SMALL ANIMAL OPHTHALMOLOGY

Small Animal Surgery Operations on the eye globe

5th study year FVM Enucleation
Exenteration
Eye globe disease Evisceration
Anophthalmus, microphthalmus Eyelids disease
Anophthalmus
developed only eyelid fissure Coloboma
Microphthalmus signs
mostly with other congenital anomaly
anomalies defect of eyelids in all layers
Exophthalmus Eyelid, corneal, scleral dermoid
causes signs
retrobulbar processes congenital anomaly
(abscess, tumor, ) area of abnormal tissue
Exophthalmus Partial agenesis of eyelid margin
Neoplasia
appearance
treatment
congenital anomaly
caudal orbitotomy
cats
Exophthalmus
Eyelash abnormalities
treatment
Trichiasis, distichiasis, ectopic cilia
drainage
Trichiasis
Enophthalmus
causes
causes
congenital, acquired abnormalities
muscle atrophy, kachexia, eosinophilic
treatment
myositis, HORNER syndrome
resection
Proptosis of the globe
Trichiasis + entropion
causes
trauma, retrobulbar masses treatment
STADES procedure
Phthisis bulbi
Prominent nasal fold
causes
situation after pathological changes Distichiasis
from Meibomian glands
Panophthalmitis
causes treatment
trauma resection
treatment electro-, cryoepilation
ATB Ectopic cillia
exenteration signs
always with clinical problems (corneal
Ophthalmia neonatorum
defects)
 H. internum inflammation of Meibomian
Abnormalities of eyelid position glands
Entropion, ectropion, diamond eye causes
Staphylococcus
Entropion
e. hereditare lower eyelid (chow-chow, Blepharitis marginalis chalazion
bulldog, hunting hounds) circumscribed chronic inflammation of
e. spasticum first on lower eyelid, after eye Meibomian glands with formation of
irritation granulation tissue
e. cicatriceum skin contraction after eyelid
trauma Eyelid wounds
e. bulbare with microphthalmus, without damage of eyelid margin
enohthalmus with damage of eyelid margin
Entropion Eyelid neoplasia
treatment mostly papiloma, lipoma,
causal adenoma, carcinoma,
fixation stitch puppies melanoma, ...
eyelid plastic
Eyelid neoplasia
Entropium treatment
resection
Ectropion cryotherapy
e. congenitale - boxer, great dane, basset
e. cicatriceum after pathological processes
e. mechanicum traction, pressure on tumors) Disease of conjunctiva and third eyelid
e. paralyticum along with dysfunction of
n.facialis, n. trigeminus Eversion, inversion of the third eyelid
Diamond eye appearance
large breeds
Ectropion mostly with third eyelid gland hyperplasia

Ectropion Eversion, inversion of the third eyelid

Diamond eye Protrusion of third eyelid gland

appearance
Blepharitis am. cocker, beagle
Blepharitis superficialis treatment
Blepharitis diffusa reposition & fixation
Blepharitis marginalis (Hordeolum) extirpation KCS
Hordeolum externum
Hordeolum internum Protrusion of third eyelid gland

