a produce the desired results, concerted efforts at both the
way forward. The Committee was headed by Mr. Sartaj Aziz, provincial and federal levels are needed. The security
Adviser to the Prime Minister on Foreign Affairs; other aspect also needs consideration, and to defeat militancy,
committee members were Mr. Zafar Iqbal Jhagra, Governor KP, the root cause needs to be addressed. Despite the fact
Lieutenant General (R) Abdul Qadir Baloch, Minister for that the terrorist hideouts had been dismantled, bomb
SAFRON, Mr. Zahid Hamid, Minister for Law and Justice, blasts and suicide bombings continue. To counter
Lieutenant General (R) Nasser Khan Janjua and Mr. militancy in FATA, the local narratives and dynamics of
Muhammad Shehzad Arbab, Secretary SAFRON. The conflict have to be taken into account. There is a need to
committee had proposed a number of recommendations for the educate the youth of FATA, and provide them with job
betterment of the area, it called for judicial, administrative incentives. FATA is a resource rich area; copper deposits
reforms and development activities, one of the worth US $ 280 billion are located in North Waziristan
recommendation referred was the integration of FATA with Agency (NWA), the second largest deposits in Pakistan
KP. In this backdrop, the decision to merge FATA with KP by after Balochistan. These resources need to be explored.
the Federal government (2 March 2017) is a progressive move. For that matter, the areas security should be enhanced;
It will liberate FATA from the centuries old Frontier Crimes the centre needs to improve the law and order situation.
Regulation-FCR (formulated by British in 1901). It will be a (By Amna Ejaz RafiPublished in Islamabad Policy
new beginning towards democratic reforms and opening up of Research Institute)
development opportunities for the area. The merger will be a PAKISTAN AT A CROSSROADS
slow and gradual process. The federal cabinet has approved a Pakistan stands at a crossroads. There is progress in some
10-year reform package to bring the tribal region at par with areas and lack of development in others. Due to the
other developing areas of the country. Despite the geographic measures introduced in 2001 when I was the federal
proximity and cultural homogeneity between FATA and KP, minister of science and technology the IT and mobile
the merger could face complexities. An alliance of Jamiat telecommunications sector has witnessed remarkable
Ulema-e-Islam (JUI), Pukhtoonkhwa Milli Awami Party (PMAP) progress.
leadership and a group of Malaks have already taken the matter Our IT industry has grown from $30 million in 2001 to
to the court. Their claim is that the notification should have about $3 billion today. This became possible due to the
come from the President. The petition argues that under Article 15-year tax holiday given to the IT industry along with
247 (6) of the constitution, the power to make a decision in other facilitating measures. The mobile telephone sector
relation to the merger of any part of the tribal area falls within has also grown from only 0.3 million mobile phones in
the exclusive domain/jurisdiction of the President of Pakistan 2001 to about 150 million today. This was due to the
12
removal of charges from people receiving calls (calling party on our part to create teams of highly efficient
pays CPP regime) and introduction of Ufone with lower rates professionals that can handle the programme. For this we
that created market competition. must send our brightest youth to Chinese universities for
At the heart of this transformation was the investment in our six months to receive trainings in selected fields in
universities by the Higher Education Commission to produce consultation with the Chinese government. Moreover
highly qualified and well-trained manpower. Another important CPEC must not just be a road to carry goods from and to
initiative taken by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab China but should become a hub for the manufacture of
governments was to establish foreign engineering universities in high technology goods.
Haripur and Lahore in collaboration with Austria and Italy The export-oriented industrial clusters in selected fields
respectively. such as engineering goods, pharmaceuticals,
In each case, a consortium of several leading universities has biotechnology products, electronics, high value
been formed. These will be the first multiple university degree agriculture and automobiles should be given a 15-year tax
institutions in the world in which the degrees will be given by holiday to attract Chinese and other private industries to
several foreign universities. Thus each department will be invest. Each industrial hub should have high tech
supervised by a different foreign university and the students of industries to produce and export high technology
that department will get a degree from that university. This is a products, technical training centres to produce highly
remarkable model my brain child of 2004 which I tried to qualified technicians, university research centres to
implement during 2006-2007 but which was abandoned at the benefit industries and tech parks to support new start-up
last moment by the previous government, much to the companies and develop prototypes of new products and
annoyance of the foreign partners. These universities will begin processes.
their operations next year and will contribute to the We can learn from South Korea which focused on the
development of high technology manufacturing industries in establishment of high technology industries such as ship
Pakistan. building, industrial machinery, engineering goods,
However, there are a lot of areas in the country that require electronics, non-ferrous metals, petrochemicals and
attention. Our exports have declined by about 12 percent in the chemicals in the 1970s. To provide the highly skilled
last two years: they fell from $25 billion in 2013-2014 to only technical manpower needed, Korean Institute of Science
$22 billion in 2015-2016. The most worrying aspect of our and Technology, Korean Advanced Institute of Science
economy, however, is the increasing debt burden. Both the and Technology, and Seoul National University were
previous government and the present government have established. Twelve specialised research institutes were
borrowed heavily from international funding agencies but the also set up in order to develop industrial technologies in
funds have still not been invested in projects that will allow us partnership with the private sector. A special law for
to pay back the loans. The national debt burden has almost venture business promotion was approved in 1997 to
doubled in the last eight years with a huge addition of about help new technology-based SMEs to emerge. Korea thus
$33 billion in external debt and liabilities and another $4 moved quickly from reverse engineering and imitation of
billion that will be added this year. Our total debt burden will foreign imports to innovation and entrepreneurship.
then rise to $81 billion. We are slipping into an abyss rapidly These wide ranging macroeconomic, trade and industrial
and our national security is now at serious risk. policy reforms with a focus on the development of high
The most important sector of our economy is agriculture but technology manufacturing and value-added exports made
the growth in agricultural productivity, an average of about 1.6 Korea an industrial giant in a short period of 25 years.
percent during the last three years, is not even keeping up with This was due to the visionary leadership of an army
our population growth. The increasing water shortages can be general, General Park.
met by constructing small dams so that little or no water Singapore Malaysia and China provide similar examples.
reaches the sea and can be used for irrigation purposes instead. During 2016, China sent about 600,000 students to top
In this regard, we can learn from India. There are 70,000 small universities for higher education abroad. In the same
dams constructed at a cost of Rs46 billion in the state of year, almost 500,000 students returned to China after
Maharashtra alone. Thousands of small dams built across India completing their foreign training.
reflect the long-term vision of successive Indian governments to Our leaders need to realise that the real wealth of
feed their growing population through increased agricultural Pakistan lies in its youth. Our investment in education is
output. With global warming and increasing water stress, our a dismal 2 percent of our GDP. The investment in
very survival is at stake. The federal government should science and technology is only 0.3 percent of the GDP.
seriously consider cancelling the provisions of the 18th Unless we give the highest national priority to quality
Amendment under which additional funds were transferred to education, science, technology, innovation and
the provinces, and use those funds for the construction of small entrepreneurship, the country will not progress.
and large dams across the country to tackle poverty and hunger (By Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman: Published in The News
effectively. International, April 12, 2017)
A ray of hope in this scenario is CPEC, provided that we
execute the projects effectively. This requires an intense effort
13
Pakistans External Affairs
INDO PAK WATER DISPUTES
long as storage is kept to a minimum to allow water to
keep flowing downstream. In fact, according to Indian
To understand why, consider the extent of Pakistans water
media reports, this is an action Modis government is
woes. According to recent figures from the International
now actively considering taking.
Monetary Fund, Pakistan is one of the most water-stressed
Such moves, however, would not be cost-free for
countries in the world, with a per capita annual water
Pakistan. According to an estimate by the late John
availability of roughly 35,300 cubic feet the scarcity threshold.
Briscoe, one of the foremost experts on South Asia water
This is all the more alarming given that Pakistans water
issues, if India were to erect several large hydroelectric
intensity rate a measure of cubic meters used per unit of GDP
dams on the western rivers, then Pakistans agriculture
is the worlds highest. (Pakistans largest economic sector,
could conceivably lose up to a months worth of river
agriculture, consumes a whopping 90 percent of the countrys
flows which could ruin an entire planting season. Still,
rapidly dwindling water resources.)
In other words, Pakistans economy is the most water-intensive
in the world, and yet it has dangerously low levels of water to
work with.
As if thats not troubling enough, consider as well that
Pakistans groundwater tables are plummeting precipitously.
NASA satellite data released in 2015 revealed that the
underwater aquifer in the Indus Basin is the second-most
stressed in the world. Groundwater is what nations turn to
when surface supplies are exhausted; it is the water source of
last resort. And yet in Pakistan, it is increasingly imperiled.
There are other compelling reasons for India not to cancel the
IWT, all of which go beyond the hardships the decision could
bring to a country where at least 40 million people (of about it would not be nearly as serious as the catastrophes that
200 million) already lack access to safe drinking water. could ensue if India pulls the plug on the IWT.
First, revoking the treaty an international accord mediated by Third, if India ditches the IWT to punish its downstream
the World Bank and widely regarded as a success story of neighbor, then it could set a dangerous precedent and
transboundary water management would generate intense give some ideas to Pakistans ally, China. Beijing has
international opposition. As water expert Ashok Swain has never signed on to any transboundary water management
argued, revoking the IWT will bring global condemnation, and accord, and New Delhi constantly worries about its
the moral high ground, which India enjoys vis--vis Pakistan in upstream rival building dozens of dams that cut off river
the post-Uri period will be lost. Also, the World Bank would flows into India. The Chinese, perhaps using as a pretext
likely throw its support behind any international legal action recent Indian defensive upgrades in the state of
taken by Pakistan against India. Arunachal Pradesh which borders China and is
Second, if India decided to maximize pressure on Pakistan by claimed by Beijing could well decide to take a page out
cutting off or reducing river flows to its downstream neighbor, of Indias book and slow the flow of the mighty
this would bottle up large volumes of water in northern India, a Brahmaputra River. Its a move that could have disastrous
dangerous move that according to water experts could cause consequences for the impoverished yet agriculturally
significant flooding in major cities in Kashmir and in Punjab productive northeastern Indian state of Assam. The
state (for geographical reasons, India would not have the option Brahmaputra flows southwest across large areas of Assam.
of diverting water elsewhere). Given this risk, some analysts Additionally, Beijing could retaliate by cutting off the
have proposed that New Delhi instead do something less flow of the Indus which originates in Tibet down to
drastic, and perfectly legal, to pressure Islamabad: build dams India, depriving New Delhi of the ability to limit the
on the western rivers of the Indus Basin. The IWT permits this, rivers flows to Pakistan.
even though these water bodies are allocated to Pakistan, so
14
Fourth, Indias exit from the IWT could provoke Lashkar-e- growing territorial claims in the South China Sea as a
Taiba (LeT), the vicious Pakistani terrorist group that carried potential flash point for war.
out the 2008 Mumbai attacks. LeT has long used Indias alleged Should Americans be worried that armed conflict will
water theft as a chief talking point in its anti-India propaganda, break out?
even with little evidence that New Delhi has intentionally Bannon said last March: "We're going to war in the South
prevented water from flowing downstream to Pakistan. If India China Sea in five to 10 years, aren't we? There's no doubt
backed out of the treaty and took steps to stop the flow of the about that. They're taking their sandbars and making
Indus Basins western rivers, LeT would score a major basically stationary aircraft carriers and putting missiles
propaganda victory and would have a ready-made pretext to on those."Tillerson said during his confirmation hearings
carry out retaliatory attacks in India. An angry Pakistani security that he considers the area a site for potential combat:
establishment, which has close links to LeT, would not go out "We're going to have to send China a clear signal that,
of its way to dissuade the group from staging such attacks. first, the island-building stops and, second, your access to
Indeed, given the damaging effects Indias move could have on those islands also is not going to be allowed."
ordinary Pakistanis in such a water-insecure country, Pakistan What's in the South China Sea that's so valuable to risk
would be keen to find ways to strike back at India. war between two nuclear nations? What does it matter to
What this all means is that Indias cancellation of the IWT Americans? And what's this business about floating
would not produce New Delhis hoped-for result: Pakistani aircraft carriers?
crackdowns on anti-India terrorists. On the contrary, Pakistan Wall Street Journal
might tighten its embrace of such groups. The mere act of What exactly is the South China Sea?
canceling the IWT even if India declines to take steps to The South China Sea is 1.4 million square miles of the
reduce water flows to Pakistan would be treated in Islamabad Pacific Ocean surrounded by China, Taiwan, the
as a major provocation, with fears that water cutoffs could Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and
follow, and thereby spawn retaliations. Vietnam.
To be sure, India has good reason to be unhappy about the Why is it so important?
IWT. The treaty allocates to India only 20 percent of the entire Its shipping lanes handle one third of the world's
Indus River Basins water flows, and New Delhi knows its commercial shipping as much as $5 trillion worth of
gotten the short end of the stick. Additionally, the IWTs goods every year. It's also home to countless fishing
provisions limit Indias ability to build hydro-projects in grounds that feed much of Asia, water that China
Kashmir. These are significant matters in a nation with its own believes is its sovereign territory. The area may also
severe water stress. According to an estimate by the New Yorker, contain vast oil and gas deposits among its tiny island
India boasts 20 percent of the worlds population but only 4 chains. The U.S. Energy Information Administration
percent of its water. Not surprisingly, more than 300 million estimated that the seabeds in the South China Sea might
people in India face water shortages. Severe droughts have contain as much as 11 billion barrels of oil and 190
contributed to an alarming farmer suicide campaign that has trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
claimed a staggering 300,000 lives over the last 20 years. And in Navy Who do these islands belong to?
an ominous indication of what the future may hold, India is Ask each country, and you'll get a different answer. China
consuming more groundwater than any other country in the claims sovereignty over everything inside of a radius it
world. calls the "nine-dash line." It's literally a huge curve that
All this is to say that India has a strong case for requesting a China drew on a map in 1947, and the area includes the
renegotiation of the treaty. That would be a more prudent archipelagoes the Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands,
strategy than unilaterally revoking it. which are largely uninhabited but have important
India should preserve its decision to keep the IWT in place. strategic and economic value.
Rescinding it could have disastrous consequences for Pakistan China has militarized the area, building out existing
and especially for ordinary Pakistanis and also damaging islands with military bases and weapons to defend its
results for India. With India-Pakistan relations nearly on a war claims. Vietnam claims the Spratlys and Paracels as well
footing, threatening a course of action that risks humanitarian and has fought several skirmishes with China over them.
devastation could bring the subcontinental powder keg one Taiwan sees itself as the legitimate Chinese government
dangerous step closer to exploding. (Source: Foreign Policy and also has claims on the islands, as do the Philippines,
Magazine) Malaysia, and Brunei. Because of the sheer number of
What You Need to Know About the South China Sea Dispute ships transiting the area and the increasing military
Two senior members of President Donald Trump's presence in the islands, conflict could break out among
administration, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and senior any of the claimants at any time.
advisor Steve Bannon, have referenced China's extensive and
What's the deal with the fake islands China is building? radar stations, missiles, and guns. The islands bolster
They aren't so much "fake islands" as they are massively bulked China's territorial claims and could defend its shipping
up shoals. Vast fleets dig up sediment and pack it onto existing lanes if things went south. It's unknown exactly how
reefs and inlets, creating islands big enough to support air units, much firepower China has in the Spratlys. Every other
15
claimant has an artificial airstrip The U.S. claims China has As with much of the rhetoric from both China and the
added almost 3,200 acres, or 14.5 square miles, to the Spratlys. Trump team, it's hard to tell. There are a number of
Does the international community recognize China's claims? diplomatic channels through which parties can avoid
An international tribunal rejected China's nine-dash line last armed conflict.
July, condemned its island-building, and found that most of the But if the Trump administration truly believes war is
Spratlys belonged to the Philippines. Beijing has ignored the coming, it might try to start it on its terms.
ruling. China is fiercely protective of any territory it believes to
be its own. War could start for any number of reasons:
How can the U.S. block access to islands China created? Blocked shipping routes
Under President Barack Obama, the U.S. stayed out of the Illegal seizure of cargo
territorial dispute, recognizing the South China Sea as Two ships colliding with loss of life
international waters and making it clear that America would The U.S. or the Philippines interdicting Chinese
defend the interests of its allies in the area. access to the Spratlys
But President Trump and his administration have indicated Someone trying to tap oil reserves that belong to

they intend to take a more hawkish stance, borne out by someone else
Tillerson's threats to block China's access. A simple misunderstanding between armed
The U.S. has a vested interest in keeping the sea lanes open and vessels
is treaty-bound to come to the defense of both Japan and the
Philippines should they become involved in an armed conflict Who would have the advantage?
over the South China Sea. China would have the advantage because its mainland
But the only way to prevent China from building islands and isn't far away.
accessing them is to blockade the Spratlys, a massive naval The U.S. Navy is much bigger, with 11 aircraft carriers
commitment that China would see as an act of war. The same compared to China's one, but it's scattered across the
would be true of any nation that attempted to block China globe and would take time to mobilize.
from the islands.
Would it really come to that?
16
China could quickly move a considerable fleet of ships and developing the individual countries economies and
submarines into the Spratlys, backed up by close air support, together gradually try to reduce their dependence on
drones, and missiles fired from the islands. Chinese products, markets, and aid. ASEAN should
People's Liberation Army Navy reduce competition among its members, increase internal
Conflict could take the form of anything from small-scale drone aid programs, and exchange technology and experiences.
strikes to air combat to all-out barrages of cruise missiles fired Only when each and every ASEAN nation is strong
by multiple combatants. enough and really enjoys cooperation within the
If the limited U.S. forces stationed in the area were organization, can a common approach finally be
overwhelmed, the Trump administration would likely feel considered. But in the age of a prosperous ASEAN, there
pressure to respond with even more force.
Both China and the U.S. have practiced
amphibious invasions of the Spratly Islands,
and a war could quickly escalate far beyond
anyone's intention.
Escalate? Like with nuclear weapons?
It's extremely unlikely. China has long had a
no first use policy when it comes to nuclear
weapons.
The U.S. doesn't have such a policy, but
Trump vowed during a presidential debate
that he wouldn't "do first strike" and would
do everything he could to keep a conflict
from going nuclear.
No matter what happens in a South China
Sea war, the biggest effect would likely be on
the U.S. economy. The U.S. sends $100
billion in shipping through the South China
Sea each month, and any disruption to these
routes could severely damage American
commerce and trade.
The stakes in the South China Sea are high, would no longer be a need to raise this sensitive issue
and the consequences of ill-considered moves or saber-rattling against China. Seeing ASEAN growing stronger
could be disastrous for the entire world economically will entice China to behave moderately to
Solution to south china disputes cooperate rather than take the offensive in the South
What is then the solution for this daunting South China Sea China Sea. This is the only peaceful solution to the
dispute? It is important first of all to recognize the fact that the conflict.
South China Sea conflict is very much asymmetric, and One note on the third party, the United States. As recent
therefore cannot be dealt with in a symmetric way. China is events have shown, the United States has hardly made
indisputably a superpower in the region and the Philippines, any constructive contribution to solving the South China
Vietnam, and other claimants are just smaller states. Sea Conflict. All this superpower has done so far is to
Consequently, it is impossible to expect a fair solution that pressure China to commit to UNCLOS (which the
treats every participant equally. Everything should be United States is not even a party to), sponsor
proportionate. militarization in the region, and add aggression where
The ASEAN countries have to learn how to work with the necessary. It seems like the United States is planning for
regional hegemon, China, in a proportionately mutual another proxy war against China in the South China Sea,
beneficial way. Quoting international law or forcing China to which ASEAN countries and China should be well aware
agree with ASEANs proposal for a Code of Conduct is indeed of. Both sides should avoid falling into violent conflict at
unfair to this superpower. The realist school of thought would all cost. If ASEAN states are willing to act as Americas
be more honest and support Chinas higher position in every Tank Man, trying to intensify the conflict with China,
negotiation. war will come as a result, destroying the lives of innocent
The only thing that ASEAN nations can do, should they really citizens. (Source: The diplomat)
want to stand together against China, is to first focus on

17
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA:
PAKISTANS QUEST FOR SECURITY
The nuclear arms race in South Asia has become a serious India and Pakistan already have some confidence
problem for the whole region. The security competition building measures (CBMs). They need to further expand
between India and Pakistan has been characterised by an action- them. The two countries regularly exchange lists of their
reaction spiral. The nuclear arms competition between the two nuclear installations and signed agreement for not
South Asian rivals is a classic case of a security dilemma attacking each others nuclear installations. They also
whereby one states actions cause insecurity to the other, and have an agreement on pre-notification of ballistic missiles
the other states efforts to augment its security make the first tests. In addition, some CBMs the two sides can work on
one insecure. India decided to take the nuclear weapons route, are in the realm of:
Pakistan followed; India developed sophisticated ballistic and Negotiations for an Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty for
cruise missiles, Pakistan followed; India adopted an aggressive South Asia in order to limit the development and
doctrine, the Cold Start, Pakistan responded by developing deployment of BMD systems.
tactical nuclear weapons; India is developing ballistic missile Agreement for pre-notification of cruise missile flight
defence and Pakistan is sure to respond by adjusting its nuclear tests.
force posture. It is thus not the individual weapons systems but Agreement on avoidance of incidents at sea.
the security dilemma that is the cause of instability in highly
volatile South Asia.
HOW TO MITIGATE THE SECURITY COMPETITION
A change in the strategic culture of the subcontinent is needed.
Pakistan has to get out of the purely India centric security
framework in the sense that it cannot engage in an arms race
with India. It cannot afford to match weapon for weapons in
the conventional or the nuclear realm. India is a much bigger
country with a huge economy and a defence budget several
times more than that of Pakistans. Pakistan needs to have a
nuclear deterrent that is sufficient to deter India and safeguard
its sovereignty, it does not need to counter each weapon India
develops or else it may risk collapse of the state.
Similarly, India needs to ease up on its conventionalbuildup,
rapid development of nuclear and ballistic missile programmes
that are seen as a threat in Islamabad. It needs to stop pursuing
aggressive limited war doctrines like the Cold Start that may
lead to unimaginable disaster in a nuclear environment like
South Asia. India needs to stop its propaganda of trying to
brand Pakistan as a state sponsor of terrorism in national and Negotiate on developing and overarching strategic
international fora. restraint regime.
The two countries need to ease tensions and work on Overall, the two countries need to reduce tensions and
improving relations. The composite dialogue process that try to ease the security dilemma. They need to divert
started in 2004 has been suspended since the 2008 Mumbai resources from defence and armaments into human
Incident. The two countries need to revive the dialogue process development and poverty alleviation.
in order to ease tensions and move towards conflict resolution (By Ghazala Yasmin JalilPublished in Institute of Strategic
in the long run. Studies Islamabad)
The two countries need to draw strategic-restraint architecture. (Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may continue
Over the years, India has rejected Pakistans proposals for a it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding this section. Our
strategic-restraint regime. However, at the same time, it has Email : weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com & Contact No. 03014361716)
failed to come up with an alternative proposal. The two
countries need to institutionalise crisis management structures.

