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Question-1: Transformer

A star connected, 100 kVA, 11 kV/440V, three phase


transformer has the following equivalent circuit parameters of
the primary and R X 1 X 2
1 R 2
secondary windings 12 j 36 j 0.06 0.02
N N 1 2
+
+ + +
R1 = 12 ; X1 = j 36 ; I1 I2

1.6+j1.2
E1 E2 V2
R2 = 0.02 ; X2 = 0.06

LOAD


V1

; Total iron loss = -


- - -

1200 W; Total iron loss


= 1200 W
Fig. Simplified per phase equivalent circuit of transformer
The transformer is star
connected on both primary and secondary side. A star

1
connected load impedance of (1.6 + j 1.2) per phase is
connected to the secondary side. Calculate the voltage
regulation and the efficiency of the transformer at given load.
Also calculate the maximum efficiency of the transformer and
the corresponding load at which it occurs. Neglect the
magnetizing current.
Data:
Capacity: 100 kVA, three-phase transformer;
Primary line voltage = 11 kV; Secondary line voltage = 440V;
R1 = 12 ; X1 = j 36 ; R2 = 0.02 ; X2 = 0.06 ; Total iron
loss = 1200 W;
Load impedance = 1.6+j 1.2 ohm per phase, star connected.

2
Solution:
Primary phase voltage = 11000/3 = 6350.85 V
Secondary phase voltage = 440/3 = 254.03 V
Turns ratio, k=V2(phase)/V1(phase) = 254.03/6350.85 = 0.04
Secondary winding complex impedance, Z2 = 0.02 + j 0.06 ;
ohm
Equivalent secondary winding impedance referred to primary
0.02+ 0.06
2 = 12.5 + 37.5
0.04 2

Primary winding complex impedance Z1 = 12+j 36


Total winding impedance Zwdg = 24.5 j 73.5;
3
Load impedance Zl = 1.6 + j 1.2; ohm
1.6+1.2
Equivalent load impedance Zleq = = = 1000 + 750
0.04 2

Total impedance Ztotal = 1024.5 + j 823.5; ohm


Primary current, 1 =
1 6350.85
= = Z2eq=(12.5+j 37.5)
1024.5+823.5 Z1=(12+j 36)

3.756 3.027 +
+
I1 = I2 = 3.756-j 3.027
L
V1ph=6350.85 O V2
(1000+j750) A
D

-
-

Secondary current, Equivalent circuit of transformer


referred to primary winding
1 3.756 3.027
2 = = =
0.04

4
94.156 75.675;
Voltage drop in the windings, Vdrop = I1 x Zwdg =
= 1 = (3.756 3.027) (24.5 + j 73.5)
= 314.75 + 202.63
Equivalent secondary terminal voltage referred to primary
winding
2 = 1 = 6350.85 (314.75 + 202.63)
= 6036.1 202.62
Secondary terminal complex voltage on load
2 = 2 = (6036.1 202.62) 0.04 = 241.44 8.105

5
Secondary terminal voltage magnitude on load = abs(V2)=
241.58 V
Secondary voltage angle = 1 (8.105/241.44) =
0.03356
Secondary terminal voltage at no-load = 254.03 V
245.03241.58
Voltage regulation = 100 = 5.155%
241.58

Secondary current magnitude, I2 = abs(I2) = (94.156


75.675) = 120.79 A
Secondary current angle = 1 (75.675/94.156) =
0.6771
Phase angle between secondary voltage and current,

6
2 = = 0.6771 (0.03356) = 0.6435
Power factor of secondary, cos 2 = cos(-0.6435)=0.8
Primary current, I1 = abs(I1) = (3.756 3.027) = 4.83
Primary copper loss = 3 12 1 = 840.398
Secondary copper loss = 3 22 2 = 875.414
Total copper loss = 840.398+875.414=1715.813 W
Iron loss = 1200 W
Total losses = 1715.8 + 1200 = 2915.8 W
Output power of transformer = 3 2 2 cos 2 = 3 241.58
120.79 0.8 = 70033.17

7
Input power = Output power + Total losses = 70033.17 + 2915.8
= 72949 W
Efficiency = Output power / Input power = 70033/72949 = 0.96
or 96%

At maximum efficiency condition, Copper loss = Iron loss, hence


Copper loss = 1200 W
Copper loss per phase at maximum efficiency condition =
1200/3 = 400 W
Equivalent resistance of both windings Req = R2 + (R1 x k2) =
0.02 + (12 x 0.042) = 0.0392 ohm

8
Secondary current at maximum efficiency I2(max) =
400/0.0392 = 101.01
Corresponding output power = 3 2 2 cos = 3 254 101
0.8 = 60003
60003
Maximum efficiency, = = 0.961
60003+21200

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