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Welcome to
your Digital Edition of
Aerospace & Defense
Technology Designing Electronic Warfare to
Regain Airborne Military Dominance
April 2017
Electric Rockets and the Future
of Satellite Propulsion
Certifying Composite Designs
for Aerospace and Defense
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AUVSIs XPONENTIAL 2017
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Contents
FEATURES________________________________________ 41 Angular Random Walk Estimation of a Time-Domain Switching
Micromachined Gyroscope
6 Electronic Warfare
43 Using Fisher Information Criteria for Chemical Sensor
6 Designing Electronic Warfare to Regain Airborne Military Selection via Convex Optimization Methods
Dominance
44 Luminescence Materials as Nanoparticle Thermal Sensors
12 Aerospace Materials
12 Certifying Composite Designs for Aerospace and Defense DEPARTMENTS___________________________________
18 Propulsion Systems
46 Application Briefs
18 Electric Rockets and the Future of Satellite Propulsion
50 New Products
22 Cabling & Connectivity
56 Advertisers Index
22 Flat Cable Technology for Aerospace Applications
26 Show Preview ON THE COVER___________________________________
26 XPONENTIAL 2017 An AUVSI Experience
Aurora Flight Sciences ALIAS Automated Flight
30 RF & Microwave Technology System flies a Cessna Caravan through basic
30 Pulse Analysis Techniques for Radar and Electronic Warfare maneuvers under the supervision of a pilot.
ALIAS, which stands for Aircrew Labor In-
36 Reconfigurable Radio Tracks Flights Worldwide
Cockpit Automation System, utilizes a robotic
system that functions as a second pilot in a two-
TECH BRIEFS_____________________________________ crew aircraft, enabling reduced manual opera-
tions while ensuring that aircraft performance
39 Development of an Optically Modulated Scatterer Probe for a and mission success are maintained or
Near-Field Measurement System improved. To learn more, check out the applica-
40 Using Dempster-Shafer Fusion for Personnel Intrusion tions brief on page 46.
Detection (Photo courtesy of Aurora Flight Sciences)
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INSIDE STORY
As a leading supplier of custom forged copper, aluminum, brass, and other non-ferrous products,
Weldaloy (Warren, MI) has advanced from its beginnings 70 years ago serving the automotive welding
industry, to providing open die work, machining, and other offerings for industries such as aerospace.
Aerospace & Defense Technology spoke with Kurt Ruppenthal, Weldaloys Vice President and General
Manager, to discuss how the companys vertical integration process offers customers a single source
for forged and machined non-ferrous products.
A&DT: What does Weldaloy do? A&DT: Talk a little more about your capabilities.
Kurt Ruppenthal: Weldaloy primarily Ruppenthal: We have two forging facilities. Hammering is an
supplies non-ferrous open die forgings, integral step in the production of many forgings, and we have
although we also perform closed die two 4,000-pound hammers and a couple of 2,500-pound ham-
and semi-closed die forging, as well as mers. We also have a smaller hammer that allows us to be flex-
ring rolling. The primary industry we ible with a variety of ductile materials. We also have a press
serve is aerospace, but we also do a lot shop with a 2,000-ton press.
of work in the semiconductor industry, We can produce seamless rolled rings with a highly uniform
in a variety of general industrial areas, and we perform a fair grain structure from 10" to 40" in diameter, and with a maxi-
amount of material processing work. mum height of about 8". We can also roll a variety of materials.
We mostly make basic shapes, but some of the closed-die A variety of machining equipment, both horizontal and vertical,
parts are a little more complicated. We make a lot of parts enables us to work with parts ranging from 10 pounds up to
that support rolling, milling, or casting of various raw mate- 4,500 pounds. Many are CNC-controlled, but we have manual
rials. Many applications in the aerospace industry require machines that are useful in certain instances. We can machine
copper and copper alloys, but to work with them effectively ring diameters up to about 72", and discs in the 60- to 70"
takes special expertise. Thats what has really separated us range. Our tolerances are very good; its not uncommon for us
over the years. We make parts that help produce computer to be in the .003" specification range, and we can go below that
chips, we make parts that go to outer space, and we make in some instances.
parts that support the economic and manufacturing engine
of the U.S. and beyond. A&DT: What is Weldaloys quality philosophy?