18
Urdu Reports

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Current Affairs MCQs
31 March to 26 April 20. Pakistani-American Trauma Surgeon who
1. Who has taken charge as head of Saudi-led alliance of recently won American highest civilian award of
41 Muslim states (its also being called Muslim Immigrants "Ellis Island Medal of Honor is? Dr.
NATO)? Retired Gen Raheel Sharif Adil Haider
2. Recently, Supreme Court has dismissed NABs illegally 21. Current Chairman of NAB is? Qamar Zaman
appointed female official of NAB, She has also been
Chaudhry
first ever female DG NAB in history of Pakistan; her
22. Newly appointed DG NAB in Lahore is? Retired
name is? Aliya Rasheed
Major Saleem Shahzad (who was DG NAB in
3. Recently appointed IG of Islamabad after removal of
province KPK)
IG Tariq Masood is? Khalid Khattak
23. Newly Appointed DG NAB KPK is? Retired
4. According to IRSA (Indus River System Authority),
Shortage of water during coming Khareef (summer) Brig. Farooq Naseer Awan
24. Newly elected chairman of POF (Pakistan
Season will be? 18 %
5. Season of Kharif Crops (Rice, Maiz, Bajra, Jawaar etc) Ordnance Factory) is? Umer Farooq Durrani
(Lt. General)
continues from? April to September
25. Operation Raddul Fasad aimed at
6. Kharif Crops are sown in? Spring (FEBRAURY to
indiscriminately eliminating threats of terrorism
MAY) and harvested in winter.
7. Operation conducted by allies or multi-security agency was launched on? 22 February 2017
(e.g Military & Paramilitary combined) to locate 26. Current DG FIA (Federal Investigating
potential threat and neutralize it is known as? Authority) is? Muhammad Amlish
Combing Operation 27. Current Air Chief Marshal of Pakistan is? Sohail
8. NEPRA stands for? National Electric Power Aman
Regulatory Authority 28. Current Chief of Naval Staff Pakistan is?
9. Newly appointed Chairman of NDMA (National Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah
Disaster Management Authority) is? Umer Mehmood 29. Sartaj Aziz elected as Chairman of 22nd
Hayat (Lt. General) Ministerial Council of ECO during: 13th ECO
10. The first Pakistani-American as well as first Muslim Summit in Islamabad
who has recently joined New York Elite Police 30. ECO (established in 1985) is the successor of?
Department is? Ali Javed RCD (1964-1979) Regional Cooperation for
11. Current Chief Justice of Pakistan is? Mian Saqib Development
Nisar 31. Members of ECO (Economic Cooperation
12. Current DG ISI is? Lt. General Mukhtar Naveed Organization) are? 10
32. Pakistan (141st position) got 2 points ahead of
13. Current Defence Minister is? Khawaja Asif
India (143rd position) in Index of? Economic
14. The de facto Foreign Minister of Pakistan is? Sartaj
Freedom
Aziz
33. Pakistans current ambassador to Afghanistan is?
15. Former South Korean President , who was removed
from office in March & then arrested for corruption Syed Abrar Hussain
34. Pakistans current ambassador to China is?
charges is? Park Geun-hye
16. Current Chairman of PCB (Pakistan Cricket Board) is? Masood Khalid
Sheharyar khan 35. Chinas current ambassador to Pakistan is? Sun
17. Current Chairman of ICC (International Cricket Weidong
Board) is? David Richardson 36. The first regular Population Census in the area
18. President of UEFA (Union of European Football now comprising Pakistan was held in? 1871
Assocation) is? Aleksander Ceferin 37. Current Population Census is numbered as? 6th
19. President of FIFA is? Gianni Infantino
28
38. The first census of Pakistan, after independence, was 66. Which Pakistani cricket captain has recently
conducted in? 1951 announced his retirement? Misbahul Haq
39. Current Chief Justice of Lahore High Court is? Syed 67. Which two Pakistan cricketers have found place
Mansoor Ali Shah among top 5 Wisden Cricketers 2017? Yunis
40. Currently appointed CJ of Sindh High Court is? Khan & Misbah ul Haq,
Ahmed Ali 68. Others 3 cricketers are? Chris Woakes, Toby
41. Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan is? Sardar Roland-Jones and Ben Duckett
Muhammad Raza Khan 69. SBP has predicted..economic growth in current
42. On April 4 2017, Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos 38 death th fiscal year 2017? 5-6%
anniversary has been celebrated; he was deposed in 70. On World Corruption Index 2017, Pakistan
1977 and executed on? 5th July 1979 ranks? 117 out of 168
43. Indias highest (& worlds 6th highest) road tunnel, 71. Current GDP per capita of Pakistan is? $5,100
inaugurated on 4th April by PM Modi, in Kashmir is? 72. Current DG ISPR is? Gen. Asif Ghafoor
Chenani-Nashri (9.2 km long) 73. Which WWE wrestlers have announced
44. Irans current ambassador to Pakistan is? Mehdi retirement? UnderTaker & Goldberg
Hunar Dost 74. Which chemical compound has recently been
45. Pakistans federal minister of Water & Power is? used in deadliest Syrian attacks? Sarin nerve gas
Khawaja Asif (which is an organo-phosphorus compound and
46. Pakistans circular debt reached to? 385 bn
47. Current IG Sindh is? A.D Khawaja (restored)
48. Current IG KPK is? Salahud Din Mehsood
49. NESPAK stands for? National Engineering Services
Pakistan (Pvt)
50. Australian Air Chief who recently visit Pakistan is?
Gavin Neil Davies
51. Former Chief Air Marshal & Governor Sindh who
recently died is? Azeem Dawood Pota (another hero
of war 1965)
52. Current HEC Chairman is? Mukhtar Ahmed
53. K.E was formerly known as? Karachi Electric Supply
Company Ltd.
54. In Panama Leaks, how many documents of 214,488
offshore companies were leaked from a law firm
Mossack Fonseca? 11.5 million
55. Nawaz Sharif is numbered as.PM of Pakistan? 20th
56. Current membership of EU (European Union) is? 28th
57. Current UN Secretary General (9th) Antonio Guterres a nerve agent)
belongs to? Portugal 75. Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) has recently
58. Currently appointed first ever woman Secretary Foreign signed Israels largest ever deal with India for
Affairs of Pakistan is? Tehmina Janjua Missile Defence System whose worth is approx.?
59. OGRA stands for? Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority $ 2 billion
60. Electricity short fall in Pakistan recently reached to? 4, 76. Currently worlds largest arms importer is? India
700 Megawatt 2nd largest is Saudi Arabia
61. Color of newly introduced Punjab Police uniform is? 77. Currently worlds largest arms exporter is?
Olive Green America 2nd largest is Russia
62. Current COAS of Pakistan Qamar Javed Bajwa belongs 78. According to Russian Sputnik Agency, which
to? Baloch Regiment country has the strongest military air force
63. Current COAS of India is? Gen. Bipin Rawat among Arab countries? Saudi Arabia
64. Currently appointed Pakistan ambassador to U.S is? 79. Which party has held its centenary celebration
Aizaz Chaudhry on April 7? JUI
80. Current U.S president Trump belongs to U.S
65. Pakistans current representative to UN is? Maleeha
State? New York
Lodhi
81. Recently, cement dispatches rise to record?
30.304 million tonnes
29
82. In which Syrian province, recent chemical attacks 106. Currently appointed Mayor of Gibraltar is
happened? Idlib former Miss World, named as? Kaiane Lopez
83. According to Elections Commssion, Pakistans richest 107. According to recently sent summary to PM by
political party is? PTI 2nd Richest isJamat-e-Islami Establishment Division:
84. King of which country has recently signed 20th 108. Who is going to be appointed as IG Punjab? Arif
constitution? Thailand Nawaz (Capt. Retired)
85. Current president of Supreme Court Bar Association? 109. IG Sindh will be? Amjad Javed Saleemi
Rasheed A. Rizvi 110. DG FIA will be? A.D Khawaja
86. Stockholm (where recently a truck attack killed 4 111. IG Baluchistan will be? Amin Vains (Capt.
people) is the capital of? Sweden Retired)
87. Pakistan PMs Advisor for National Security is? Nasir 112. Currently notified CCPO (Capital City Police
Janjua (Lt. Retired) Officer) Lahore is? Muhammat Tahir
88. Israels current PM is? Benjamin Netanyahu 113. New RPO Gujranwala is? Bilal Siddique
89. In Pakistan 6th Census, which gender is being for the Kamyaana
first time? Third Gender 114. New RPO Faisalabad is? Syed Khurram Ali
90. Current Speaker of Baluchistan assembly is a first ever Shah
woman speaker of Baluchistan; her name is? Rahila 115. Current president of Egypt is? Abdel Fattah el-
Durrani Sisi
91. Which test cricketer has announced his retirement (on 116. Current British PM Theresa Mary May belongs
8 Apri)? Yunis Khan to? Conservative Party
92. Pakistans High Commissioner appointed in India is? 117. A military court of Pakistan has awarded death
Abdul Basit sentence to Indian agent? Kalboshan Yadev
93. On 8th April, U.S launched an attack with 59 118. Bangladesh President has rejected mercy plea
Tomahawk cruise missiles on Syrian airfield named? from Harkatul Mujahideens top leader? Abdul
Shayrat airfield Mannan
94. Who has recently been appointed as Ambassador of 119. Turkish President Recep Erdogan is going to
Peace of UN? Malala hold a referendum on 16 April for change in
95. Currently appointed Pakistans ambassador to Saudi constitution, what is the name of his party?
Arabia is? Hisham bin Siddique (Vice Admiral) Justice and Development Party
96. Current deputy speaker of National Assembly Pakistan 120. Who is called Sick man of Europe? Turkey
is? Mutaza Javed Abbasi 121. Who has announced 23-Party Coalition for
97. Name of Imam-e-Kaba, who visited Pakistan (on April election 2018? Pervez Musharraf
9) is? Sheikh Saleh bin Ibrahim 122. News Agency AFP stands for? Agence France-
98. Pakistans current minister for religious affairs is? Presse (its HQ is in Paris)
Sardar Yousaf 123. Currently appointed chief justice of AJK High
99. Teesta river dispute exists between? India & Court is? Tabassum Aftab Alvi
Bangladesh 124. Current Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court is?
100. Recently PM Modi admired Zero-tolerance policy Yahya Afridi
against terrorism given by? Bangladeshi PM 125. Current Deputry chairman of Senate is? Abdul
Haseena Wajid Ghafoor Haideri
101. On 9th April, Christians celebrated the 126. On 2 April 2016, Indian Agent Kalboshan, who
commemoration of Jesus Christs triumphant victory in has recently been awrded death sentence, was
Jerusalem, this Sunday in history is called? Palm arrested from which area of Baluchistan?
Sunday Mashkel
102. Foreign Office Spokesman of Pakistan is? Nafees 127. Secretary General of OIC is? Yousaf Ahmed
Zakaria 128. Current Chief Justice of Federal Shariat Court is?
103. Pakistan Lt. Col (R) Habib Tahir has gone missing in Riaz Ahmed Khan
Nepals area? Lumbini 129. Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India is? J. S
104. India & Bangladesh has signed 22 agreements worth Khehar
of? $ 5 billion 130. Wikileaks founder Julian Assange belongs to?
105. Last armed separatist group ETA (Euskadi Ta Australia
Askatasuna - Basque Country and Freedom) has ended 131. After Retirement of IG Punjab Mushtaq
its separatist campaign in Europe; Eta was founded in? Sukhera, who has recently assumed additional
1959
30
charge of IG office? Captain (R) Usman Khattak 156. Under CPEC project, China has increased
(for three months) investment from $55 billion to? $62 bn
132. In which country, 14000-years-old village, which is 157. OECD stands for? Organization of Economic
older than even Egyptian pyramids, has been Cooperation & Development
unearthed? Canada 158. OECD Forums theme for year 2017 is? working
133. Which airline has recently been declared as worlds best together to achieve the goal of sustainable
airline? Emirates Airline development
134. Newly appointed deputy governor of State Bank of 159. Which Pakistani director has recently been
Pakistan is? Jameel Ahmed included in Forbes list of 30 under 30 list of
135. It has 29 years when Ojhari Camp disaster people from sports and entertainment?
(ammunition explosion) occurred on? 10 April 1988 Shahnawaz Zali
136. Current Governor of Sindh is? M. Zubair 160. Which Portuguese footballer has become first to
137. Pakistan's trade deficit for has reached historic? $23.39 make a century of European goals (100 goals)?
billion Cristiano Ronaldo (in his 140 matches)
138. First 'Silk Road' train from Britain has left for China, it 161. Current head of WHO (Its headquarter is in
will cover distance? 12000km (18 days) Geneva) is? Margaret Chan
139. Pakistan won final one day cricket series by 2-1 while 162. Largest non-nuclear bomb, dropped for the first
defeating West Indies, who remains man of the match? time by America on Achin in Afghanistan on
Shoab Malik (101 scores) 14th April, is? GBU-43 (21, 600 pounds and
140. Which country is going to host Blind Cricket World guided by GPS) it nickname is Mother of All
Bombs MOAB
Cup final 2018? Pakistan
141. Brazil Supreme Court has ordered to probe into top 3 163. MOAB stands for? Massive Ordnance Air
governors 100 plus politicians and 9 top ministers of Blast
cabinet of current President? Michel Temer 164. Acting spokesperson for US State Department is?
142. Current US ambassador to Pakistan is? David Hale Mark Toner
143. US Secretary of State is? Rex Tillerson 165. Current Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court is?
144. President of North Korea is? Pyongyang Yahya Afridi
166. Quorum (minimum number of members that
145. Current Russian foreign minister is? Sergei Lavrov
must be present to make the proceedings of any
146. Whom ICC has named as Pakistans ambassador for
meeting valid) of the National Assembly of
Champion Trophy 2017? Shahid Afridi
Pakistan is? 1/4th of the total members
147. After winning GSM (Groupe Spciale Mobile) Award
167. Current deputy speaker of National Assembly of
and securing 3rd position in the list of mobile telecom
Pakistan is? Murtaza Javed Abbasi
operator group, Pakistan is going to become first South
168. Capital of Switzerland is? Bern
Asian country to introduce? 5G Services
169. Current deputy chairman of Planning
148. According to new Hajj Policy, a person can perform 2nd
Hajj only after (Gab between 2 hajjs will be of)? 7 years Commission of Pakistan is? Ahsan Iqbal
149. Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson is? Maria 170. PEMRA stands for? Pakistan Electronic
Zakharova Media Regulatory Authority
150. Current Foreign Ministry Spokesperson of China is? 171. Which city is going to become host city of
Lu Kang Olympics 2018? Pyeongchang (South Korea)
172. Which U.S bomb is nicknamed asMother of all
151. Current supreme commander of NATO is? Curtis
bombs ? MOAB (Massive Ordnance Air Blast)
Scaparrotti
173. Which Russian bomb is nicknamed as Father of
152. Currently appointed advisor to Punjab Police is?
all Bombs? ATBIP (Aviation Thermobaric
Mushtaq Sukhera (former I.G Punjab)
Bomb of Increased Power) It is 4 times more
153. The first female Muslim Judge as well as first black
powerful than MOAB
woman judge of U.S highest court of appeals, who
174. Current Prime Minister of China is? Le
recently found dead in Hudson river, was? Sheila
Keqiang
Abdus-salam
154. Due to CPEC, over next 2 years, Pakistan economy will 175. Current President of China is? Xi Jinping
176. Which Pakistani writer and former bureaucrat
grow? 5%
has recently died (on 16 April)? Mukhtar
155. Current Besaakhi is: 319th anniversary of Khaalsa
(theRighteous Sikh Brotherhood) established in 1699 Masood
by 10th Guru Gobin Singh 177. Famous Books written by Mukhtar Masood are?
Awaaz-e-Dost, Loh-e-Ayyaam, & Safar Naseeb