Chalazion Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis catarrhalis acuta, chronica
Blepharitis marginalis hordeolum Conjunctivitis follicularis
H. externum inflammation of Zeiss glands
causes
 mechanical, chemical, physical
viruses (herpes), bacteria Disease of lacrimal system
clinical sign of other diseases
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Conjunctivitis causes
differential diagnosis congenital (west-highland-white, yorkshire)
conjunctivitis (auto-) immune disease
glaucoma other diseases (distemper, )
hypertension trauma, toxins, hypovitaminosis A
mydriasis third eyelid gland extirpation
uveitis dry cornea opacity vascularisation
hypotension pigmentation ulceration
miosis
KCS
Follicular conjunctivitis SCHIRMER tear test
< 9 mm/min
signs
third eyelid, fornix Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
enlargement of lymphatic follicles treatment
artificial tears
Chemosis
causes corticosteroids + antibiotics
conjunctival edema acetylcystein
infection, trauma, Imunosupression (ciclosporine, tacrolimus)
ductus parotideus transposition (DPT)
Plasmacelular infiltration of 3rd eyelid
KCS
appearance
mostly with keratitis superficialis chronica ductus parotideus transposition
German shepherd Atresia punctum lacrimale
mostly lower lacrimal punctum
Conjunctival granuloma (collie)
mostly with dystrophia coneae treatment
signs kanylation, mikrochirurgical opening of
lacrimal puncta & silicone tube
nodulated red tissue outgrowing to the
conjunctivorhino-, conjunctivobuccostomy
cornea
third eyelid swelling Dakryocystitis
treatment Inflammation of lacrimal sac
excision treatment
corticosteroids flushing, antibiotics, surgical revision
Symblepharom Disease of cornea
palpebral
conjunctival Congenital
appearance staphyloma, melanosis corneae, dermoid,
cats PPM, corneal dysplasia
causes
congenital Corneal defects
herpesvirus erosion
 wound Keratitis
ulcer Superficial keratitis
penetrating defect Deep keratitis
Descemetocoele
German shepherd keratitis
Corneal defects Keratitis superficialis chronica (berreiter)
appearance autoimmune
brachycephalic dogs signs
signs mostly with plasmacelullar infiltration of
opacity third eyelid
hypopyon
German shepherd keratitis
vascularisation
treatment
fluorescein positive
corticosteroids & antibioitics
Corneal defects cclosporine
complication superficial keratectomy
keratomalacia
Boxer ulcer
perforation and prolapse
Recurrent superficial defects
Corneal defects treatment
treatment general principles of ulcer therapy
antibiotics, antiphlogistics, atropine
Dachshund keratitis
supportive drugs (serum)
Keratitis superficialis at parenchymatosa
preservatives
chronica punctata et diffusa
antiproleolytics (ACC, EDTA)
signs
keratotomy, keratoplasty vascularisation + pannus
wounds suture pigmentation up to KCS
Corneal defects
Corneal dystrophy
debridement corneal opacity without inflammation
Corneal defects appearance
keratotomy linear, punctate Collie, Huski, KKCh Spaniel
causes
Corneal defects fat dystrophy
Conjunctival pedicle graft keratoplasty other diseases
corneal irritation
Keratitis
keratitis Corneal dystrophy
superficial signs
deep (K. profunda) symmetrical pearly appearence
ulcerous (K. ulcerosa) treatment
Specific keratitis without medication
German shepherd keratitis keratectomy recurrences
Boxer ulcer (keratitis)
Dachshund keratitis Corneal sequestration
= Keratitis nigrum
 appearance Cataracta falsa
Persian, Siamese cat Nubecula macula
causes leucoma corneae
herpesvirus
treatment Persistent pupillary membrane
keratectomy
Anterior uveal cyst
Disease of sclera from pigmented neuroepitelium
appearance
Sclera Great Dane
coloboma treatment
Congenital defect conjunctival ectasia perhaps punction or extirpation
with uveal herniation
staphyloma Uveal synechias
scleral arch due to excessive scleral anterior
extension posterior
scleritis & episcleritis causes
posttraumatical
Scleritis & episcleritis postinflammatory
commonly secondary results
localized only for superficial layer Leucoma adherens
signs Iris bombata glaucoma
swelling and hyperemia of conjunctival
vessels Content of anterior chamber
treatment hyphaema
causal trauma, other diseases,
corticosteroids uveitis
hypopyon
Disease of anterior chamber & iris infection (ulcer), uveitis
fibrin
Anterior chamber & iris trauma, infection, uveitis
congenital defects of iris foreign bodies
abnormalities of pigmentation
persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) Uveitis
koloboma Uveitis anterior + Uveitis posterior
cyst Iridocyclochorioiditis
Iritis (complex Uveitis anterior) causes
posttraumatic
Abnormalities of pigmentation inflammation from other tissues (teeth)
Heterochromia iridis immunologic
Heterochromia iridum post vaccination (HCC)
Uveitis phacolytica
Persistent pupillary membrane
incomplete resorption of prenatal membrane Uveitis anterior
appearance Inflammation of cilliary body and iris
American cocker, basenji, ... signs
signs corneal edema
 changes of iris diagnosis
miosis tonometry
effusion of anterior chamber gonioscopy
hypotension
Glaucoma
Uveitis anterior Generally
consequences mannitol i.v., acetazolamid i.v., glycerin p.o.
anterior & posterior synechias Locally
Iris bombata ( glaucoma) prostaglandins (latanoprost)
Cataracta complicata carboanhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)
eye globe atrophy beta-blockers (timolol)
lens luxation alpha-2 agonists (brimonidine)
vitreous opacity parasympatomimetics (pilocarpine)
glaucoma
Glaucoma
Uveitis anterior surgery
treatment ablation of cilliar body (cheically, cryo,
mydriatics laser)
support of exudate resorption, iridectomy, cyclodialysis,
reduction of synechia formation, extraction of luxated lens
analgesic effect
antiphlogistics enucleation
subconjunctival evisceration + prosthesis
local, generally
antibiotics Disease of lens