A&DT: What makes Weldaloy unique? Ruppenthal: The forging world is very demanding. We under-
stand that, we embrace it, and we do everything we can to meet
Ruppenthal: Several things first, we have a lot of internal IP or exceed customer requirements through continual improve-
(intellectual property) on the forging of specialty metals. Weve ment in all Weldaloy processes. Last year, we achieved certifica-
been doing forging for 70 years now. That has enabled us to tion to aerospace standard AS9100C, and were also certified to
develop the necessary expertise with copper, brass, and associ- ISO 9001 for industrial quality management. Were currently
ated alloys to support specialized or niche customers. We also working on two new certifications. The ISO 14001 standard for
work with aluminum and titanium. And although were experts environmental management best practices doesnt necessarily
in forging, were also very experienced in machining these spe- fall under quality but it reflects on quality. Were also working
cialty metals. on a Nadcap aerospace certification, which is specific to a
Customers also benefit because we try to support them in process. Weve chosen heat treating, and the requirements are
any way we can. Were incredibly customer-focused, with very stringent. Its similar to AS9100 in terms of how its struc-
many long-standing customers who rely on us. Were also a tured and the documentation thats required. You need to have
reasonably small company. Customers get a small-company traceability not only for your product, but for how you maintain
response and feel, but Weldaloy also has a lot of really big, your heat-treating furnaces and processes.
high-end systems you would only expect to find at a larger
organization. A&DT: What about your engineering resources?
A&DT: Tell us about your vertical integration strategy. Ruppenthal: Our process engineers have a great deal of knowl-
edge and experience with forging and heat-treating techniques.
Ruppenthal: Weve tried to be as vertically integrated as possi- Weve got a five-person engineering team, and they have the
ble because the more vertically integrated we are, the better we technical capability to meet customer requirements with mini-
can respond to customer needs, and the more cost-effective we mal waste along the way.
can be. For example, we have a substantial inventory of metal, We want to solve problems, make great products, and give cus-
some of which can be difficult or expensive to get quickly. We tomers great customer service. We want all of our relationships to
saw that metal ourselves in-house, forge it, heat-treat it, be win-win. Weve worked hard at that, and well continue to do so.
machine it, and we can even do a lot of testing, including non- To find out more about Weldaloy, visit the full-length version of
destructive testing, in-house. We also package and ship the fin- this interview available online at www.aerodefensetech.com/
ished products, with comprehensive traceability. InsideStory/0417
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Trust takes on a whole
new meaning up here.
For over 70 years, Weldaloy has specialized in a variety of custom copper, aluminum, and other nonferrous metal
forgings for industries such as aerospace, power generation, semiconductor, and more. As we look to the next 70 years,
well continue our tradition of providing custom high-quality parts, delivered on time.
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Designing Electronic Warfare to
Regain Airborne Military Dominance
(U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. N.W. Huertas)
F
or decades, military aircraft speeds for computing technologies has There is no reason to anticipate a de-
have relied on electronic war- brought new radar and electronic war- cline in the rapid advancements of ad-
fare (EW) solutions to protect fare capability to more countries around versaries when it comes to EW. Indeed,
assets and dominate airspace. the world. it is more likely that adversaries will
The ability of the United States to detect Over the past 60 years, we have seen continue to invest, improvise and dis-
and track aircraft, or avoid detection has approximately a one trillion-fold in- cover means for threatening U.S.
played a major role in its ability to proj- crease in computing performance in warfighters that have yet to be seen.
ect power globally and maintain free- line with what has become known as
dom of operation in the air. Moores Law where processing approxi- Understanding Requirements
Today, that dominance is being chal- mately doubles every two years. The rise in advanced threats from ad-
lenged given the rapid advancements Systems that used to be analog, ex- versaries comes in multiple formats be-
in, and widespread availability of, tech- pensive and difficult to upgrade are now sides radar detection to include attack
nology for adversaries. In order to make being exchanged for digital operations. methods, jamming, signals intelligence
the best use of finite resources, EW solu- The faster processing speeds result in (SIGINT) and more. At the same time,
tions must be designed with a focus on greater ability to collect and process in- U.S. forces have made updates to take
flexibility and adaptability to meet formation from a larger range of fre- full advantage of the electromagnetic
quickly shifting threats today and in the quencies at a greater rate, thus increas- spectrum for a variety of tactics from
future. ing the threats facing U.S. and allied multiple airborne systems, such as com-
Electronic warfare solutions must be military platforms. These advancements munications, GPS, data collection, net-
designed to dominate increasingly con- are not theoretical. work systems and of course electronic
tested environments where multifunc- New radars such as these are capable warfare. The varied options to take ad-
tion, software-defined and reconfig- of simultaneously operating on more vantage of the electromagnetic spec-
urable solutions are needed to meet than one frequency band for more so- trum battlefield has created a crowded
quickly shifting threats. phisticated information analysis. Our environment.