31
178. Current Attorney General of Pakistan is? Ashtar 204. According to recent report from WHO, how
Ausaf Ali many people have to drink contaminated water?
179. Current Auditor General of Pakistan is? Rana Assad 2 billion
Amin 205. U.S Secretary of Defence is? James Mattis
180. Current Federal Ombudsman of Pakistan is? Salman 206. First phase of election in France will be started
Farooqi from? 23 April
181. Current Federal Tax Ombudsman of Pakistan is? 207. Second First phase of election in France will be
Abdul Rauf Ch. started from? 7 May
182. Which day has been celebrated by Christians (on 16 208. 6th population census in Pakistan will be
April)? Easter Sunday (when Jesus Christ rose again conducted in 4 provinces and? 63 Districts
after 3 days of his crucifixion) 209. Which institution of Pakistan is conducting
183. On 16, April), Referendum has been held in Turkey census? Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS)
for approval of? 18 proposed amendments in 210. The PBS has divided the country into?
Turkeys constitution 168,275 blocks
184. Which Muslim scholar has recently died? Akhtar Ali 211. Spokesperson for Saudi-led military coalition of
Shah 41 Countries is? Major Gen. Ahmed Asiri
185. On 16 April, 2017, Result of Turkeys 7th referendum 212. Electricity shortfall in Pakistan has increased to?
for 18 constitutional amendments remained in favour 7,000 MW
of? Presidential system 213. Which bill was passed by National Assembly on
186. Capital of Turkey is? Ankara (Its currency is? Turkish 20 April? Compulsory Teaching of Quran Bill
Lira) 214. Which Urdu writers death anniversary has been
187. How many votes were cast in referendum for celebrated on April 20? Imtiaz Ali Taj
presidential system? 51.4 % 215. Famous publications of Imtiaz Ali Taj are?
188. Current Afghanistans ambassador to Pakistan is? Anarkali (Drama), Qurtaba Ka Qazi aur,
Omar Zakhilwal Chacha Chakhan
189. Current President of Azad Kashmir is? Sardar 216. In Thai Martial arts festival, which Pakistani won
Masood Khan gold medal? Saeed Khan
190. Current PM of Azad Kashmir is? Raja Farooq Haider 217. Current CEO of IMF (founded in 1945) is?
Khan Christine Lagarde (France)
191. Federal Budget of Pakistan is going to be presented on? 218. Headquarter of IMF (its member 189) is at?
26 May Washington
192. First phase of population census started from 15 March 219. JIT has been formed by Supreme court of
and ended on? 15 April Pakistan to probe money trails PMs family. JIT
193. Second phase of population census will start from 25 stands for? Joint Investigation Team
April and end on? 25 May 220. JIT will include representatives from? ISI, NAB,
194. On 16th April, China and Nepal started first ever joint- FIA, Military Intelligence (MI) and
military exercises, they name this drill as? Sagarmatha Securities & Exchange Commission of
Friendship 2017 Pakistan
195. Sagarmatha is the Nepali name of? Mount Everest 221. Whom Government has issued NOC to be head
196. Recently, South Asias largest dancing fountain is of Saudi-led coalition of 41 nations? Gen.
inaugurated at? Bahria Town (Karachi) Raheel Sharif
197. Current U.S National Security Advisor is? Gen. 222. Which two judges declared PM Nawaz Sharif to
Mcmaster be disqualified in Panamagate judgement?
198. Current Prime Minister of China is? Le Keqiang Justice Asif Saeed Khosa & Gulzar Ahmed
199. Current President of China is? Xi Jinping 223. In Venezuela, violent protest has been erupted
200. Current Chief minister of Jammu & Kashmir (Indian- against?..for eroding democracy? President
held) is? Mehbooba Mufti Nicolas Maduro
201. Which TTPs former spokesperson and Commander of 224. On 21 April, who death anniversary has been
Jamaatul Ahraar has surrendered? Ahsaan Ullah celebrated?? Allama Iqbal
Ahsaan 225. Headquarter of SCO (Shinghai Cooperation
202. China's first cargo spacecraft is to be launched into Organization) is in? Beijing
space, its name is: Tianzhou-1 226. Current president of SCO is? Rashid Olimov
203. Indias current finance minister is? Arun Jaitley

32
227. World's longest-reigning monarch has celebrated her 251. Which two countries have started military
91st birthday on 21 April. Her name is? Queen exercise collectively against threat of North
Elizabeth-II Korea? U.S & South Korea
228. On April 20, China launched its 1st unmanned cargo 252. Current president of Supreme Court Bar
spacecraft? Tianzhou 1 Association Pakistan is? Rasheed A. Rizvi
229. Which day is celebrated on 22 April? Global Earth 253. Which famous Urdu Novel writer has died in
Day Lahore on 24th Arpil? M. A Rahat
230. Current Chief of Afghan National Army is? Gen. 254. 20 years ago, MA Rahats name was also included
Qadam Shah Shahim in Guinness Book of World Record as a most
231. Where did recent Paris attack on Police occur? Champ prolific writer, now his writings are? 6000
Elysees Fictions & 1150 Novels ( & Imran Series etc)
255. According to a current report by SIPRI, which
232. Name of current U.S vice president is? Mike Pence
country has become 5th largest military spender?
233. Capital of Australia is? Canberra
India ($ 55.9 billion in 2016) with 8.5 % annual
234. Current Prime Minister of Australia is? Malcolm
growth of its defence budget
Turnbull 256. Other largest military spenders are: America
235. Pakistans speaker of national assembly (Ayaz Sadiq)
(1st), China (2nd), Russia (3rd), Saudi Arabia
visited Irans capital Tehran and met Irans foreign
(4th) while Pakistans number is? 23rd
minister whose name is? M. Javad Zarif
257. Capital of Sudan is? Khartoum
236. Indonesias current president (who recnet is? Joko
258. Current Special Assistant on Foreign Affairs to
Vidodo
PM of Pakistan is? Tariq Fatemi (Pakistans
237. Saudi Arabia has announced to launch its first ever
former ambassador to U.S and European Union)
National Security Centre, who is its advisor?
259. Which American astronaut has set a record for
Muhammad bin Saleh Al-ghofaili most time spent in space by any American
238. According to Word Bank (IMF), Pakistans economic
women? Peggy Whitson
growth rate in FY 2017 will be? 5.2%
260. Who has won most matches as a captain of
239. Who is current opposition leader in Senate of Pakistan?
Pakistans Cricket Team? Misbahul Haq ( won
Aitzaz Ahsan 25 matches, lost 18 matches), 2nd is Javed
240. Current president of European Union (EU) is? Martin Miandad (won 14, lost 6), 3rd is Imran Khan
Schulz (won 14, lost 8)
241. When are Federal Elections 2017 in Germany going to 261. Who is current Pakistans ambassador to U.S?
be held? 24 September Aizaz Chaudhry (who recently presented
242. Pakistans Federal Minister for Planning Development diplomatic credentials to U.S president Trump)
and Reforms is? Ahsan Iqbal 262. In a historic step, first Muslim female has been
243. Political ideas and activities that are intended to get the appointed as judge of Israels Sharia Court, her
support of ordinary people by offering them what they name is? Hana Khatib
want are called? Populism 263. On April 26 April, which form PM of Pakistans
244. Which top two candidates have qualified first phase of disqualification period of five year has been
Election in France? Marine Le pen & Emmanuel completed and now he can contest election
Macron again? Yousaf Raza Gailani (He was the first
245. According to PMDC, how many cases of malaria are serving prime minister in Pakistan's history to
reported annually in Pakistan? 5 Lacs bedisqualified)
246. Pakistans Finance Minister, Ishaq Dar met World 264. Where has China launched its first domestically
Banks vice president for south Asia, her name is? built aircraft carrier? South China Sea
Annette Dixon 265. Currently Pakistans ranking in World Press
247. Current president of World bank is? Jim Yong Kim Freedom Index 2017 is? 139 (out of 180
248. Recently, who has become first Pakistani cricketer to countries) Norway is at top
score 10,000 runs in test matches? Yunis Khan 266. THAAD stands for? Terminal High Altitude
249. While, a cricketer with overall highest runs in test Area Defense (U.S is now installing this missile
matches is? Sachin Tendulkur (15921) system in South Korea)
250. Israeli PM Netanyahus wife has been arrested and (Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may
indicted for corruption charges, her name is? Sara continue it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding this
section. Our Email : weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com &
Contact No. 03014361716)

33
Transcripts of Talk shows
WORLD RIGHT NOW WITH HALA GORANI
(END VIDEOTAPE)
ERDOGAN CLAIMS VICTORY TO GRAB GORANI: Well, straight to Istanbul, CNN's Ian Lee is
SWEEPING NEW POWERS there. When will we start actually seeing changes in
HALA GORANI, CNN ANCHOR: Nine months ago, he was Turkey, Ian?
facing a coup and the prospect of losing his grip on power. IAN LEE, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Well, the changes
Now, it looks like Recep Tayyip Erdogan is stronger than ever. to the constitution will happen for some immediately
A referendum victory gives him sweeping new powers, but in especially when it comes to the judiciary, we will see
the end, it was a slim majority that got him win showing a deep changes to the high court, but when it comes to the
divide within the country. actual par parliament and the president, that won't
As you can see in here Mr. Erdogan won big in the countryside happen, Hala, until 2019 when there will be another
highlighted in green, but not in a major cities and population election for a new parliament, and there is a presidential
areas. And international monitors have delivered a scathing election at the same time.
verdict on how the whole vote was conducted. And then moving forward, you will see this change in the
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) constitution, but until then, we were out speaking with
GORANI (voice-over): A sea of supporters greeted President those protesters who say that they are not going to give up
Erdogan in Ankara a day after his historic referendum win. the fight.
Turkish flags as far as the eye could see as he declared victory They are still demanding that this referendum be null
for a strong Turkey and the defeat of the west. and void because of the discrepancies that they say took
RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN, TURKISH PRESIDENT place in that European monitors said took place -- Hala.
(through translator): It was a fight against everyone. The GORANI: I'm joined from Chicago by Ian Bremmer,
crusaders ideology in the west, and the servants here attacked president of the Eurasia Group. Ian, is this really an
us, but we did not give up. We stand up as a nation. erosion of the Turkish democracy as critics are
GORANI: Erdogan's powers are now said to be expanded and contending?
his grip on the country's executive and judiciary tightened, but IAN BREMMER, PRESIDENT, EURASIA GROUP: It
the result was narrow around 51 percent to 49 and opposition certainly is, though, it is not new. I mean, Erdogan has
groups have not accepted it quietly. Angry protesters took to the been eroding the democracy for some time. You
streets of Turkey's main cities where a majority of people voted remember that failed coup and the aftermath of that,
against the changes. The main opposition party criticized the there were tens of thousands of suspected and alleged
electoral board for allowing irregular ballot papers to be Erdogan opponents who were hassled and rounded up
counted calling for the result to be nullified. and detained.
BULENT TEZCAN, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN, PEOPLE'S They have larger numbers of journalists in jail right now
REPUBLICAN PARTY (through translator): The only decision than any other country in the world including China.
that will end the debate about the legitimacy of the vote and You know, there is not much of a free media anymore in
east the people's legal concerns is the annulment of this Turkey so they have been heading down this path.
referendum. But certainly, it culminates in the vote that we saw this
GORANI: International election monitors delivered a scathing weekend and the fact that now Turkey will be invested
verdict on the referendum campaign saying it was not with the new constitution that will allow the president to
conducted on a level playing field. have much more sweeping rule over the way the country
TANA DE ZULUETA, INTERNATIONAL ELECTION is run.
MONITOR: Our team accepting the misuse of administrative GORANI: But a majority of Turks voted for it, a majority
resources and the civil party organizations supporting the no of Turks support these changes.
campaign. In numerous cases, no sympathizers face police BREMMER: That is absolutely true, but again, look, I
interventions and violent scuffles at their events. think on balance, it was a free election in the sense that
GORANI: The criticism is likely to embolden the opposition pretty much everyone that wanted to vote could, and
and deepen the divisions in this increasingly polarized country. turnout was actually quite high, about 85 percent.
Erdogan's new powers will likely come into effect in 2019 and But it was not a fair election in that not only that you
could see him stay on as leader until 2029. A chilling thought heard from some of the election monitors have many of
for many in Turkey who blame him for a steady erosion of the the opponents of the referendum been harassed and
democracy and the human rights.
34
hassled and they weren't allowed to use effectively state And Erdogan's laws has been very effective in saying we
resources to promote the cause in the run-up. want rights for Islam, we are not going to have a secular
But also if you don't have a free media in the months before the Muslim regime. So out of Turk himself, his legacy has
referendum, then, you know, in lots of places where all they really been in many ways laid to rest by the vote that was
hear from is the government like in the rural areas where you taken this weekend and terribly sad day for so many
end up having a strong Erdogan vote, they will vote the other Turks, who believed that they were creating a modern
way. Turkey.
So you can't say that it is a fair referendum. Erdogan did GORANI: Well, and where have we heard by the way
everything possible to engineer this. He really believe and before this rejection of globalization, and embracing
speaking to some of the advisers over the last week that they populism. We have seen it in other elections obviously,
were going to get about 55 percent to 60 percent of the turnout and we may see it again in France next week. Speaking of
and they only got 51 percent. But of course, anything over 50 is France and Europe, last question, how are they likely to
more than enough for Erdogan to say to put in the bank and react here?
say this country is mine. Because of course, Turkey signed a deal with Europe
GORANI: Well, that is how referendums work, we saw it with closing the way to the waves of refugees that created such
Brexit, and we are seeing it here now as well. We were showing a crisis for this continent a couple of years ago.
the viewers the map showing how divided Turkey is. The urban They still hold a lot of power over these European
centers largely voted against these changes, and really as you countries?
mentioned there, the rural less populated areas that supported BREMMER: Well, I mean, the fact is that the Europeans
Erdogan. What is next for the country? It is so incredibly made it clear that the Turks were not particularly
polarized right now. welcome in their borders. There were so many guest
BREMMER: That is right, the more conservative areas, the less workers that went to Germany and did not feel like they
educated area, the more religious areas all had much less could integrate.
problem with the idea that the country was not going to be Now of course, Turkey itself is home to some over 2
particularly democratic. They knew they were not going to go million Syrian refugees, and the Europeans are saying, we
into Europe any time soon, and Europe is a very divided place. don't want them. At some point, that deal is going to fall
As a tourist, anyone goes to Istanbul or the blue coast, they apart. Right now, it is transactional. It's security for cash
understand just how extraordinary the cosmopolitan Turkish basically on the tit-for-tat basis.
elites are, well educated, how many language do they speak, all But after German elections later on this year, I suspect
of this, but that is not Turkey as a whole. you will start to see penalties from the European against
Turkey as a whole is an incredibly divided society, and what is Turkey, and the Turks will say they are going to go on
interesting is that if you saw the Arab Spring, they were many their way, but one final point here, let's keep in mind that
that believed that Egypt was going to move more towards a Erdogan does not get to enjoy all these powers until he
Turkish model after this referendum. has elections, and he wins as president.
It turns out that Turkey is actually moving towards that more So they are going to keep emergency rule on right now.
Egyptian model. They don't look like Europe. They look Erdogan does not feel he is out of the woods. He is still
increasingly like the Middle East in terms of their governance. going to be acting as a guy who has a lot to prove until
GORANI: So what's going on? Why then? Because just maybe a those elections are over.
decade ago it wasn't inconceivable to imagine that Turkey North Korean Ambassador: War Could Break
would start in earnest the process of joining the E.U. That Out Any Moment
sounds like an absolute fantasy right now and as you are saying, GORANI: Ian Bremmer as always, the president of the
your analysis is they are moving closer to the Eurasia Group. We really appreciate your analysis joining
Egyptian model than the other way around. What is behind us live from Chicago. Thank you so much.
this? Donald Trump says North Korea has, quote, "Gotta
BREMMER: Well, there are a couple of things. They were behave." He delivered that terse message at the White
never welcomed by the European. I think that the Europeans House today while his vice president spelled out the
had been willing to accept a populist Muslim country in their administration's new strategy, standing just dozens of
midst, and truly integrated them. You would have had much meters away from North Korean soldiers.
more support for a western liberal democratic model. Mike Pence toured the demilitarized zone between North
And Erdogan never would have been able to grab as much and South Korea today. In an exclusive interview with
power as he has, well, that's water under the bridge now. We CNN, he told Dana Bash that the U.S. will no longer
have also seen greater inequality in our society and European use, quote, "strategic patience" to deal with Pyongyang.
societies, and in a Turkish society. (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
And that's been that a lot of people are more willing to go out DANA BASH, CNN CHIEF POLITICAL
and say, I'm sick of being told by a bunch of pro-globalization CORRESPONDENT: Mr. Vice President, I was watching
people that Turkey needs to be more outward in orientation.
Turkey should be run the way we want it to be run.
35
you watch what is behind you earlier, what is going through Kim In Ryong, North Korean Ambassador to U.N.: It has
your mind looking at North Korea? been creating a dangerous situation in which the nuclear
MIKE PENCE, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED war could break out any moment on the peninsula, and
STATES: This is a frontier of freedom, and now for more than poses a serious threat to the world peace and security.
six decades, U.S. forces and forces of South Korea have held the (END VIDEO CLIP)
line for freedom here at the DMZ. And it is inspiring for me to WATSON: This is the kind of the talk and the
see the resolve of these soldiers, and to see the alliance that we movement of the aircraft carrier strike group, and the
have forged with the people of South Korea throughout the threats of more missile launches and the nuclear tests are
generations, and it gives me great confidence as we go into the coming from North Korea are ratcheting up the tension
future. That we will achieve the objective of a secure and here.
prosperous South Korea, but also that we will see a Korean But the U.S. vice president had another message, too,
Peninsula free of nuclear weapons. that the U.S. is a close South Korean ally, and this that
BASH: You said that the age, excuse me, you said that the era Washington's future steps would be conducted in
of patience, strategic patience is over. What does that mean in concert, he said, with South Korea, which of course,
real terms? stands the most to lose if things spiral out of control.
PENCE: It was the policy of the United States of America South Korea hosting some 30,000 U.S. troops, and the
during prior administrations to practice what they called capital here within range of conventional artillery in
strategic patience, and that was to hope to martial international North Korea on the northern side of the demilitarized
support to bring an end to the nuclear ambitions and the zone.
ballistic missile programs of North Korea. That has clearly GORANI: Thanks very much, Ivan Watson in Seoul this
failed, and the advent of nuclear weapons testing, the evening.
development of a nuclear program, and even this weekend to RUSSIA ACCUSED OF MEDDLING IN
see another attempt at a ballistic missile launch all confirms the FRENCH ELECTION
fact that strategic patience has failed. GORANI: We are in the homestretch of one of the most
BASH: What does it mean to end it in practical terms, it is dramatic elections in modern French history, and we
either to use military force or find a diplomatic source that has should say modern European history maybe even. The
eluded all of your predecessors? top candidates are out enforcing. There's only a few days
PENCE: Well, I think as the president has made clear that we left.
are going to abandon the failed policy of strategic patience, but Far left Jean-Luc Melenchon, Centrist Emmanuel
we are going to redouble our efforts to bring diplomatic and Macron, Republican Francois Fillon, and far right,
economic pressure to bear on North Korea. Our hope is that we Marine Le Pen, are all hitting the campaign trail.
can resolve the issue peaceably, and I know the president was Melenchon is in a late breaking surge thanks to some
heartened by his discussions with President Xi. We have seen strong debate performances, but his leftist agenda could
China begin to take some actions to bring pressure on North be a hard sell to main stream voters. Macron's policies are
Korea, but there needs to be more. inoffensive, but some say they are also unexciting.
(END VIDEOTAPE) Once upon a time Fillon reflect the favorite, but he's
GORANI: Mike Pence there at the demilitarized zone. It didn't fighting damaging corruption allegations. And far right
take long for North Korea to respond to Pence's visit or his candidate, Marine Le Pen widely expected to make it to
warning that Pyongyang should not test the U.S. military the second round, but experts say her controversial
resolve. Ivan Watson is following that part of the story from policies such as banning religious symbols in public will
Seoul -- Ivan. not gain wider traction than her four support group.
IVAN WATSON, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL Just moments ago at this very rally there was an incident
CORRESPONDENT: Hala, the U.S. vice president did more where a woman had to be dragged off of the stage. Take a
than just declare that the strategy of strategic patience was over. look.
He also invoked the U.S. cruise missile strike against the Syrian (VIDEO CLIP)
government air base less than two weeks ago, and the air strike GORANI: Now, we don't know what the woman's
against ISIS targets in Eastern Afghanistan. motives were. She was trying to deliver, I guess, maybe
And declared that those were examples of U.S. strength and too benign a term a bouquet of flowers to Marine Le Pen.
resolve and he warned North Korea not to challenge that To me, it looked like a (inaudible) act, I can't be sure.
resolve and not to test it. It was an implicit threat that was made Looks like she was about ready to unzip her top to reveal
here in South Korea. maybe some wording on her chest, not too sure. That is
Hours later, the North Korean ambassador to the United what it looked like to me.
Nations came out and he accused the U.S. of saber rattling, as Le Pen referenced the far left as she continue speaking
he put it, and gangster-like logic, which he said was ratcheting saying they are using a French expression saying they are
up tension. Take a listen. walking on their heads, which basically means they are
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) making no sense, and they are going haywire.