Uveitis posterior Lens

= Chorioiditis, chorioretinitis congenital abnormalities
signs aphakia, mikrophakia, lenticonus,
miosis mydriasis coloboma, ectopia
Ch. disseminata cataract
Ch. diffusa cataract
results lens luxation
blindness, retinal
detachment Cataract
abnormal metabolism of lens
Glaucoma Cataract
Imbalance of production and outflow of primary x secondary
aqueous humor congenital x juvenile x adult x senile
incomplete x complete
Glaucoma capsular x subcapsular x cortical x nuclear x
classification polar
primary, secondary
with open angle, Cataract
with closed angle primary, secondary cataract
hereditary eye abnormalities
Glaucoma PRA, RD, PPM, PHPV/PHTVL,
 non- hereditary eye abnormalities Iridodonesis
uveitis, aphacic crescent
endogenous (toxic) cataract diabetic
exogenous cataract traumatic Lens luxation
signs
Cataract corneal edema
congenital cataract treatment
with other eye abnormalities ICE
juvenile cataract
between 1st-4th year Disease of vitreous
adult cataract
Vitreous
senile cataract
Hyalosis asteroidea
mostly bilateral
Synchisis scintillans
Cataract PHPV / PHTVL
Cataracta incipiens vitreous opacities
Cataracta immatura
PHPV / PHTVL
separation of lens suture Y, fluid from
surrounding into the lens 6 grades of relevance
enlargement signs
C. polaris posterior
Cataract treatment
Cataracta matura at blindness ICE
leak of fluid from lens with vitrectomy
decrease, total
cloudiness Disease of retina
Cataracta hypermatura (Morgagniana)
Retina
liquefaction of cortical layer nucleus
eccentrically uveitis, glaucoma congenital non-hereditary abnormalities
optic nerve hypoplasia
Cataract abnormalities of vision
treatment micropapila
only surgical without major visual abnormalities
ICE, ECE congenital hereditary abnormalities
phacoemulsification CEA, RD
without treatment
lens luxation Retina
glaucoma hereditary abnormalities with late
manifestation
retinal atrophy
PRA progressive retinal atrophy
Lens luxation PED pigment epithelium dystrophy
Luxatio lentis anterior x posterior acquired non-hereditary abnormalities
causes neuroretinitis
trauma chorioretinitis
uveitis retinal detachment + bleeding
glaucoma
CEA Collie eye anomaly
signs
 Abnormalities of sclera, choroidea and retina treatment
causes elimination of breeding
congenital defect
signs Acquired non-hereditary abnormalities
chorioretinal hypoplasia
Neuroretinitis
Koloboma, Tortuita vasorum, tygroid
fundus, signs
retinal detachment sudden blindness
risk of PRA
CEA changes of papilla
treatment treatment
without treatment corticosteroids
elimination of breeding
Chorioretinitis
RD Retinal dysplasia causes
appearance infection, intoxication, ...
congenital, collie, cocker, yorkshire, ... treatment
signs glucocorticoids, ATB
mostly with
corneal dysplasia Retinal detachment
Intraocular bleeding detachment from pigmented layer
glaucoma causes
fluid between choroidea and retina
PRA Progressive retinal atrophy fluid pulling retina to
appearance the vitreous
miniature poodle, cocker, dachshund, vitreous damage
signs lens luxation (posterior)
4 stages
Retinal detachment
mostly with
Cataracta complicata treatment
corticosteroids
PRA surgical
signs
hyperreflexivity Used photos and schemes
Kottman J, Rauer P, Kecov H, Trnkov P,
loss of granularity
Krisov 2003: Veterinrn oftalmologie.
vascular attenuation Noviko, Brno, 198 s.
dilated, pale papila Severin GA 1995: Severins veterinary
areas of depigmentation ophthalmology notes. 2nd ed,
treatment DesignPointe, Philadelphia, 386 p.
elimination of breeding Slatter D 2001: Fundamentals of veterinary
ophthalmology. 3rd ed, W.B. Saunders,
PED Pigment epithelium dystrophy Philadelphia, 640 p.
= CPRA Walde I, Schffer EH, Kstlin RG 1989: Atlas
appearance - retriever, cocker, collie, der Augenerkrankungen bei Hund und Katze.
Schattauer, Stuttgart,360 p.
signs
impaired visus of moving objects
pigmented areas in tapetal part