36
There you have it, more controversy and drama in the French French internet were mostly being made up by far right
election just days away. Adding to that circus atmosphere, the website or the far right Facebook pages, and they are
French electorate is being bombarded with fake news. Facebook mostly targeting migrants or medias.
in fact has said that it deleted 30,000 accounts saying that they BELL (on camera): For those inside Emmanuel Macron's
spread spam and misinformation, but it is Russia that has some campaign headquarters, fake news stories targeting their
candidates most concerned. Melissa Bell reports from Paris on candidate are all the more worrying because of the nature
that angle. of his electorate. It is untested because he has never stood
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) before, and the polls suggest much more volatile than
MELISSA BELL, CNN PARIS CORRESPONDENT (voice- Marine Le Pen.
over): The choice facing French voters is stark, 11 candidates
with radically different visions of what the future should be. Of In short, he has many more people to convince, and the
them, the two frontrunners have almost diametrically opposed fear here is that some may be all too easily put off.
proposals. Melissa Bell, CNN, in Paris.
On one hand, a stronger relationship with Europe, and a tough GORANI: After a very tense weekend, the back and forth
look at Russia. On the other, a referendum on leaving the E.U. threats between the United States and North Korea are
and a closer relationship with Moscow. escalating tonight, but the White House says, don't expect
It is (inaudible) that Marine Le Pen has already started working Donald Trump to draw any kind of "red line in the sand,"
on with a visit to Moscow, Vladimir Putin took the opportunity a spokesman says the U.S.
to state Russia's position. President will take decisive action when appropriate but
VLADIMIR PUTIN, RUSSIAN PRESIDENT (through won't, quote, "telegraph" his intentions in advance. Mr.
translator): We don't want to influence the events in anyway. Trump himself took a moment from an annual Easter
BELL: But inside Emmanuel Macron's headquarters, the fear is Egg Roll today to weigh in.
that Moscow has been trying to help Marine Le Pen. His (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
campaign manager says they are being targeted by both cyber- UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Any message for North Korea,
attacks and fake news. sir, Kim Jong-un?
RICHARD FERRAND, CAMPAIGN MANAGER, EN DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
MARCHAL (through translator): Emmanuel Macron wants a STATES: Got to behave.
strong European Union and we know that the strategy of those UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Mr. President, do you think
countries that don't want a strong Europe means making him North Korea can be resolved peacefully, sir? What are
lose the election. your thoughts on Kim Jong-un?
BELL: So is Russia interfering in France's presidential campaign TRUMP: Hopefully it can.
as it is alleged to have done in the American poll? France's (END VIDEO CLIP)
internet watchdog has warned of the danger of cyber GORANI: Let's get some perspective now from CNN
interference. We asked an expert on French cyber security national security analyst, retired Rear Admiral John
whether he thought Russia was involved. Kirby. He's a former spokesperson for the U.S. State
FABRICE EPELBOIN, CO-FOUNDER, YOGOSHA: Yes, Department and the Pentagon. Thanks for joining us.
probably, just like the United States has been interfering in REAR ADMIRAL JOHN KIRBY (RET.), FORMER
many, many presidential elections around the world for the SPOKESPERSON, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
past, I don't know, 50 years, and just like France has been OF STATE: Thanks, Hala.
interfering in almost every African presidential election since, GORANI: First, I want to ask you, Mike Pence is saying --
the last 60 or 70 years. It is the way that democracy works and I'm going to run this sound -- that, essentially, the
around the world. United States is going to drop this, quote, "failed policy
BELL: The trouble says Fabrice, it is impossible given the strategic patience." He was at the Demilitarized Zone
sophistication of the technology to determine where a particular today. This is what he had to say.
hack originated. CNN reached out to the kremlin to get their (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
response, a spokesman said, "We strongly disagree with these MIKE PENCE, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
accusation. They are groundless. Moscow was not involved in STATES: I think, as the President has made it clear, that
any cyber-attacks and can't be involved." we're going to abandon the failed policy of strategic
So what about fake news? At the French "Daily Lemond," a patience, but we're going to redouble our efforts to bring
special unit was set up in which 12 journalists worked to diplomatic and economic pressure to bear on North
identify and debunk fake news. Korea. Our hope is that we can resolve this peaceably.
Adrian Senecat (inaudible) the French presidential campaign (END VIDEO CLIP)
has seen partisan news from Russian media, but not fake news, GORANI: So what do you think that means, John Kirby,
that is news stories that are entirely made up. They have tended saying we won't be patient, but we'll still try to be
he says to come from inside France. diplomatic? We hope not to use force, but we will if we
ADRIAN SENECAT, JOURNALIST, "LE MONDE": We got have to. Which is it?
stories that we are finding the last couple of months in the
37
KIRBY: Well, you know, it is difficult to know. I think, KIRBY: I'm absolutely not disagreeing with you, you
certainly, this is a situation that's getting harder and harder and know, that all the pressure put to bear did not stop Kim
more difficult literally by the hour as Kim Jong-un continues to Jong-un's development of this program. I'm not arguing
test missiles and threaten nuclear tests. So certainly, timeliness that at all, but it was, again, under President Obama
matters here, but it also really matters how much the where the toughest sanctions that were enacted in 20
international community stays resolved. years were put through the U.N. Security Council with
China is not going to fix this all by themselves. The United the leadership of the United States, so there was a lot of
States isn't going the fix this all by ourselves. You've got to have work done.
a strong international consensus on the types of diplomatic and Did it deter him from developing these capabilities?
economic pressure that the Vice President is talking about. Absolutely not. And even President Obama would be the
I will give the President's team credit for working this very hard. first to admit that. That's why when we met with then
Unlike the Syria, they've taken a more deliberate, more President-elect Trump, he told him that this was going to
measured, more interagency approach in the discussions about be the thorniest, the most difficult, the most dangerous
North Korea since his inauguration. And I think the Vice issue that you're going to be dealing with as president.
President's trip there today is yet another sign of that. And he knew what he was talking about because he had
I mean, I think it's very powerful to see him there and to have worked this very, very hard and still, we weren't able to
those things to say -- get there.
GORANI: But if nothing works, you have to do something, GORANI: Right. Quick last one.
though, right? I mean, because North Korea might have a KIRBY: Yes.
missile capable of reaching the United States by 2020. We're GORANI: I mean, are we going to avoid a major crisis
talking three years from now, so time is not on the U.S.'s side here? The world is - -
here. KIRBY: Well, we certainly hope so.
KIRBY: This is very much a race against the clock as they GORANI: The safety of an entire region and the world
continue to develop these capabilities. Every time they test, beyond is at stake here.
whether it is a successful test or not, it's not a failure. They're KIRBY: We certainly hope so, Hala. I mean, the potential
learning from it. So time is very much of the essence. And I for catastrophe there is greater than just about any other
think, you know, that the Trump administration has focused as place on the earth right now.
much energy and effort on North Korea since they took office, I And it's a far cry different from launching a strike of
think, is a good sign. Tomahawk missiles onto an airfield in Syria, and then
Now, it remains to be seen, you know, how much they're going dealing with this issue. And so flippant comments such as
to get assistance from China on this. China has only half- what the President made today on the White House
heartedly supported some of the sanctions and economic lawn, like they got to behave, that's not going to be
measures that have been in place. They have a vested interest in helpful.
not seeing a destabilized Korean Peninsula, but they also don't What you need is a sound, reasoned, deliberate process
want to see a unified Korean Peninsula that is allied with the run by the National Security Council. They're moving in
West. So there's an awful lot of work to be done here. that direction, but they really have to think
GORANI: But is this not a result of eight years of President internationally. It can't just be the United States and it
Obama's presidency where, essentially, apart from the sanctions can't just be China. I don't think China is going to be
and little bit of the economic pressure, there really wasn't not able to solve this all on their own. Though they have
much being done about North Korea? All of the strategic more influence in Pyongyang than any other nation,
patience didn't pay off at all, did it? they're still going to need strong international consensus.
KIRBY: I couldn't disagree more with you, Hala. I think that's And I do agree with the Vice President, you got to try to
just a flawed narrative. President Obama worked very, very hard solve this peaceably without it coming to blows.
on the North Korea problem. And, you know, it was under Obviously, we have a strong military presence there.
President Obama that we beefed up naval assets in the Pacific, Obviously, we have deterrent capability. That should
you know, shifting to about 60 percent of the United States always be on the table. Military options should always be
Navy in the Pacific. on the table,
It was under President Obama where we beefed up advanced but in this particular case, with the threat that this guy
radar systems, both out there in the region and back here at poses to the international community, our treaty alliances
home at Fort Greeley in Alaska. It was under President there and the entire Pacific region, you want to solve this
Obama's administration -- in a peaceful, diplomatic way if you can.
GORANI: But it didn't stop North Korea. It didn't stop North GORANI: John Kirby, thanks very much. Appreciate it.
Korea from continuing to test missiles, continuing its nuclear KIRBY: My pleasure.
program. GORANI: This is THE WORLD RIGHT NOW.
KIRBY: Absolutely. Coming up, we'll talk to the man who tried to disable
GORANI: The stated objective was to do that. Syria's chemical weapons program in 2013 about the

38
horrific chemical attack in Idlib province that happened just A number of issues have come up, a number of issues
weeks ago. Stay with us. have been resolved, but the team is still operational. And
GORANI: In Syria, yet another tragedy. At least 126 civilians if you see some of the executive
were killed in a car bombing during the weekend just outside council meeting records that have occurred over the past
Aleppo. And they were fleeing to safety when this happened, so couple of years, there's still some serious questions about
imagine the horror. A monitoring group says more than half of Syria's declaration. It certainly is quite --
the victims were children. GORANI: So you relied only on the declaration? I guess
This video shows the moment of the blast as a suicide car that would puzzle some people, just taking the word of
bomber targeted buses evacuating these thousands of civilians the government for it.
that are pro-government villagers. You can see many women SMITH: Well, that's how the Chemical Weapons
and children standing near the buses. They were being Convention works for all nations, including Russia, the
relocated as part of a U.N.-backed swap with rebels. No one has United States, and the other possessor states. So that's
claimed responsibility for the attack, this is a horrifying attack. how it operates. There are provisions in the convention
The bus explosion comes less than two weeks after the deadly to allow a more investigative process, but up until that
chemical attack in the Idlib province. The images were about to point, in fact, even today, no member state has triggered
show you are graphic and difficult to watch. The government actually triggered that mechanism. It is possible, but it
still denies that it carried it out. hasn't been triggered.
And today, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov criticized the GORANI: So do you believe, in your professional
American response, calling the U.S. missile strike that followed estimation, that it was the regime that was responsible for
the attack illegal and aggressive. Lavrov said it only exacerbated the chemical attack in Idlib a few weeks ago?
the situation and hindered, maybe on purpose, the search for SMITH: Well, I think it's still too close to call. What I've
political settlement. This is the version of events of Sergey noticed over the last couple of weeks is that there's been,
Lavrov. you know, a lot of definitives made either from one side
or for the other. Now, clearly, the U.S. government has
Our next guest personally led the operation to destroy Syria's an awful lot more access to information than I do, and
chemical weapons program in 2013. Jerry Smith was the head they made a decision to conduct those strikes.
of field operations for the Organization for the Prohibition of What I am keen on seeing is an objective investigation
Chemical Weapons. He joins me now via Skype from Cornwall, that covers all the bases. But clearly, there are some
England. information that has come out. The Turkish government
Thanks very much for joining us. One of the things you said in has issued a declaration that victims were poisoned with
2013 in an interview with the BBC was about the Syrian sarin. That is a pretty definitive issue.
regime, they are not now in a position to conduct any further GORANI: So what does that tell us? I mean, is it
production or mixing of chemical weapons. Clearly, according possible? Because the supporters of the government
to many observers, they were still in the position to do that in would say, you've jumped to conclusions, and they may
2017, so what went wrong? have bombed a warehouse that contains sarin and all
JERRY SMITH, FORMER HEAD OF FIELD OPERATIONS other sorts of explanations. But then many others have
IN SYRIA, ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROHIBITION OF said, look, the capability to deliver this silent, deadly
CHEMICAL WEAPONS: Hala, if you recollect that interview, weapon the air can only be from the regime side.
I did actually qualify that by saying in regards to everything that SMITH: Well, delivering it from the air, that's probably
the Syrian regime had declared. true, it could only be the regime. Like I said, I think the
GORANI: So they hadn't declared everything? key thing is, is that what we need to do is examine each of
SMITH: Well, that still remains to be seen. The OPCW in these lines. And very carefully and constructively, you will
2013, when Syria came to join the Chemical Weapons pick away, somebody is lying. Clearly, there is a
Convention, presented a declaration, and the task that we did stakeholder out there that is not telling the truth. And if
in 2013 in October to do that verification and disablement was you did these objective analyses of the situations, clearly,
conducted in a very tight frame but according to that the balance and probabilities start to strip away, and sides
declaration. will eventually trump the politics.
Subsequently, the OPCW Director General did set up the GORANI: Jerry Smith, former OPCW head of field
declaration assessment team which went in several times, and in operations for Syria. We really appreciate your time this
fact, I believe their operations are still ongoing. And their task evening. Thank you very much.
is to seek further information on that declaration. GORANI: All right. This has been THE WORLD
RIGHT NOW. Thanks for watching.

39
FAREED ZAKARIA GPS (GLOBAL PUBLIC SQUARE)
every major Obama foreign policy official from Hillary
Trump's 180-Degree Turns In Foreign Policy Clinton to Thomas Darwin, to Leon Panetta to David
We'll begin the show with talk of thermal nuclear war. That is Petraeus has supported the Trump administration's
what the North says the Korean Peninsula may be on the brink action as did U.S. allies in the region and beyond.
of. And they say the person responsible is President Trump. The strikes were discreet, measured, intended to convey a
What should he do now? Is it even possible to tamp down the signal and yet at the same time designed to ensure that
tempers there? That and much more with a terrific panel. the U.S. did not descend further into the Syrian civil war.
Then, President Trump and coal. In other words, they were very Obama-like. Two senior
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) Obama officials I spoke with told me that were Barack
DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED Obama still president, he would have likely ordered a
STATES: Get ready because you're going to be working your strike that was similar, if not identical in scope.
asses off. Presumably those former speech writers would then have
(END VIDEO CLIP) used different words to describe the same strike.
ZAKARIA: I didn't really believe there was such a thing as Conservatives seem to understand Trump's about-face
Trump derangement syndrome. Hatred of Donald Trump so better than liberals.
intense that it impairs people's judgment. It's not that I didn't Many of Trump's strongest backers are utterly distraught
notice the harsh, unyielding language against Trump. I have by his embrace of Obama's policies. Andrew McCarthy
said a few tough things myself. But throughout the campaign wrote in the "National Review," "When it came to foreign
Trump seemed to do things that justified it. Once elected, policy, I was worried that the 2016 election would be a
instead of calming down and acting presidential, he continued case of Clinton delivering the third Obama term. Instead
the stream of petty attacks, exaggerations and lies. His we have Trump giving us the third Clinton term."
administration seemed marked by chaos and incompetence. Liberals have to be careful to avoid Trump derangement
And then came the strike against Syria. On that issue, Trump syndrome.
appears to have listened carefully to his senior national security If Trump pursues a policy, it cannot be axiomatically be
professionals, reversed his earlier positions, chosen a calibrated wrong, evil and dangerous. In my case, I have been pretty
response, and acted swiftly. tough on Donald Trump. I attacked almost every policy
I supported the strike and pointed out in print and on air that he proposed during the campaign. The week before the
Trump was finally being presidential because the action, election, I called him a cancer on American democracy
"seemed to reflect a belated recognition from Trump that he and urged voters to reject him, but they didn't. He is now
cannot simply put America first, that the president of the president.
United States must act on behalf of broader interest and ideals". I believe that my job is to evaluate his policies impartially
On the whole, though, I was critical of Trump's larger Syria and explain why, in my view, they are wise or not.
policy, describing it as incoherent. From the response on the Many of Trump's campaign promises and policies are
left, you would have thought I had just endorsed Donald idiotic and unworkable. It was always likely he would
Trump for Pope. Otherwise thoughtful columnists describe my reverse them as he has begun to do this week on several
view as nonsense. One journalist declared on television, if that fronts. Those of us who oppose him face an important
guy could have sex with this cruise missile attack, I think he challenge. We have to ask ourselves, would we rather see
would do it. Trump reversing himself or Trump relentlessly pursuing
A gaggle of former Obama speech writers discussed how my his campaign agenda? The first option would be good for
comments were perhaps the stupidest of any given on the the country and the world. Though it might save Trump
subject. from an ignominious all.
White House speech writers must have written the lines that TENSIONS HIGH ON THE KOREAN
President Barack Obama spoke on September 27th, 2013, PENINSULA
announcing the U.N. deal in which the Syrian regime agreed to Let's get straight to North Korea's warning that, quote,
give up its chemical weapons stockpile. "Thermal nuclear war may break out any moment on the
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) peninsula," end quote.
BARACK OBAMA, FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE David Frum was a speech writer for President George W.
UNITED STATES: This binding resolution will ensure that the Bush. He is now a senior editor at the "Atlantic." Tony
Assad regime must keep its commitments or face consequences. Blinken was deputy secretary of state and deputy national
We'll have to be vigilant about following through. security adviser in the Obama administration. He is now
(END VIDEO CLIP) CNN global affairs analyst. And Kori Schake worked with
ZAKARIA: In other words, the Trump administration watched George W. Bush's National Security Council, edited a
a violation of Obama's 2013 deal and enforced it in precisely book with Defense Secretary Mattis and is now a research
the manner that Obama had implied, which is why virtually fellow at the Hoover Institution.

40
So, David, what do you make of the fact that after having BLINKEN: You've just laid out China's case. It's probably
promised to call China a currency manipulator day one, he says the same that President Xi apparently laid out for
now it's not a currency manipulator after all. He says -- I said President Trump when they met. But here's the thing.
NATO was obsolete, it's not obsolete. We're not going to get China mostly fears instability on the peninsula for the
involved in Syria. We are getting involved in Syria. reasons you cited.
DAVID FRUM, SENIOR EDITOR, THE ATLANTIC: North Korea is now the single greatest source of
Donald Trump may have represented himself to some of his instability. They need to do something about it. What
supporters as an anti- interventionist but the consistent theme we've made clear to China, we started doing this during
is he's actually anti- alliance. That the United States is now the Obama administration, I hope that President Trump
steering for one after another confrontation and steering alone. has continued, is that North Korea is now a core interest
If you knew you're heading for a confrontation in the Korean to the United States. Such as China talks about Taiwan
Peninsula, you would not begin by cancelling the Transpacific being a core interest, North Korea and the danger it
Partnership, burning every potential friend you have in the represents is a core interest for us.
region. In Syria, you do not start this confrontation without That means two things, it means ideally, we work with
your European partners. The United States is alone, alone, China to try to change the situation, put enough pressure
alone. And that is the consistent theme of the Trump foreign on North Korea to get it to the table to negotiate. But
policy. failing that or as we're trying to do that, we have to take
ZAKARIA: Interesting. Kori, what do you think? steps to protect ourselves and our allies. One, missile
KORI SCHAKE, RESEARCH FELLOW, HOOVER defense, a greater military presence in the region. We sent
INSTITUTE: Well, for Korea, the real concern and the the Vinson just a few days ago. And probably more
problem is you can't take a policy harder line than the South sanctions including, perhaps, some Chinese who are
Korean government is willing to take. It parallels the Berlin doing business with North Korea.
crisis during the Cold War. You just can't go further than our None of this is directed at China, but China is not going
allies. And I don't think the Trump administration has yet to like it. And that could be incentive for China to really
acknowledged that to the extent that they should, otherwise get strong on North Korea.
Vice President Pence's trip to the region may help that. ZAKARIA: Kori, what do we do about South Korea?
ZAKARIA: But it was encouraging that on China, he reversed Because, you rightly point out, you know, they are
himself. On NATO he reversed himself. terrified both of the prospect of war in the Korean
ANTHONY BLINKEN, CNN GLOBAL AFFAIRS ANALYST: Peninsula, I think 30 miles or 35 miles from the North
Fareed, I think that instead of building a wall, the president is Korean border. Most of South Korean's population lives
running into a wall. That's called reality. We have seen within a very close striking range of North Korean
reversals, as you noted, on a number of major issues. I happen missiles and they worry about kind of a collapsed North
to think that he's now doing more the right thing than the Korea. I've talked to South Koreans often and they point
wrong thing. out that North Korea is many times larger than East
David is right, there's been a disdain for alliances, working with Germany and many times poorer.
partners, but even on that he's coming around. He said the SCHAKE: I think that's right. The South Koreans are
right thing about NATO this week. He's now trying to figure anxious about our vulnerability -- the vulnerability of
out a way to work with the China on North Korea, instead of their population centers to hardened artillery sites
work over them or around them. And that's -- at least we should launching across the DMZ so -- and they are right to be
commend it where we can. concerned about that.
But, on North Korea, in particular, this is the number one I do think that the Chinese case for the North Korea
dilemma because North Korea is racing to the point where it policy shouldn't be accepted. There are a lot of variables
has an intercontinental ballistic missile that can carry a nuclear in that that are being treated as fixed. For example, if the
warhead, and actually hit the United States in the hands of a North Korean regime were to collapse, the United States
leader who at best acts impulsively and maybe even irrationally. could reassure the Chinese that, first of all, we wouldn't
So this is the most urgent priority for the president and getting send American troops north of the current DMZ, and
this right. second of all, if South Korea isn't threatened by North
ZAKARIA: Tell me, when you were handling this issue, is it not Korea, you could actually remove American troops from
fair to say that when you talked to the Chinese about it, they the Korean Peninsula. There are lots of things that we
have a reasonable perspective? They say look, this is right next could make variables in this that the Chinese are treating
door to us. If we press the North Koreans, it's a bankrupt as fix.
regime, the regime could collapse, we would have millions of ZAKARIA: And of course also denuclearize. You can get
refugees, we would have a Korean unification on South Korean rid of the nukes.
terms and then we the Chinese face on our border a unified SCHAKE: Absolutely. Because we unilaterally
Korea on South Korean terms with 30,000 American troops, a denuclearize South Korea. The North Koreans just
treaty alliance with America and eight nuclear bombs. Why ramped up their threat as a result of that.
would we do that? TRUMP AND THE "MOTHER OF ALL BOMBS
41
ZAKARIA: All right. Well, we are going to talk about the first contact, but it gives you a place to start, then I think
dropping of the "mother of all bombs" in Afghanistan. Was it a this can be at a better place. Then the Achilles' heel is
Trumpian stunt or something more serious? this, it's credibility. Right now in the wake of the strike,
Tony, from what you can tell, was this "mother of all bombs" we're in an information war with Russia and with Syria
intended as a signal outside of Afghanistan? over the strike. And Syria and Russia are trying to
BLINKEN: Well, if it was it's probably the wrong signal because declaim any responsibility for it. False narratives.
the bomb that they used, and I defer to the military experts and Unfortunately, as the president keeps tweeting every day
I have to trust their judgment, is designed to take out things at and tweets that are fact diverse, that undermines his
the surface or maybe very, very, very shallow tunnels. If you're credibility at a time when we desperately need it.
going after, at the end of the day, North Korea or even Iran, ZAKARIA: This is a president's most valuable currency,
with deeply buried programs, that's not the munitions you his credibility. And unfortunately, President Trump, if he
would use. There's something called the massive ordinance continues on that course, is going to default on it.
penetrator or MOP that is designed to do that. This is a HOW POWERFUL A PRESIDENT DOES
different weapon. And if that's the message they are trying to TURKEY WANT?
send, it's probably not the right message to send with this (Interview with Ambassador Gerard Araud; Aired 10-11a
weapon. ET)
ZAKARIA: This sounds like the Ali G skit where Trump uses ZAKARIA: This Sunday, the people of France will go to
the wrong acronym and the Pentagon uses the wrong bomb as a the polls to elect a new president. It's a crucial test in the
result. wake of Brexit and the race has been sometimes brutal
What about the fact that it might have reminded a lot of and always hotly contested.
Americans, 16 years later, we are still in Afghanistan. We are If you turned on the TV last week in France, you might
still, you know, fighting -- every time we withdraw from an area, have thought you were watching a rerun of an American
the Taliban returns. What do we do? primary campaign debate. The spectacle lasted four
BLINKEN: We have the missile strike in response to Assad's hours, featured nine men and two women. Yes, that is 11
use of chemical weapons. I applauded that, it was the right candidates for France's presidency.
thing to do, but it's a missile strike in search of a strategy. How One of the two women was Marine Le Pen. She's the
do you use that? How do you leverage that hopefully, for daughter of Jean- Marie Le Pen, the longtime leader of
example, to get the Russians to do more, to try to bring the civil the right-wing, populist, anti- immigrant and even racist
war to an end? National Front Party. Madame Le Pen took over the party
Those are the kinds of strategies, those are the kinds of six years ago and has carried on many of her father's
deliberations that they need to be having in advance of taking policies. She dropped some of the racism but she added a
action so that there's actually a game plan to follow through. starkly anti-EU element, describing the union as the an
That's what we need to be looking for. empty democratic oligarchy. Le Pen has recently polled
ZAKARIA: What do you think of this? I mean, there is this -- essentially tied for first place with centrist candidate
what I described is there are two parts to the Trump Emmanuel Macron.
administration. There is the freak show that is Donald Trump, France's sitting ambassador to the U.S., Gerard Araud,
but then there are people like Jim Mattis, McMaster, Tillerson, recently said it would be a total disaster if Le Pen won. I
and the economic fund Gary Cohn. These are serious people. asked him into the studio to explain why he broke
They are heavyweights. They believe in process. They believe in diplomatic tradition to say such a pointed thing.
thoughtful reflection. And on the record, they have said mostly ZAKARIA: Ambassador Araud, pleasure to have you on.
very sensible things. What is going to happen? Will the freak GERARD ARAUD, FRENCH AMBASSADOR TO
show win or will the grownups win? U.S.: Nice to meet you.
SCHAKE: Yes. I actually think the -- I agree with David, the ZAKARIA: You have been remarkably outspoken on the
fundamental challenge is that the president is undisciplined dangers of Marine Le Pen becoming president. Let me
and he's erratic in his choices. The deliberative men of the ask you very simply, you're a French diplomat. What
Trump administration can put good processes in place. And I would happen if she were to become president?
disagree with David, I think the strike on Syria, they did think ARAUD: Actually there is a real debate, I guess, among
their way through what are our alternatives, where do these the French diplomats. My colleague, the ambassador in
courses take us? But you cannot -- in the American political Tokyo where he made in the past said I won't serve
system, you cannot protect against the president's influence. Marine Le Pen if she is elected. And because for us, you
BLINKEN: Three things I think, Fareed. You need three things know, the diplomats, all our career has been dedicated to
-- people, process, policy. These are three things that the explain France to the foreigners but also especially we
president has shown a disdain for. If he can get them right, if he have a deep commitment to the European Union.
can get the right people in. David is right. They haven't filled You know, European policy is not a policy among other
the ranks of government. If they can actually have a process that policies. It's a choice of civilization. It's a choice for
they carried forward through the National Security Council, democracy. Liberal democracy. My country has been
and if they can develop policies, some of which may not survive
42
invaded three times in 70 years. Two world wars. A genocide. ARAUD: Yes. The fact is that, in France, religion is
So the lesson has been, we want to build a united Euro. considered as a private issue.
If Madame Le Pen is elected, she will take France out of the You know, so you shouldn't bring religion into the public
European Union. Out of the Euro. So it's not any policy, it's space. And that's what some Muslims are trying to do.
very particular is a change of our society. So I do believe that ZAKARIA: Do you think that when you look at Brexit,
we, the diplomats, we have the right to say what we think. does it mark, in your mind, a kind of catastrophic failure
ZAKARIA: What do you think explains the rise of Le Pen and of the European Union? Does it mark an unraveling?
this kind of right-wing populism that you're seeing throughout How do you see it?
Europe? ARAUD: First it's said. You know, it's really a figure. You
ARAUD: I think it's not only for Europe, it's also for the U.S. I know, to think about the European Union between our
think that for the first time in my life, I see that the political life British friends, frankly it's very sad. I think on the front
in this country and in Europe, the political lives are so page of the French newspaper it was written, "We Already
compatible. We have the same anti-establishment mood. Miss You, Brits." And of course we miss the British. So
Basically some of our cities are telling the elites you didn't it's a failure. And you know, it's a lose-lose situation.
deliver for us, so I want to toss the table. So it's exactly the same ZAKARIA: You don't think that Britain leaving is the
rebellion, and -- which means that we have also to answer, you harbinger of other countries possibly leaving Europe?
know, to their concerns. ARAUD: You know, nowadays I can't tell you. I can't
What is it mean, free trade? You know, really, is it possible to answer. You know, if I were asked before November 8th,
have a free trade, which is citizen friendly? Which means -- a lot you know, whether Madame Le Pen would be elected in
of questions, globalization. You know, (INAUDIBLE) economic France, I would have answered never. But after what
globalization. happened in this country on November 8th, you know,
ZAKARIA: But a lot of it, don't you think, is immigration? I'm obliged to say that she may be elected, she may win
ARAUD: And there is the question of immigration. Even it's the elections in France. And she has said very clearly that
also in a sense of globalization, you know, really, it means that she wants France out of the EU. And frankly, it's not
the goods but also the people are traveling. bragging, but if France is out of the EU, it's the end of
ZAKARIA: France has had a particularly complicated the EU, and the end of the eurozone. So a lot of things
relationship with this. It has taken in lots of people from will depend on the result of the French elections.
Algeria, from Morocco, but it has found it hard to assimilate ZAKARIA: Do you think this is rattling the doors of the
them. Is that going better or worse? How would you describe, French elite?
you know, France's struggles with assimilation? ARAUD: Of course. You know, really, they are -- the
ARAUD: The fact is that we have -- in terms of members, we people are telling us, you didn't deliver for us. And really
have the first Muslim community in the world. You know, the elites -- and I'm part of this elite, you know, they are
really basically between 8 percent and 9 percent of the voting against us. And that's something extremely
population. Which means that we have some neighborhoods important. You know, really, and let's say that Mr.
which are fundamentally Muslims. And in these Macron is elected, we have in the coming five years to
neighborhoods, you have some French people or organizations respond to these concerns, to show that the French elite
which are testing us. You know, for instance, they come to us or the French political system is really responding to
and say we want to have a women's only day in the swimming these concerns. If he fails, she will be elected in five years.
pools or we don't want male doctors taking care of female Thanks to all of you for being part of my program this
patients, or I don't want my girl -- my daughter to go to the gym. week. I will see you next week.
So there is -- we have all these questions and we have to face
them, we have to answer to them. (Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may
ZAKARIA: But you tend to be pretty tough on these issues. You continue it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding this
believe that France should defend its concept of seculars and section. Our Email : weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com & Contact
liberalism, and not give in to these demands. No. 03014361716)

Important Book Reviews


Russia and the New World Disorder
Bobo Lo, (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), 370.

43
The author, Bobo Lo, an Australian scholar, is an Associate century, particularly in the face of rising China. He states
Fellow with the Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham that Russia will only be able to take on a central role in
House (UK), and an Associate Research Fellow with the Russia international politics if it transforms itself into a modern
and New Independent States Center at the French Institute of economic and military might. If it fails to do so, by
International Relations. This is his fourth book since 2008. It is continuing to accord primacy to outdated concepts of
comprised of three parts, with the first part discussing the power politics, then, in view of its existing enormous
context of Russias foreign policy in terms of the interplay economic challenges, it might fail to evolve into an
between domestic factors influencing its foreign relations; while influential world power.
the second part focuses on Russias foreign policy in relation to The writer argues that Putins conduct of foreign policy
the evolving world disorder; and the third part explores the is under pressure in the existing global political,
proposed recommendations for Russia regarding the sort of economic and social matrix characterised by the shifting
domestic and foreign policies it should pursue to achieve world nature of power, emphasis on socio-economic
prominence (p. xviii-xxi). development and inclusiveness, decline of global
Russia and the New World Disorder reviews the countrys leadership, and the fragmentation of governments.
current closed foreign policy, marked by the annexation of According to him, the current world fluidity demands a
Crimea and tensions in Eastern Ukraine, based on Putins self- radically different mindset from policymakers, which is
imagined world; Russian assumptions that the U.S. and Europe more akin to adapt and more about reinvention rather
are on the decline (pp.39,45); and that Moscow deserves to be than containment and consolidation (p.53). In his
an independent power centre in the emerging multipolar world opinion, Putin is opting for a centralised foreign policy
order. The author looks at Putins policies by examining the established on his outdated concepts which are likely to
interplay between Russian foreign policy and the anarchic/fluid contribute towards the ultimate marginalisation of
and uncertain international environment, termed as the New Russias role in international politics, unless a
World Disorder (pp.53-54). The author addresses three participatory and pluralistic foreign policy is adopted.
questions. Firstly, what are the implications for Russia of a fluid Russias vast territory, great natural resources, and
and uncertain international context? Second, how is Putins multiplicity of identities, are potential strengths, being
foreign policy responding to varying regional and global less equipped than leading western countries to adapt to
realities? And third, what are Russias possibilities in the the fast changing global environment, these forces can
international system in the next ten to become liabilities and Russia could
fifteen years? (p.242). become vulnerable to more drastic
and unpleasant consequences. In
Bobo Los focus is on Russias response to this context, the author apprehends
international politics which poses that if a breakdown in political
challenges as well as opportunities for authority of Putin triggers leadership
Moscow to re-emerge as a major great crisis in Russia, and a prolonged
power and sustain that position by playing economic crisis leads to political and
a significant role in the global arena. The social instability, then Russia could
writer contends that the current Russian fall prey to the geopolitical
idealised view of the universe is in ambitions of others, and become an
contradiction to the New World Disorder origin of regional and global
since Kremlins assumptions about control insecurity (p.243). This, however,
and power still depend on using the does not seem to be very realistic. In
military to advance national interests. reality, since the break-up of the
While the post-Cold War regional and Soviet Union into many
international environment emphasises geo- independent states, being a mother
economics, technical progress and soft state, Russias leadership has
power rather than hard power. Bobo Lo displayed responsible behaviour and
argues that Russias approach to regional it seems really serious about political
and global affairs indicates tensions stability and economic development
between the perceived world of Putin and the real world with as was visible in its political and economic strength prior
the aforementioned features (p.66). to Western sanctions. In view of its look East policy and
In his analysis, Bobo Lo also argues that although the U.S. its energy related mega projects signed with China, Russia
power is on the decline, since no other power has displayed the is likely to strengthen its economy again and consolidate
will to provide global its political stability. The author also argues that the past
leadership, it is going to be the sole superpower for quite some and present shortcomings of Russia do not mean that it is
time, given its unmatchable economic and military prowess. In doomed to go wrong, with its potential strengths, it can
this context, he looks at whether Russia will be able to adapt to still rise out of the ashes and emerge as a modern, stable,
the requirements of modern times to play a role in a post-U.S. prosperous and influential state. But this will depend on
44
its self-awareness and a genuine commitment to transformation power in settling issues, which is not in consonance with
(p.269). the modern world trend. Here, the writer has not done a
Bobos criticism of Putins closed, geopolitics oriented and comparison of Russian actions with the U.S. and UKs
non-participatory foreign policy gets credence in the sense that military offensive against Saddams Army in Iraq without
well-deliberated policies are more beneficial and acceptable to the authority of the United Nations Security Council,
the foreign and domestic audience. If NATOs policy of which was also use of hard power, and in contravention
eastward expansion are considered geopolitics-oriented, then of the international legal philosophy.
Russias policies are also understandable. Despite a few shortcomings, the book is informative for
Although the author has based his discussion on the interplay readers who are interested in Russias power profile and
of Russias policies with the New World Disorder being policies impacting regional and global politics and events.
precarious and uncertain, he has failed to expound on the Reviewed by Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Hanif, Research
latters details. Presenting examples of annexation of Crimea Fellow, Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI),
and tensions in Ukraine, he has argued that Putins Russia Pakistan.
believes in using hard power rather than opting to employ soft

Americas War for the Greater Middle East


Andrew J. Bacevich, (New York: Random House, 2016), 480.
and Ronald Reagan and marked their doctrines as vague
Americas War for the Greater Middle East is orchestrated by and shortsighted in nature. He argues that the U.S.
Andrew J. Bacevich based on a series of failed American policies approach to contain the Soviets by establishing direct
in the region. The book is a surprising account from an contacts with authoritative regimes helped many anti-
American military historians perspective who critically views American forces to gain public support in the region,
American policies in the Middle East and considers them which later proved harmful for the countrys vital
persistent blunders. Bacevich draws down some fatal mistakes interests. He criticises the creation of the new military
made by the U.S. policymakers, from institution known as Central
extensive support of authoritarian regimes to Command (CENTCOM); and
support of dissident groups in various reveals that it provides a strong
countries of the region. With these, the U.S. platform to the U.S. to continue
has shattered the cohesion of Middle East the war in the region for decades.
society. According to the author, the region
remained a testing laboratory for the U.S. The author also feels that American
policymakers; therefore, American influence military policies for the region are
in the region is waning gradually. very shortsighted and tactical in
The book offers new insights of the Middle nature. This approach of the U.S.
East conflict; and accentuates the interaction civil and military leadership
of two civilisations, i.e. the West and Islam. generates new problems for each
The author has divided the Middle East presidential successor. For instance,
regional conflict into three parts, the Persian Reagan supported non-state actors
Gulf (including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran); in Afghanistan to defeat the Soviet
Palestine (including Israel, the West Bank, forces. Later, the same non-state
and Gaza); and the region that Washington actors became a national security
currently refers to as Af-Pak (Afghanistan and risk for Bill Clinton and George W.
Pakistan). His strong analysis based on Bush. Bacevich is also critical of the
concrete evidence shows his authority on the wastage of American resources over
subject. He has used crisp and interesting failed military strategies. For
words for different chapters, which maintain the interest of the instance, American strategists spent billions to create the
reader in the book. Since the author is a military historian, Afghan Taliban to defeat the Soviets and after 9/11 they
therefore, he has dedicated a larger portion to the historical again spent billions of dollars to defeat the same.
events in the Middle East. He believes that our interest in the For Bacevich, American involvement in the first and
past is informed by our concern for the present and the future. second Gulf wars, intervention in Iraq, support of rebel
Bacevich describes American involvement in the region as a groups in Syria and punishment of Libyan dictator
forty year war. He writes that the U.S. neither formulated nor Muammar Gaddafi were severe strategic mistakes. These
applied a coherent and persistent military or foreign policy for events created chaos in the region as well as increased the
the region, which has had detrimental results at large. He has cost of American activities, which directly burdened the
criticised the personalities and administrations of Jimmy Carter American public and made their lives economically

45
tough. He also analyses major personalities of the Bush deeply analysed every single incident of the Middle East
Administration including Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld and which has taken place in the last forty years; and perfectly
Paul Bremmer and considers them aggressive and pessimist in blended his arguments, analysis and military information
nature who did not believe in peaceful settlement of any issue in a very simple manner. Military strategies are explained
and always jumped to the last resort - use of military force. in an unpretentious fashion, and American civil and
The author has also evaluated Barack Obamas Middle East military personalities and institutions critiqued bluntly.
policies over the last seven years and considers his policies a The book is very useful for Middle East scholars, who are
replica of the Bush administrations policies. While using harsh working on the role of external factors in its regional
words for the Obama administration, the author reveals that affairs. Though the writer has not tried to make this book
troops withdrawal from Iraq in 2011 was a political ploy. The academic, it is also a unique contribution to academic
Obama administration redeployed those troops in greater circles since it offers many theoretical arguments to
Middle East (and in Afghanistan), which further created explain different events and their impact on the region.
resentment in the Middle East against the U.S. He also suggests Reviewed by Khurram Abbas, Assistant Research Officer,
that the U.S. should formulate a consistent strategy for the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI), Pakistan.
region. His conclusion developed at the end of the book is that
the U.S. cannot afford to make the same mistakes which it has (Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may
committed in the past. U.S. policymakers must work on continue it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding this
winning the hearts and minds of the Middle East people, not section. Our Email : weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com & Contact
the authoritarian regimes. No. 03014361716)
The book carries significant knowledge of military strategies and
military history of the U.S. in the Middle East. Bacevich has

46
RESEARCH ARTICLES FOR
CSS ENGLISH ESSAY TOPICS
This section is being given here to make CSS candidates able to write a research based essay as per FPSCs criteria)
INTRODUCING HUMAN RIGHTS
[R]recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is
the foundation of freedom, justice and peacein the worldPreample in Universal Declaration of Human Rights
systems of justice and propriety that sought the welfare of
WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? society as a whole. References to justice, fairness and
humanity are common to all world religions: Buddhism,
Human rights are held by all persons equally, Christianity, Confucianism and Islam. However, formal
universally and forever. principles usually dier from common practice. Until the
Human rights are universal: they are always the same eighteenth century no society, civilisation or culture, in
for all human beings everywhere in the world. You do not have either the Western or non-Western world, had a widely
human rights because you are a citizen of any country but endorsed practice or vision of inalienable human rights.
because you are a member of the human family. This means Documents asserting individual rights, such as the Magna
children have human rights as well as adults. Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1689) the French
Human rights are inalienable: you cannot lose these Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) and
rights any more than you can the US
cease to be a human being. Constitution and
Human rights are Bill of Right (1791)
indivisible: no-one can take away are the written
a right because it is less precursors to many
important or non-essential. of todays human
Human rights are rights instruments.
interdependent: together human Yet most of these
rights form a complementary influential
framework. For example, your landmarks excluded
ability to participate in local women, many
decision making is directly minorities and
aected by your right to express members of certain
yourself, to associate with others, social, religious,
to get an education and even to economic and
obtain the necessities of life. political groups.
Human rights reflect None reflects the
basic human needs. They establish fundamental
basic standards without which concept that
people cannot live in dignity. To everyone is entitled
violate someones human rights is to treat that person as though to certain rights solely by virtue of their humanity.
he or she were not a human being. To advocate human rights is Other important historical antecedents of human rights
to demand that the human dignity of all people be respected. lie in nineteenth century eorts to prohibit the slave
In claiming these human rights, everyone also accepts trade and to limit the horrors of war. For example, the
responsibilities: to respect the rights of others and to protect Geneva Conventions established bases of international
and support people whose rights are abused or denied. Meeting humanitarian law, which covers the way that wars should
these responsibilities means claiming solidarity with all other be fought and the protection of individuals during armed
human beings. conflict. They specifically protect people who do not take
Precursors of twentieth century human rights part in the fight-ing and those who can no longer fight
PRECURSORS OF TWENTIETH CENTURY HUMAN RIGHTS (e.g. wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of
Many people regard the development of human rights law as war).
one of the greatest accomplishments of the twentieth century. Concern over the protection of certain vulnerable groups
However, human rights did not begin with law or the United was raised by the League of Nations at the end of the
Nations. Through-out human history societies have developed First World War. For example, the International Labour
47
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and
Degrading Treatment
Organisation (ILO, originally a body of the League of Nations Article 6 Right to Recognition as a
and now a UN agency) established many important conventions Person before the Law
setting stan-dards to protect working people, such as the Article 7 Right to Equality before the
Minimum Age Convention (1919), the Forced Labour Con- Law
vention (1930) and the Forty-hour Week Convention (1935). Article 8 Right to Remedy by
Although the international human rights framework builds on Competent Tribunal
these earlier documents, it is principally based on United Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary
Arrest and Exile
Nations documents. Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN Article 11 Right to be Considered
RIGHTS Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference
Two major influences in the mid-twentieth century with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence
propelled human rights onto the global arena and the Article 13 Right to Free Movement in
awareness of people around the world. The first was and out of the Country
struggles of colonial people to assert their inde-pendence Article 14 Right to Asylum in other
from foreign powers, claiming their human equality and Countries from Persecution
right to self-determination. The sec-ond catalyst was the Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the
Second World War. The extermination by Nazi Germany Freedom to Change It
of over six million Jews, Roma people, homosexuals and Article 16 Right to Marriage and
persons with disabilities horrified the world. Calls came Family
from across the globe for human rights standards to Article 17 Right to Own Property
bolster international peace and protect citizens from Article 18 Freedom of Belief and
abuses by gov-ernments. These voices played a critical Religion
role in the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and
and are echoed in its founding document, the UN Information
Charter. Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly
and Association
Rights for all members of the human family were first Article 21 Right to Participate in
articulated in the United Nations Universal Dec-laration Government and in Free Elections
of Human Rights (UDHR), one of the first initiatives of Article 22 Right to Social Security
the newly established United Nations. Its thirty articles Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and
together form a comprehensive statement covering to Join Trade Unions
economic, social, cultural, political, and civil rights. Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Human Rights Article 25 Right to Adequate Living
THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL Standard
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 26 Right to Education
(Abbreviated) Article 27 Right to Participate in the
Cultural Life of Community
Article 1 Right to Equality Article 28 Right to a Social Order that
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination Articulates this Document
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Article 29 Community Duties Essential
Security to Free and Full Development
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery Article 30 Freedom from State or
Personal Interference in the above Rights.

48
Research Article

THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS


Author(s): Alison Dundes Renteln
Source: Anthropos, Bd. 83, H. 4./6. (1988), pp. 343
Many people regard the development of human rights Policy (Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ph. D.). Her fields of
law as one of the greatest accomplishments of the specialization include constitutional law, international law, and
twentieth century. However, human rights did not begin legal theory. 1986-1987 acting director of the Law and Society
with law or the United Nations. Through-out human program at the Univ. of California, Santa Barbara; since 1987
history societies have developed systems of justice and Asst. Prof, in the Political Science Dept. of the Univ. of S.
propriety that sought the welfare of society as a whole. California.
References to justice, fairness and humanity are common The NATURE OF RIGHTS
to all world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, There are almost as many theories of rights as there are
Confucianism and Islam. However, formal principles rights theorists. It is sometimes said that the only true
usually dier from common practice. Until the rights are legal rights (Bentham in Bowring [ed.]
eighteenth century no society, civilisation or culture, in 1843/11:501; 111:221; Hart 1973:171-201). Other
either the Western or non-Western world, had a widely scholars argue for a broader view of rights which would
endorsed practice or vision of inalienable human rights. encompass moral rights as well. For the purposes of
Documents asserting individual rights, such as the Magna explaining the general character of rights, it will not be
Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1689) the necessary to distinguish between them. As is typical in the
French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen history of philosophy, what was once a simple notion is
(1789) and the US Constitution and Bill of Right (1791) often tranformed into a much more complicated
are the written precursors to many of todays human structure. While this is sometimes useful (and indeed
rights instruments. Yet most of these influential necessary) for certain concepts, it can obfuscate the
landmarks excluded women, many minorities and essential features of an idea. Rights theories exemplify this
members of certain social, religious, economic and tendency of rejecting more simple accounts in favor of
political groups. None reflects the fundamental concept more complex normative structures (Martin and Nickel
that everyone is entitled to certain rights solely by virtue 1980: 165). Some of the so-called simple characterizations
of their humanity. of rights, however, do capture the essence of a right.
Other important historical antecedents of human rights For many philosophical writers, a right is treated
lie in nineteenth century eorts to prohibit the slave synonymously with a claim (Feinberg 1973: 64-66). The
trade and to limit the horrors of war. "Oxford English Dictionary" defines a right as a
For example, the Geneva Conventions established bases "justifiable claim, on legal or moral grounds, to have or
of international humanitarian law, which covers the way obtain something, or to act in a certain way." A leading
that wars should be fought and the protection of proponent of this view is Joel Feinberg: "To have a right is
individuals during armed conflict. They specifically to have a claim to something and against someone, the
protect people who do not take part in the fight-ing and recognition of which is called for by legal rules or, in the
those who can no longer fight (e.g. wounded, sick and case of moral rights, by the principles of an enlightened
shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war). conscience. conscience" (1980: 159-160). What
Concern over the protection of certain vulnerable groups distinguishes a right from a demand is that it is justified,
was raised by the League of Nations at the end of the either by appeal to pre-existing legal rules or to morality.
First World War. For example, the International Labour Thus a right is a valid claim. McCloskey (1976) prefers to
Organisation (ILO, originally a body of the League of define a right as an entitlement rather than a claim. The
Nations and now a UN agency) established many view that rights can be explained as legitimate or
important conventions setting stan-dards to protect reasonable claims is mistaken, according to McCloskey,
working people, such as the Minimum Age Convention because it is based on the premise that rights "... are and
(1919), the Forced Labour Con-vention (1930) and the must always be rights against some other person or
Forty-hour Week Convention (1935). persons" (1976: 100). He rejects the duty definition as
Although the international human rights framework well: "What is common to all rights is not some duty or
builds on these earlier documents, it is principally based duty relationship but an entitlement" (1976: 104).
on United Nations documents. Whereas the previous characterizations attempt to isolate
Alison Dundes Renteln, studies in History and Literature a single concept underlying the notion of a right, a
(Radcliffe College, Harvard Univ., B. A. 1981), Jurisprudence competing school of thought seeks to encompass all rights
(London School of Economics), and Jurisprudence and Social within a complex normative apparatus. Wesley Hohfeld's
49
classic work, "Fundamental Legal Conceptions" (1964), jurists call 'immunities' for to assert them is to say that
laid the foundation for much subsequent philosophical protected areas of speech cannot be taken away. Alvin's
exegesis. He asserted that rights could be understood as constitutional right has a conceptual correlative: but it is
belonging to one of four categories: claim, liberty, power, not an obligation; it is a legislative 'disability,' the
and immunity.3 Hohfeld's analysis had been used, assertion of which says that Congress is not empowered
among other things, to refute the logical correlativity to enact certain laws" (1970: 51). The second example
doctrine. His framework has been adopted and extended offered by Lyons is the right of a California motorist to
by a number of philosophers (e.g., Wellman 1985 and turn right on a red light. Lyons tries to show that there is
Flathman 1976). no clear duty associated with this right. But in fact he
In contrast to these normative theories are functionalist undermines his argument: "... it seems more plausible to
accounts of rights, the most famous of which is that of say that this right imposes obligations on law enforcement
Ronald Dworkin (1977; see also Scheingold 1974). officials not to interfere with one's making a right turn
According to this view, what is distinctive about rights is (when allowed by the conditions of the right)" (1970: 55).
that they function as trumps over collective goals. This He refuses, though, to concede the point: "A policeman
would seem to require that rights be individuated in may admittedly be under an obligation not to stop or
order to distinguish them from what one might call disturb a private citizen without cause - but can we say
"collective rights" (see Dinstein 1976, Garet 1983, Van that that obligation is 'correlative' with my right to make a
Dyke 1980). 3 For cross-cultural research, Hohfeld's right turn on a red light in California?" (1970: 55).
intricate typology may have limited applicability. S. F. The crux of the argument against the logical correlativity
Moore advises legal anthropologists to read Hohfeld and doctrine seems to derive from the Hohfeldian
then "... cheerfully do without him" [!] (Moore 1969: interpretation of an immunity right, the correlative of
343). which is a disability. According to Hohfeldian scholars,
RIGHTS AND DUTIES disabilities are associated with the absence of obligations.
The view that rights and duties are correlative used to be I would argue that this distinction is merely semantic. It is
the dominant one among philosophers (Lyons 1970: 45; not simply that Congress is not empowered to enact
Martin and Nickel 1980: 165). The principal idea is that legislation which restricts freedom of speech, but, also,
to say that A has a right to X, is to say that B has a duty to that Congress is under an obligation not to enact such
insure that A can, in fact, obtain X. But further, to say legislation, for to do so would violate the right.
that C has a duty to D with respect to E, is to say that D Furthermore, one could argue that there is a duty which
has a right to E vis-a-vis C. Many rights theorists, "stands to" the right of freedom of speech ". . . just as
including Feinberg, Lyons, Martin and Nickel, and Bernard's obligation to pay Alvin correlates with Alvin's
McCloskey, take varying stances against this position. right" in Lyons' paradigmatic example (1970: 50).
Most of the arguments are based on the four Hohfeldian The duty is that of the judiciary to protect the right to
categories. freedom of speech. I maintain that in every case in which
Lyons, for instance, contends that one set of rights, Hohfeldian language is used, a correlative duty may
''active rights" (rights to do things), do not fit the pattern always be found.5 McCloskey proposes another type of
of correlativity (Lyons 1970: 48). The first example he counterexample to the rights implies duties thesis, namely
offers involves the right of free speech. Alvin speaks to a that of the conscientious objector (1976: 104).
crowd from a soap box, decrying United States military He asserts that the right to be a conscientious objector
involvement in Vietnam. During the course of corresponds to no duty on the part of others. His
pontificating, he is assaulted by private citizens and argument revolves around a reformulation of the conflict
removed from his platform. For Lyons, the question is between the individual and the state in terms of rights
whether Alvin's right to free speech (or the specific right language rather than duty language: 'Thus to assert that
to address the crowd) is "... equivalent to the assertion of he has a right here is distinct from claiming that others
correlative obligations incumbent on others" (1970: 50). have a duty to leave him free from interference. One can,
Lyons wants to say that Alvin's right to free speech does with very good sense, assert that the state has a right to
not correspond to any duty: "The constitutional right of punish him for doing that to which he has a moral right"
free speech is independent of, for example, the obligation (1976: 104).
not to assault that was breached by those who silenced But if a right to be a conscientious objector is actually
Alvin" (1970: 51). recognized as a valid moral right, then it stands to reason
According to Lyons, the listeners may be under a duty that the state has a duty not to interfere. The argument is
not to attack Alvin, but not under a duty to respect his part of a larger attempt by McCloskey to eliminate claim
free speech. But he goes on to conclude that Alvin's right language in favor of entitlement language, but this
does not correspond to any duty on the part of Congress program is unpersuasive.6 5 See also Brandt 1959: 434;
either: "These Constitutional rights exemplify what some Braybrooke 1972; Singer 1972; Hudson and Husak 1980;
50
and Waldron (ed.) 1984: 11. 6 McCloskey's formulation holding other individuals and agencies to be under duties
has been criticized elsewhere as being ". . . not of various sorts rather than in terms of the detail of the
particularly illuminating or informative" (Martin and duties themselves" (1984: 11).
Nickel 1980: 170). The importance of demonstrating the logical correlativity
Philosophers have also challenged the logical correlativity of rights and duties does not lie so much in any
doctrine by asserting the existence of duties without explanatory power it has for Western rights theories, but
corresponding rights. Feinberg, for instance, says that rather in the flexibility it affords the formulation of
duties of charity which ". . . require us to contribute to international human rights standards. Correlativity is
one or another of a large number of eligible recipients, crucial because it means that the framing of moral claims
no one of which can claim our contribution from us as in terms other than rights is not necessarily problematic.
his due" (1970: 244), shows the absence of a correlative The recognition of an obligation may well signify the
right. presence of an implicit right. The misleading separation
Hart (1979) and others contend that while we have of rights from duties has led philosophers to make
duties not to mistreat animals and babies, nevertheless, distinctions between right-based, duty-based, and goal-
they have no rights against us (in part because they are based theories (Dworkin 1977: 169-173).
not moral agents - see Lamont 1950: 93). Still others have It is noteworthy that Kant's famous duty-based theory has
claimed that the duty to rescue has no correlative right been employed as a basis for theories of rights (Waldron
(Bedau 1968). It is even sometimes suggested that the 1984: 13). This suggests that just because a moral theory
man in Andr Malraux's novel, "La Condition Humaine" is couched in the language of duty does not imply that it
(1946), felt he had a duty to give his supply of poison to cannot be a vehicle for the advancement of rights. Mackie
his fellow prisoners, though they had no right to it (1978) goes so far as to argue that any moral theory is
(Acton 1950: 108). necessarily right based, even if rights can only be
There are at least two objections which can be raised to identified as implicit.
arguments of the kind advanced by the above OBSERVATIONS ON RIGHTS
philosophers. The first is that, in the cases where we In this section I seek to enlarge the scope of the notion of
would agree that there are such duties, there is also a a right. Traditional rights theorists have constructed a
corresponding right. If society recognizes duties to be framework which is unduly restrictive.
kind to animals and babies, for instance, then, indeed, An examination of some of the common classifications
those entities could be said to have rights. reveals several artificial distinctions. The removal of these
The second is that, in those cases in which we are conceptual obstacles should facilitate the formulation of a
hesitant to assert the existence of a right, it is because the broader and more accurate concept of human rights.
attribution of the duty seems dubious. Unfortunately, a) The doctrine of Moral Correlativity
many persons do not recognize duties of charity, for The idea that to hold rights one must be capable of and
example, perhaps because such duties give rise to willing to perform duties, is known as the doctrine of
something resembling economic rights. The reluctance of moral correlativity (Feinberg 1973: 61-62). It is sometimes
theorists to acknowledge the existence of rights asserted that a right, in order to be a right, must be
corresponding to duties held by others, may stem from unconditional. But this is demonstrably false. Consider
the fear that to do so would cheapen rights language by a the case of the prisoner, some of whose rights are
proliferation of less significant rights (Hart 1979). suspended because he has not fulfilled his duties
But the problem does not lie in the correlation; it rests in (Feinberg 1973: 62). Here we would agree that it is
the absence of some mechanism for justifying the appropriate to make rights contingent on duties. One
assertion of particular rights/duties. I take the view that could go so far as to argue that, for adults at least, all
rights and duties are flip sides of the same coin.8 Brandt rights are contingent on duties. Even the right to life, for
has said that the Hart's argument against babies as right- example, could be said to be contingent on the duty to
holders follows a discussion of third-party rights. He respect other lives. On the other hand, if babies and
observes that simply difference between a right and a animals have rights, then they have them irrespective of
duty is similar to the difference between the active and their capacity to perform duties. So the doctrine of moral
passive voice (1959: 434). correlativity appears to be contingent. As a consequence,
While this observation is not a new theory of rights, societies in which rights depend on the performance of
Waldron regards the simple association of a duty to a duties can still be said to have rights.
right as capable of forming the basis for a "more b) Positive versus Negative
satisfactory" account than some of the more elaborate Philosophers have traditionally divided rights into two
ones: "Thus the right of free speech, for example, is categories: positive and negative. If a citizen has a right to
understood in terms of recognition that an individual's freedom of speech, for example, then the state has a duty
interest in self-expression is a sufficient ground for of non-interference. This so-called negative right allegedly
51
imposes no burdensome or costly duty upon the state. governmental power, utilitarian goals masquerading as
The standard view of the positive right holds that welfare group rights would perhaps seriously undermine the
rights require extensive governmental action. It is worth power of rights as trumps.
pointing out that the views above are those of Western Not all group rights, however, need be opposed to
philosophers who are sympathetic to civil and political individuals' rights, e.g., the right to selfdetermination.
rights but not to economic rights. Therefore, the The United Nations has, in fact, 10 Of course, it is still
positive/negative rights classification simply reflects the possible to identify a legal right even if it is not enforced.
values of the political culture in which the philosophers 11 Of course, other factors are relevant, such as whether
live. The allegation that positive rights demand elaborate or not the legal right was promulgated according to
state action has been criticized by philosophers such as correct procedure. Ultimately, however, the content of
Sidney Hook (1970) and Henry Shue (1980). the right should resonate with prior moral rights if it is to
In "Basic Rights" Shue challenges the premise that only be regarded as legitimate within the society in question.
positive rights require a vast expenditure of funds. recognized community rights, the rights of peoples, and
Opponents of positive rights might argue, for example, the rights of groups, in addition to the rights of
that providing a food stamp program would involve a individuals (Ramcharan 1983: 278).
costly and unwieldy bureaucratic network. The right to The advantage of admitting group rights is that there may
food thus appears to be an expensive right. But some of be certain rights which people ought to be able to claim,
the 'negative' rights, for instance, the right to a trial by which cannot be easily expressed in individualistic terms.
jury, certainly necessitate the existence of an elaborate One could make the case, for example, that some of the
(and expensive) criminal justice apparatus. The rights articulated in the "African Charter on Human and
maintenance of civil and political rights depends on the Peoples' Rights," specifically Articles 19-24, which pertain
existence of police, 9 Some might argue that the prisoner to colonialism, require the language of group rights rather
is not deprived of rights but only privileges. But among than individual rights (Anonymous 1983).
the most fundamental rights is (supposedly) the right to 4. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE
liberty (Hart 1979). PRESUMPTION OF UNIVERSALITY
This reappraisal suggests that the emphasis placed on The emergence of rights in political thought is generally
particular rights is a matter of political preference rather regarded as a new development. There are those who
than simple economic calculations. maintain that rights did not exist in ancient civilizations
c) Legal versus Moral and those who argue that rights are not to be found in
A second distinction that is often drawn is that between non-Western moral systems. Any historical study of rights
moral and legal rights. Legal positivists claim that a right reveals how hazy the philosophical charting of the
exists only if it is enforceable. Legal rights which exist by evolution of rights has been. Based on what little evidence
virtue of legislative enactment, common law, and so on, is presented, it is astonishing that anyone should offer
are, therefore, the only type of rights possible.10 Other decisive conclusions about the role of rights in other
theorists, such as natural law/rights theorists, hold that epochs and cultures.
moral rights are prior to and independent of legal rights. The absence of any consideration of moral notions
The distinction can be quite crucial when, for example, a comparable to rights makes the presumed universality of
legal system makes no provision for a particular right. human rights dubious at best. If we are to save human
The argument that the system should be modified to rights from the charge of cultural imperialism, which I
incorporate the right will be fortified by the believe is possible, then it is necessary to reinforce their
demonstrated existence of a moral right. Without moral underpinnings. In the remainder of this article I identify
rights it would be considerably more difficult to bring some of the weaknesses in the foundations of human
about changes in law. The validity of legal rights can be rights, as put forward by (mostly Western) philosophers.
based partly on the extent to which they correspond to a) Definitions
moral rights.11 The classic definition of a human right is a right which is
d) Individual versus Group universal and held by all persons: "A human right by
In the Western political tradition, only individual adult definition is a universal moral right, something which all
moral agents have been accorded the privilege of holding men, everywhere, at all times ought to have, something of
rights. But there is nothing inherent in the notion of a which no one may be deprived without a grave affront to
right which logically requires this restriction. justice, something which is owing to every human being
Nonetheless, some Westerners deny the existence of simply because he is human" (Cranston 1973: 36). One of
group rights, and their reluctance to grant such rights the definitions cited most often is that of Wasserstrom
may stem from a fear that such rights are merely (1979). Any true human right, it is said, must satisfy at
expressions of utilitarian goals. Since one of the main least four requirements: "First, it must be possessed by all
purposes of rights is to limit the arbitrary exercise of human beings, as well as only by human beings. Second,
52
because it is the same right that all human beings possess, differences between them. The most important of these is
it must be possessed equally by all human beings. Third, the extent of the moral universe to which they lay claim.
because human rights are possessed by all human beings, Whereas natural rights were not widely contested because
we can rule out as possible candidates any of those rights they were asserted in a universe of shared values, human
which one might have in virtue of occupying any rights have been highly controversial. Consider Locke's
particular status or relationship, such as that of parent, assertion of the natural right to property, the validity of
president, or promisee. And fourth, if there are any which was taken for granted in England, but which might
human rights, they have the additional characteristic of require argumentation in some socialist countries (to say
being assertable, in a manner of speaking, 'against the the least). The presumption of universality no longer
whole world'" (1979: 50). serves "universal" rights well.
As one can see from the definitions, human rights are In the past, attempts to ground human rights were not
presumed to be universal in character. This would not in successful. The best known and most celebrated efforts
itself be problematic (indeed it is desirable), except that employed the vague concepts of human nature and
the philosophical foundations are never adequately rationality to establish particular rights. It could be argued
demonstrated. The failure to ground human rights, as that it is nonsensical to separate the two insofar as
will be discussed below, has much to do with their rationality is, in some regions, regarded as integral to
historical antecedents, in particular natural law and human nature. Other conceptual devices which have
natural rights, with which human rights are assumed by provided tentative bases for human rights include: the
many philosophers to be synonymous (Donnelly 1985: ability to use language, reciprocity, the capacity to
10; Pappu 1969: 44; Wasserstrom 1979). b) Traditional conform to moral requirements, self-motivated activity,
Western Sources For many centuries natural law played a self -consciousness, and purposive agency (Husak 1984:
dominant role in Western political theory. Natural law 128).
was considered to be the standard against which all other Increasingly, justification for human rights is coming to
laws were to be judged. To contest the injustice of a man- depend less on human nature and rationality and more
made law, one could appeal to the higher authority of on the concepts of basic human needs and human
God or natural law (Sophocles 1974). Eventually natural dignity. These strategies, however, are subject to the same
law evolved into natural rights, which are considered to weaknesses as their predecessors. How theorists derive
be the modern manifestations of natural law. The change specific human rights from needs or dignity remains
reflected a shift in emphasis from society to the entirely obscure. Just as some philosophers began to
individual. Whereas natural law provided a basis for challenge the assumption that human nature could give
curbing excessive state power, natural rights offered a rise to specific human rights (Blackstone 1968:624),
means by which an individual could press claims against others (e.g., Donnelly 1985: 28-30) question the ability of
the government. basic needs theorists to delineate in the abstract those
Natural law/rights theorists have asserted the existence of needs which should give content to the idea of human
specific rights such as the right to liberty (Hart 1979), the rights. Presumably, adherents to this approach would not
right to life (McCloskey 1975), the right to self- advocate the establishment of rights based on all needs.
preservation (Hobbes), the right to property (Locke), the Someone must decide what needs are truly basic, and
right to freedom from torture (Nickel 1982), and the inasmuch as different judges will perceive different needs
right to participate (Stackhouse 1984). Because they take as taking highest priority, this approach does not
the validity of the rights to be a self-evident proposition, circumvent the challenge of diversity.
there has traditionally been little room for debate. One The problem with all of these approaches which aim at
might expect to encounter difficulties when various anchoring human rights by another concept is that they
proponents defend different and sometimes conflicting cannot demonstrate their necessary connection to human
rights based solely on the claim that the rights are self- rights. The interpretation of basic needs, for example,
evident. falls prey to the same hermeneutical weakness of natural
Surprisingly, philosophers have not welcomed law/ rights. There is no way to prove the validity of any
discussions of competing moralities, largely because they particular interpretation because no procedure is
take their own values to be obviously correct. Strangely established by which the legitimacy of particular human
enough, Waldron notes that natural rights ". . . seemed rights can be judged. Indeed, there is some consensus
peculiarly vulnerable to ethical skepticism" but concludes among philosophers that up until the present, all
that "... it would be wrong to suggest that the discussion attempts to provide solid philosophical foundations for
of human rights has been seriously impeded by these human rights have failed (e.g., Feinberg 1973: 90).
difficulties" (1984: 3). In the absence of a satisfactory grounding for human
Though the contemporary notion of human rights may rights, theorists are compelled to fall back upon mere
be the offspring of natural rights, there are, nonetheless, assertions as to the self-evident nature of particular
53
human rights. In view of the diversity of moral systems in theory of moral development is perhaps the most
the world, it is difficult to understand why the blatantly universalistic moral theory one could imagine.
presumption of universality could endure so long Those surveyed who did not reason according to
without being seriously questioned. The answer lies in preconceived styles were considered to have retarded
the psychological predisposition of human beings to powers of moral reasoning. Among other things, his work
generalize from their own perspective. Western has been challenged as failing to take into account gender
philosophers in particular seem to be prone to projecting differences (Gilligan 1982). Its cross-cultural validity is
their moral categories on others. As a consequence, the still hotly debated. But the astounding nature of
presumption of universality is deeply ingrained in Kohlberg's presumption of universality is typified by his
Western moral philosophy. conclusions in an article about capital punishment
c) "Everyone Thinks the Same" (Kohlberg) Elfenbein 1975). On his view, reaching the
Two of the best known examples of these tendencies are highest stage of moral development entails rejection of
Immanuel Kant and John Rawls (1971). Their conceptual the death penalty. Even though Kohlberg never reveals
devices, the categorical imperative and the original his own convictions, it seems clear that these conclusions
position, respectively, presuppose the existence of a set of may reflect his own values. Kohlberg's moral theory
universal moral principles. Many philosophers employ represents a classic example of the fallacies which
Kantian notions as a vehicle to advance human rights. As accompany the presumption of universality. Needless to
Feinberg has observed, however, the claims that human say, in the event one disagrees with Kohlberg, e.g., on the
beings are "ends in themselves" or "sacred" or "of infinite defensibility of the death penalty, one's abilities in moral
value" are themselves in need of a foundation (1973: 92). reasoning are called into question. This kind of thinking
Kantian moral theory assumes the existence of a single typifies the universalist position, namely that alternative
pattern of moral reasoning. The abstract rational process patterns of thought are dismissed from the outset.
is presumed to bear a single and universal result, d) Problems with International Human Rights
irrespective of cultural differences. Documents
The device of the original position developed by John Instead of facing the reality of moral diversity from the
Rawls (1971) provides another illustration of the beginning, those who participated in drafting
universalistic premise. The idea is that individuals behind international human rights standards avoided the issue.
the "veil of ignorance," stripped of their identity, will To circumvent fundamental disagreement, the individuals
select principles of justice by which society should involved took the tack of including a wide range of rights
operate. One could make a strong case that the in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To have
contractarian scenario which Rawls has devised is rigged. some understanding of the nature of the problems which
For example, Rawls requires that persons in the original international human rights have encountered, it is
position be risk-averse and not be envious. By imposing necessary to review briefly the universal rights set forth in
constraints such as these, Rawls insures that individuals some of the main international human rights
in the original position will agree to the principles he instruments.
advocates. Thus, the device provides an ex post facto As should be clear by now, it is only within a universe of
justification for his own personal moral convictions. shared values that the presumption of universality
It is plausible that individuals from the same culture encounters no difficulties. Various international human
might agree to the same principles. Americans rights instruments have remained controversial, however,
conceivably would designate Rawls' principles as their precisely because they contain values which are not
own. But if one transposes the scenario of the original shared on a worldwide basis. Several provisions from the
position to an international setting (Beitz 1979), it Universal Declaration of Human Rights should
becomes doubtful whether all the participants will demonstrate the extent to which the presumed
acquiesce. The presupposition is that individuals stripped universality of some human rights provisions is called into
of their cultural and political heritage would be pure question.
rational beings and would thus dutifully select liberal Article 17 provides that "Everyone has the right to own
democratic principles of justice. The premise that property alone as well as in association with others" and
individuals could negotiate for fundamental principles in that "no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property."
the absence of culture is quite fantastic. And this is The value underlying this standard is hardly universal.
precisely the root of the problem: underlying the One commentator refers to the problem with Article 17
presumption of universality is the belief that all peoples as one of cultural imperialism because it "... seeks to
think in a similar fashion. impose free enterprise and capitalism on the rest of the
The most remarkable example of a scholar assuming that world" (Zvobgo 1979: 95). Another human rights analyst
there is a single correct pattern of moral reasoning can be rejects the universality of Article 17 (1): "The community
found in the work of Lawrence Kohlberg. His stage
54
ideology does not admit of private property, except in Some believe that the reason why many of the values in
consumer goods" (Sinh 1978: 144). the Universal Declaration of Human Rights appear to be
Some of the articles concerning elections reflect a Western is that the Third World did not participate in
preference for a particular kind of political system. great numbers when it was drafted. Zvobgo (1979: 95)
Articles 18, 19, and 20 provide for rights to freedom of maintains that, were the Declaration to be debated again
thought, religion, and association. Article 21 guarantees in the General Assembly, the final draft would differ
the right to participate in government, equal access to significantly from what was adopted in 1948. Others,
public service, and free elections. In Article 21 (3) the while acknowledging that the United Nations human
ideological basis of the human right standard is made rights debate took place at a time when the great majority
manifest: "The will of the people shall be the basis of the of Third World nations were still under colonial rule, still
authority of government: this will shall be expressed in maintain that the contribution of the Third World was
periodic and genuine elections which shall be by "by no means negligible" (Alston 1983: 61; 1987: 59-60).
universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret Among the most active participants were Chile, China,
vote or by equivalent free voting procedures." While Cuba, India, Lebanon, and Panama. At the General
these articles clearly embody the preferred set of political Assembly in 1948, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Afghanistan,
devices of Western liberal democratic regimes, the the Philippines, Thailand, India, and Pakistan, as well as
provisions may not be universally accepted. From the all of the Central and Latin American States were among
Third World perspective, Article 21 seeks to "universalize the 48 voting in favor of the Declaration. Saudi Arabia,
Western-style elections" (Zvobgo 1979: 95), which are South Africa, and the Eastern European nations were the
obviously not universal: "Monarchies, dictatorships, eight abstentions; no one voted against (Alston 1983: 61).
single-party rules, or single-candidate elections are not Since there is still considerable reason to believe that the
non-existent in today's world" (Sinha 1978: 144). Declaration bears a Western imprint, this suggests that
Of course, one cannot infer from the existence of these the role of government elites at international settings may
political regimes that the people themselves prefer them not be indicative of the traditional value systems which
to Westernstyle democracies. But it is ethnocentric to they are supposed to represent. The problem with the
assume that Western electoral procedures are particular configuration of rights found in the Universal
unanimously favored. Declaration is that some of the rights may not be
It is not only in the political realm that human rights compatible with the diverse value systems of the world.
seem not to be expressions of universal values. Some of Consequently, the promulgation of the Universal
the rights concerned with social life may also be Declaration appears to many countries as the imposition
unrepresentative of the entire world. For instance, Article of an alien value system: "Thus, to the extent these kinds
16 provides for the right to marry and to found a family. of rights are concerned, we have the scenario of one
Article 16 (2) stipulates that marriages shall be entered particular culture, or one particular ideology, or one
into only with the free and full consent of the intending particular political system claiming to be imposed upon
spouses. And finally, Article 16 (3) specifies that the the entire world ... . It is selfdefeating for the human-
family is the natural and fundamental unit of society, and rights movement to take the latter approach and say, force
is entitled to protection by society and the state. It is not private property upon the Soviet Union or China, or
clear if the fundamental unit is the nuclear family or abolish arranged marriages in India, or force general
whether the Article might allow for the kinship group elections in Saudi Arabia, and then - and here is the
instead. greatest danger of all - retire in the smug delusion that
The phraseology suggests that only the immediate family having done that, justice has thereby been achieved for
can be understood to be the basic unit, which would the individual" (Sinha 1978: 144, 159).
appear to be insensitive to the many societies which have Sinha attacks the single catalogue approach because it
different patterns of social organization. The provision does not take into account cultural variability. He
guaranteeing voluntary choice of marriage partners runs advocates an approach which is culture based. By making
counter to the practice of arranged marriages, which is an a distinction between the catalogue and the concept of
integral part of many value systems of the world. Even human rights, he wants to allow for the development of
the first clause holding that there is a right to marry and particular rights standards for different social systems.
found a family may be problematic when one considers Instead of "the catalogue of one particular society being
that there have been many restrictions on the right to rammed down the throat of another under the crusadic
marry and procreate, which were at one time regarded as [sic] disguise of human rights" (1978: 159), Sinha prefers
moral by Americans, e.g. compulsory sterilization, to let societies devise their own means of paying homage
prohibition of homosexual marriages, and anti- to human rights standards. But while his theory is
miscegenation laws. culturally sensitive, it cannot provide any universais.

55
Hence it is no longer a theory of human rights but rather thorns ... or sewing with catgut. Alternatively the vulva are
a theory of cultural rights. scraped raw and the child's limbs are tied together for
NON- WESTERN CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN several weeks until the wound heals (or she dies). The
RIGHTS purpose is to close the vaginal orifice. Only a small
The international documents are not sufficient, in and of opening is left (usually by inserting a slither [sic] of wood)
themselves, to resolve the question of whether the so the urine or later the menstrual blood can be passed
human rights which they enumerate are Western or (Hosken 1976: 30; see also Huelsman 1976).
universal. Of course, it is possible that they could contain Women who live in societies where the practice of
some rights which are universal and some which are not. circumcision continues must undergo surgery throughout
To decide which rights are truly universal, some have life. Women who are infibulated have to be opened to
sought to characterize the concept of human rights permit intercourse and to be cut open further for the
according to various geographical, cultural, religious, and delivery of a child (Daly 1978: 157). Sometimes women
ideological perspectives. It is important, however, to be are sewn up again after delivery depending on the wishes
aware of the limitations of this literature. of their husbands.
First, there do not even exist articles on the concept of Female genital mutilation occurs in certain tribes in the
human rights in all societies. Whether or not those about following countries: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, southern
which nothing is written have well-defined concepts of Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, northern Zare, Chad, northern
human rights we do not know. Second, the articles that Cameroun, Nigeria, Dahomey, Togo, northern Ghana,
do exist tend to focus on what is distinctive about the Upper Volta, Mali, northern Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra
concept in the country or religion in question. So the Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, the Gambia, Senegal, and
result may be to afford insight into the distinctive Mauritania (Hosken 1976: 22). Excision in small girls still
features of the concept rather than to provide any takes place in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, and
indication about what aspects might be consistent with Syria. The operation is also performed in Europe when
the values embodied in the international documents. The members of tribes emigrate (Anonymous 1984a). It is
point is that the emphasis is on what is distinctive rather difficult to pinpoint the precise number of girls who
than what is common. Third, we cannot tell whether or undergo the surgery because the operation is usually
not to rely on the characterizations provided. Analysts, performed in secret. The Minority Rights Group report
even when speaking of the same culture, sometimes give states: "The total number of women affected is in any case
radically different interpretations to the concept and unknown, but without any doubt involves several tens of
oftentimes formulate conclusions on the basis of millions of women" (McLean and Graham 1983: 3). A
misleading evidence. Discussions of human rights in more scholarly article cites figures of between thirty and
China, for example, tend to focus on what rights Chinese seventy-four million women as being currently
officials have granted rather than on what the traditional circumcised in at least twenty African countries.
values are. Fourth, no systematic comparative analyses of There are various justifications offered for female
human rights have ever been undertaken. circumcision. The main one is the preservation of the
THE REALITY OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY moral purity of women. The operation supposedly insures
Since it is not possible to conclude that all cultures do the fidelity of wives. In 1938 Dr. Allan Worsley analyzed
share the same concept of human rights on the basis of the reasons given for the practice: "Although it is often
evidence currently available; this means that cultural denied, the preservation of virginity lies at the root of this
differences may raise significant problems. The custom" (Worsley 1938: 686-691). Daly notes that "A
presumption of universality begins to totter when it basic belief that justifies all, erasing all responsibility is of
confronts divergent interpretations of humanitarian course that these rites keep women faithful" (Daly 1978:
standards. 160). It complicates the issue further that the operation is
There are two types of female circumcision. F. P. Hosken, performed by women, which might make it appear that
one of the leading opponents of the practice, offers the men bear no responsibility for perpetuating the practice.
typology: In the past, international organizations have been
1. Sunna Circumcision: removal of the prepuce and/or tip unwilling to get involved because of professed respect for
of the clitoris. the cultural traditions of others. And perhaps their
2. Excision or Clitoridectomy: excision of the entire clitoris reluctance is reasonable, since the custom is accepted as
with the labia minora and some or most of the external moral and legitimate in the societies in which it occurs.
genitalia. Those who do not undergo the surgery are ostracized.
3. Excision and Infibulation (Pharaonic Circumcision): Apparently, no one will marry uncircumcised girls. In one
This means excision of the entire clitoris, labia minora, study, conducted by means of a detailed questionnaire
and parts of the labia majora. The two sides of the vulva administered to 3210 females and 1545 males in the
are then fastened together in some way either by the Sudan, it was shown that the ratio of those who favored
56
continuing the practice to those who did not was 5 to 1 consequence, many in the international community have
for women and 7 to 1 for men, though the majority was focussed their energies towards the complete eradication
against the most severe Pharaonic type (El Dareer 1983). of all forms of child labor. This goal of abolition is
There is a tendency among current writers to speak of justified in absolutist terms: "a necessary evil" (Dogramaci
female circumcision not as morally abhorrent or 1985: 11; Mendelievich [ed.] 1979: 55; Blanchard 1983:
acceptable but rather in terms of the health problems 23; Rodgers and Standing [ed.] 1981: v; Boudhiba 1982:
that it causes. Warning that female circumcision may well 11), "an affront to our conscience" (Blanchard 1983: 6), "a
be hazardous to the health of young girls initially seems scourge" (Valcarenghi 1981: 12, 23), "unnatural"
to avoid the pitfalls of the moral dilemma. For this (Mendelievich [ed.] 1979: 48), "tragic" (Dogramaci 1985:
reason this is increasingly the sort of position that 10), and "a moral indictment on our society" (Chan 1980:
international organizations such as WHO and UNICEF 78). Francis Blanchard, the Director-General of the
are taking. Perhaps the best discussion of female International Labor Organization, has said that the goal
circumcision along these lines, within the framework of of the international community should be "... ultimately,
human rights, is an article by Kay Boulware-Miller (1985). the elimination of child labor" (1983: 6), which is justified
Here she discusses three major human rights arguments on the basis of "universal values" (1983: 20). In its 1984
challenging female circumcision as (1) a violation of the report on child labor, the Anti-Slavery Society for the
rights of the ation is usually performed in secret. The Protection of Human Rights acknowledged the Western
Minority Rights Group report states: "The total number bias in international legislation but, nonetheless,
of women affected is in any case unknown, but without concluded that UNICEF should make "a specific
any doubt involves several tens of millions of women" commitment to the eradication of child labour in all its
(McLean and Graham 1983: 3). A more scholarly article forms" (Anonymous 1984b: 46, 57). Another glaring
cites figures of between thirty and seventy-four million example of the universalist presumption is found in the
women as being currently circumcised in at least twenty international edition of Newsweek in its special report
African countries (Boulware-Miller 1985: 156). entitled "All Work and No Play - The World's Youngest
5). Here she discusses three major human rights Laborers Sacrifice their Childhood in Days of Endless
arguments challenging female circumcision as (1) a Toil" (Smolowe et al. 1983; emphasis added). The
violation of the rights of child, (2) the right to sexual and language and melodramatic tone reflect the deeply
corporeal identity, and (3) the right to health. Her ingrained Western way of thinking about childhood.
conclusion is that: "Although the right to health They also convey the message that the proper goal ought
argument may not bring immediate results, it is likely to to be the complete abolition of child labor.
have the most success because it considers the practice Despite the presumption that child labor is entirely
from the perspective of the Africans . . . [it] integrates the wrong, it is an economic necessity. In many societies,
issues of physical, mental, and sexual health as well as children are expected to help with the family business or
child development" (1985: 176-177). to bring home a substantial portion of the family income.
Unfortunately, the health argument is subject to at least It is an accepted part of the way of life in much of the
two telling criticisms. First, the peoples whose way of life world, and is perceived as natural and moral: "In most
is criticized, whether on health or moral grounds, may agrarian societies, children's work is not only highly
not see a difference between the two types of argument. prized for its economic utility but as representing the
That is, even if the argument based on health is on its highest ideals of the culture, viz. obedience, respect, or
face more sensitive to cultural differences, those filial piety. Serving those above one in the domestic
practicing the custom may suspect that the real argument hierarchy of age statuses is conceptualized as moral duty,
is that Westerners object to it on moral grounds. often as a sacred obligation" (Le Vine 1984: 3).
Moreover, the argument is rendered even less effective by The ethnocentric assumption in the literature leads to a
the fact that operations of this type are now carried out narrow-minded solution which is not only unworkable,
in hospitals under thoroughly antiseptic conditions. but which is also undeniably a form of cultural
The fact that many women in the society perpetuate the imperialism. Since the concept of childhood varies across
custom is one which must be squarely faced. The cultures, as do ideas about work, it is not wise to adopt an
presumption of universality cannot alter the reality that absolutist abolitionist approach, even as a long-term
the practice is accepted as moral by members of the objective. Children's work is an essential part of the
culture. family's survival; and unless that is taken into account
b) The Case of Child Labor when policies are formulated, the viability of
The spectre of relativism also rears its head in the case of international standards to protect children will be
child labor. Today anywhere from 52 to 150 million uncertain. By no means does this imply that we should
children (under age 15) work throughout the world. The turn a blind eye to the problem. It is simply that outright
conditions are often exploitative and unhealthy. As a condemnation is ineffective and, indeed,
57
counterproductive. Greater cultural sensitivity would should practise writing frequently. Outline-
permit the formulation of more globally acceptable making is a skill and it can be improved by
strategies. practice. I used to make outlines for all the topics
CONCLUSION I studied for my every subject. And I think that
I have tried to show that, properly interpreted, the helped me scoring 72 marks in English essay
concept of human rights is compatible with moral paper. (CSP Dr. Waheed Asghar. Essay Marks:
systems that are centered on concepts other than rights. 72)
This would remove the objection that duty-based systems
cannot accommodate human rights. But even if human o For essay paper, everyone will tell you that try to
rights, in the abstract, may be possible in any moral attempt those ones which pertain to current
system, we cannot presume that all moral codes contain affairs quite the same as I think. It is because it is
the same or similar values. Women's rights and children's always easier to understand what is required from
rights are problematic because societies do not all believe you in topics on current affairs; plus, you are
that these groups deserve special status. So, to assert the always more knowledgeable about these topics,
existence of universal standards for them is ethnocentric. besides in a better position to give variegated
The recognition of moral diversity calls into question the views about such current themes.
presumption of universality and leaves human rights o But do remember that essay is not just a paper,
vulnerable to the apparent dangers of relativism. its a test. It is easy to attempt a paper but
difficult to pass through a test. For succeeding in
SOME SELECTIVE QUOTES ON HUMAN RIGHTS a test, you must bring an armoury which is quite
All human being are born free and equal in different from others. So, here, innovation is the
dignity and rights. They are endowed with soul of wit, is precisely what the examiner
dignity and conscience and should act towards perceives.
one another in a spirit of brotherhood. o Admittedly, innovation does not mean that you
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 have to put forth the most radical of ideas with
To deny people their human rights is to having nothing to support such arguments. If you
challenge their very humanity.Nelson Mandela can just jot down plain and sensible ideas, but
People say that human rights is a Western add spice to them by writing some quotes, verses
construct foisted on others. But that's not true. and allusions, it would do the trick for you. For
Equality, dignity, respect and justice are as much this, I would recommend you people to learn by
an integral part of the Islamic tradition.Cherie heart at least five to eight quotes, allusions or
Blair verses which are relevant to some of those topics
The idea of cultural relativism is nothing but an which you consider hot for this years essay. I
excuse to violate human rights.Shirin Ebadi attempted essay on Terrorism, started it off with
We declare that human rights are for all of us, quoting W.B.Yeats. The second coming (4
all the time: whoever we are and wherever we are initial verses), then in the middle quoted
from; no matter our class, our opinions, our Drydens Song on St. Cecils Day, then a little
sexual orientation. UN Secretary-General Ban latter in my essay wrote Pablo Nerudas When
Ki-moon Bomb fell and ended with a related quote by
"The candle burns not for us, but for all those Solzhenitsyn.
whom we failed to rescue from prison, who were o The result was getting a whopping score of 70
shot on the way to prison, who were tortured, marks in it. So just surf the web and gulp down
who were kidnapped, who 'disappeared'. That's some quotes (literary ones always better than
what the candle is for."Peter Benenson, verbal sayings) on this years important topics.
founder of Amnesty International [Muhammad Bin Ashraf (CSP). Essay Marks:
(Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may 70)
continue it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding o English Essay matters a lot! Grammar mistakes in
this section. Our Email: weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com & it aren't tolerable at all. The most effective
Contact No. 03014361716) technique to attempt an essay should be that
rather than tracing a historical perspective, the
topic at hand must be hit right from the
HOW TO WRITE CSS ESSAY? beginning. It should have a logical sequencing of
o One needs to improve his expression. Our only arguments as well. Moreover, it should be brief
input is reading so if he is studying good text and in simple English and unnecessary jargon
books, it will improve his English as well. And he should be avoided. Try to cover the topic from a
58
national as well as global aspect. (Dr. Waqar Ali (Source: CSS Forum)
Khan, 1st Position CSS 2013. Essay Marks: 70)
SOLVED CSS PAPERS 2017 (COMPULSORY SUBJECTS)
CSS ISLAMIC STUDIES OBJECTIVE PAPER 2. Levitate: Rise
3. Nicety: Precision
2017
4. Nummary: Of coins
1. Etymologically, term Jibrael (Gabriel) deals with:
5. Occult: Supernatural
Trusted Spirit (Ruh-ul-Amin)
6. Peroration: Summing up
2. Ghazwa-e-Ahzaabs other name is: Khandaq (Trench)
7. Trice: Moment
3. Purpose of roza is: Taqwa (piety)
8. Venial: None of These (Pardonable)
4. Prayer for rain is named as: Istasqa
9. Wanton: Reckless
5. Who wrote, Islam at Crossroads: M. Asad
10. Wilted: Withered
6. Imam Malik belongs to category of: Mujtahid Mutaliq
7. Zahravi was known for: Surgery
(b) Choose the word that is nearly most opposite in
8. First lady administrator of market appointed by Umar
meaning to the Capitalized words.
(R.A): Shifa bint Abdullah
11. Awry: Straight
9. Law of reflection was first proposed by: Ibn-e-
12. Condign: Undeserved
Haitham
13. Dastard: Courage
10. Musaarif-e-Zakaat, according to Quran, are: 8
14. Occlude: Open
11. Who wrote treaty of Hudaibya? Hazrat Ali (R.A)
15. Buxom: Slim
12. Election of Hazrat Abu Bakar occurred at a place: Saqifa Banu
Sada 16. Revile: Bless
13. Sahi Muslim & Sahi Bukhari are collectively called? 17. Seedy: Elegant
Sahihain 18. Tortuous: Straight
14. How many prayers did prophet Muhammat (PBUH) 19. Vociferous: Quiet
offered collectively because of Ghazwa-e-Khandaq? 4 20. Crass: Refined
prayers
15. How many years did pious Caliphate continued? 30
CSS PAKISTAN AFFAIRS OBJECTIVE
years PAPER 2017
16. How many articles were there in Madina Charter (Mithaaq-e- 1. When was anjaman-e-Himmayat-e-Islam founded? 1884
Madina)? 52
2. When was Moen Jo Daro discovered? 1922
17. Salat has been obligatory on? Every Ummah
3. Current Pak Ambassador to China ? Masood Khalid
18. Caliphate Committee constructed by Hazrat Umar
4. The Simla deputation met the Viceroy Minto: 1 oct 1906
(R.A) to elect his successor caliph was composed of: 6 5. Author of "My Life A fragment? Mushirul-Hasan
members 6. Who was 7th PM of Pak? Feroz Khan Noon
19. Literal meaning of Hajj is: Will to visit 7. 18th Amendment in 1973 Constitution was passed on? 8 April 2010
20. According to Dr. Abdullah Hashmi, number of 8. Friday was declared Official holiday on? 1976 (Actually 1977)
believers at Hajj with prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 9. PTV started its coloured transmission in ? 1976

was: 14000 10. Who led funeral Prayers of Quaid-e-Azam ? Shabir Usmani
11. Largest Artificial lake of Pak? Keenjar
CSS ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITIION) 12. Writer of Humsafar? Farhat Ishtiaq
13. First Vice President of Pak? Noor Ul Amin
OBJECTIVE PAPER 2017
14. National Anthem was composed by ? Ahmad G. Chagla
(a) Choose the word that is nearly most similar in
15. What is total number of electoral college 1965 ? 80000
meaning to the capitalized words. 16. Which Indian received Pakistan's highest award ? Morarji Desai
1. Fudge: Sweet
59
17. Total No. Of Basic democrats in 1965 ? 80,000 10. AFP is news agency of: France
18. Total No. Of Receivers of Nishan-e-Haider ? 10 11. Headquarter of International Court of Justice is at:
19. First embassy in Pakistan by? Egypt Hague
20. US Ambassador who died with Gen. Zia in plane crash? Raphael 12. Oldest satellite launch site: Kazakhstan (Baikonur)
13. Current head of state of UK is: Elizabeth II
CSS GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY
14. Which country has been British Colony? Burma
OBJECTIVE PAPER 15. Collapse of USSR was caused by: Pressure for
1. Which planet is nearest to earth? Venus conformity to ideology
2. Which gas is used for ripening of fruits? Ethane 16. Largest cotton producer is: China
3. Which is used in white wall wash? Limestone 17. Hiroshima was bombed by US on: 6 Aug 1945
4. Who invented Sulfuric acid? Jabir Bin Hayaan 18. First Muslim Nobel Prize winner is: Anwar Sadat
5. Which disease is associated with Lock jaws? Tetanus 19. Last census in Pakistan was conducted in: 1998
6. Which branch of physics is does deal with nuclei? 20. Largest Gas Resources are in: Russia
Nuclear Physics
7. Sonar is used to measure: Ocean depth PMS GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
8. Which catalyst is used to convert Ghee into oil? Nickel
9. Radar receives signals through: Radio waves PAPER 2016
10. Plaster of Paris is obtained from: Gypsum 1. Acoustic is the science of:
11. Conversion of oil into ghee is related to: 2. The art of breeding Silk Worm and production of Silk is
Hydrogenation called:
12. Founder of Algebra is: Al-Khwarzimi 3. The science of celestial bodies is known as:
14. Which part of plant is in need of Phosphorus for its
growth? Root 4. Telepathy is: communication by means other than
15. Colour of Sky appears as blue because of: Rayleigh sensory perceptions
scattering 5. Pedagogy is the science of: Teaching
16. Seismograph is used to measure: intensity of 6. Study of Maps & Features of Universe is called:
earthquake Cartography
17. Shortsightedness can be removed with which of 7. Scientific study and measurement of behaviour is called:
following lens? Concave Psychology
18. Vitamin caused by sunlight is: Vitamin D 8. Etymology refers to the study of: Words
19. Blood clotting happens in which part of human body? Veins & 9. Pediatrics is relevant to: Children
Arteries
10. Shape of Milky Way Galaxy is: Elliptical
20. How many time can a newspaper be recycled: 5 times
11. Coldest planet of the Solar System is: Neptune

CSS CURRENT AFFAIRS OBJECTIVE 12. Which of the following planets has the maximum
number of Satellites: Jupiter
PAPER 2017
13. Which planet takes the longest time to go once around
1. Who presented Objective Resolution? Liaqat Ali Khan
the Sun? Neptune
2. Oldest Tennis games belongs to: Wimbledon
14. The first artificial satellites was launched by: Russia
3. Capital of Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek
15. The first Canadian woman in space was: Roberta
4. Suez Canal connects: Mediterranean Sea & Red Sea
Bonder
5. Which country will host FIFA world 2018: Russia
16. The first astronaut to set foot on moon was: Neil
6. OIC members are: 57
Armstrong
7. EU members are: 28
8. Duration of second cold war: None of these (1947-91)
9. NPT stands for: Non-proliferation Treaty
60
17. The theory stating that new matter is always created to 44. Which area is known as Worlds earthquake belt?
fill the space left by the universe is called: Steady State Pacific ring of fire
Theory 45. Which of the following is the physics law of moments?
18. The velocity of sound in air at sea level is: 343 m/s The sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of

19. Acceleration caused by gravity is: 32 ft./ anticlockwise moments


46. Which chemical element has properties of a metal and
20. A rocket needs the speed of ________ to escape from
non-metal? Metalloid
earths gravity:
47. Which tube extends from mouth to anus? Alimentary
21. Sunlight is composed of:
canal
22. The rarest gas in air is:
48. Where is the bile stored and intermittently released into
23. Minor Objects in irregular shapes orbiting the sun are
the small intestine to aid digestion? Gall Bladder
called:
49. Blood circulates in which parts of the body? All of these
24. The lowest zone of atmosphere containing about 75%
(Veins, Arteries, Capillaries)
of total mass of atmosphere and ninety percent of its
50. Which blood group is a Universal Donor? Group O
water vapour is called:
Negative
25. The theory about the beginning of the universe by a
51. Which part of the brain contains centers for the control
huge explosion is called:
of respiration, heart-beat, and blood pressure? Medulla
26. Constellation is: Patterns or groups of stars in the
52. The structure in a cell which contains the genes is
sky
called: Chromosome
27. Sun takes______ years to travel around the galaxy:
53. Who coined the term gene? Wilhelm Johannes
54. Vitamin A is essential for? Preventing night blindness
28. Days and nights are equal throughout the year at:
55. Which vitamin prevents hemorrhaging? K
56. How much blood does a normal adult person have in the
29. Celestial body that affects tides of oceans is: Moon
body? 4 to 5 litres
30. Huge cloud of gas and dust in universe is called:
57. Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) is necessary for digestion of:
Proteins
31. Outer surface of the sun is called:
58. Which vitamin is provided by sunlight to human body:
32. Suns diameter is:
Vitamin D
33. The largest planet is:
59. When was HIV indentified? 1883
34. The continuous movement of continents is called
60. Which disease causes deficiency of breathing? Asthma
Continental:
61. Which of the following is the most common form of
35. The layer of atmosphere in which we live is called:
colour blindness, usually found in males? Difficulty in
Stratosphere
distinguishing red from green
36. Study of fingerprints is called: Dactylography
62. Disease which travels itself from place to place is
37. Which rocks make the earths surface or crust? All of
called: Endemic
these (Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic)
63. What is H5N1? Virus
38. Area in a desert where there is sufficient water for
64. Objects having the same size shape and measurements
plants is called: Oasis
are: Congruent
39. Plate tectonics theory explains the movement of:
65. A line passing through a circle away from centre is
Continents
called: Chord
40. Silicon is also called: Earth maker
66. The sum of angles in a triangle is: 180
41. Days and nights are equal all the year at: Nairobi
67. According to the Pythagoras Theorem, when the
42. When Magma reaches the surface, it is called: Lava
hypotenuse is C: + =
43. Which star is known as the Constant Star: North Star

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68. Two polygons are similar if: All corresponding sides 88. Judicial body of UN is called: International Court of
are both equal and proportional Justice
69. The area of a trapezium is: (sum of parallel sides x nd
89. COP 22, the 22 Conference of the Parties of UN
height) Framework Convention on Climate Change, was held in
70. The volume of sphere is: 2016 in: Paris
72. What is the next term for sequence, 162, 54, 18, 6...? 2 90. Which country has the largest resources of crude oil?
73. In the equation of straight line, what does C represent? Y intercepts Saudi Arabia
74. When 73 is added to 89 and the amount is doubled, the 91. The highest battle field in the world is: Siachen Glacier
result will be same as of , what is the answer? 162 92. Summer Olympics for the year 2020 will be held in:
75. What device accept data from outside the computer and Tokyo
transfer it into the CPU? Input device 93. A countrys total financial obligations to the rest of the
76. Which short cut key is used to insert a new slide in world are known as: External Debt
Power point presentation? Ctrl + N 94. Brexit Referendum was held on: June 23, 2016
77. What is 0.004 x 0.5? 0.002 95. Which political party does US president belong to?
78. Spam or redundant e-mails are also called? Junk Mails Republicans
79. Who was the inventor of Mouse? Douglas Engelbart 96. The term Track-II Diplomacy is used for: Managing
80. Which is the largest computer hardware company? HP relations between two countries using unofficial
81. Which of the following is conventional designation of channels
pre-release software? Beta 97. The first of the seventeen Sustainable Development
82. Temporary storage place for information in a computer Goals relates to: Poverty Alleviation
is called: Buffer 98. The largest producer of solar energy in the world is:
84. The Prevention of Electronic Crime Act was passed in China
Pakistan in the year: 2016 99. One barrel of Petroleum is equal to: 42 US Gallons\
85. When the last census held in Pakistan? 1998 100. First woman to win Nobel Prize was: Marie Curie
86. Malakand Pass connects Peshawar with: Chitral (Tell us if you further need similar material so that we may
continue it. Or contact us if you need any help regarding this
87. Headquarters of Arab League is located at: Cairo
section. Our Email : weeklyanalysis1@gmail.com & Contact
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