defense methods have to protect against Alongside the rise of adversarial capa-
Available Tech Has Shifted Military all active channels at the same time in bilities, the military is facing unique
Threats order to be effective. Our adversaries challenges and pressures internally. De-
Adversaries have long sought an op- with the requisite resources are certainly fense budgets remain uncertain after a
portunity to level the odds with Ameri- capable of adopting the available tech- long period of increased spending and
can air superiority. The ability for U.S. nology and applying it towards their deployment. Leaders have continued to
aircraft to enter airspace with relative own means. Radar and EW systems communicate that extending the lifecy-
safety to execute their mission and re- being fielded today have the ability to cles of legacy platforms such as the B-52
turn safely has been a major strategic shift in real-time and cover a wider (expected to be more than 80 years) and
asset. This superiority is beginning to array of spectrum, which means there is the F/A-18 Hornets (expected to be
erode as the rapid growth in processor a wider range of threats to mitigate. more than 50 years) is necessary as
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Certifying
Composite
Designs
for
Aerospace
and Defense
W
herever you find newer nents, composites had a rather bumpy pliers and the industrys knowledge of
and particularly larger ride for a while, generating much buzz how to produce more robust and cost
aircraft these days, youre in the 1980s, then falling somewhat efficient designs.
seeing the use of compos- out of favor in the 90s. In the earlier
ite materials. The latest commercial days, engineers were not fully aware of From Fairings to Fuselages
planes, as well as innovative defense the damage tolerance issues, and the At first, flight safety led to the use
prototypes, demonstrate the aware- material systems at the time had lower of composites for aerospace toward
ness of aerospace OEMs regarding the through-thickness properties so they non-load-carrying, non-primary struc-
value of composites for stiffness and werent as durable or impact resistant. tures like fairings. As confidence in
structural strength exceeding metals, Composites were also more expensive the material rose and was supported
plus weight savings and decreased fuel than metals, making trial-and-error with real-world performance benefits,
consumption. The military may have methodologies costly. load-bearing structures began to be
taken an early lead in pushing the use However, over the last decade-and-a- considered for metal-to-composite
of composites, but now both sectors half, new resins were developed to material tradeoffs.
are fully committed to advancing the toughen composites and increase their In smaller aircraft with less highly
technology. damage tolerance. Material systems loaded fuselagesbut minimum-gauge
Although employed as long ago as overall improved, along with the requirements dictated by environmen-
the 1950s for small aircraft compo- chemistry, as did the expertise of sup- tal influences like hail damagethe
economics of a switch from metal to
composites might not always pay off.
But for a larger-fuselage plane, or for
wings and empennages of any size
plane, such a change could bring sig-
nificant weight savings; both the Boe-
ing 787 and the Airbus 380 are made
up of more than 50% composites, a
move that cut some 20% in weight
over previous designs.
Despite these advantages, the chal-
lenge of designing weight-bearing
structures out of composites remains
significant. Multi-material, multi-ply
composites remain much more mathe-
matically complex to model and de-
sign compared to metals.
Fortunately, computing tools have
improved dramatically over the last
Figure 1. Fuselage portion (photo at left) and post-buckling stability analysis of fuselage skins, stiffeners 10-15 years, allowing composites
and frames (screen shots at right) performed by Collier Researchs HyperSizer software. analysis, simulation and optimization
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Aerospace Materials
Figure 5. The design of the Bell Helicopter/Spirit AeroSystems V-280 tiltrotor fuselage (left) was sized and analyzed with the help of HyperSizer composites opti-
mization software; the aircraft (right) is an entry in the Pentagons joint multi-role technology demonstrator program competition.
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Aerospace Materials
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Electrospray thruster chips (in gold)
arranged in a propulsion array
on a satellite (artists concept).
Illustration credit: Zina Deretsky
Electric Rockets
and the Future of
Satellite Propulsion
H
umans have been using rocket Electric rocket engines are far less recently, as part of Boeings Xenon Ion
propulsion for almost a mil- powerful than chemical rockets, so they Propulsion System (XIPS), the electric
lennium, starting with Chi- cant be used to launch rockets into propulsion system used on the com-
nese rockets and fire arrows space. But once in orbit, they have some panys Boeing 702 satellite bus.
in the 13th century and continuing to big advantages: Theyre far more effi- A third type of electric rocket tech-
the modern eras powerful Space Shuttle cient, per unit of propellant mass, than nology, electrospray propulsion, didnt
and Falcon rockets. For most of that his- chemical rockets. And because they rely proceed past the experimental stage in
tory, rockets have been chemically fu- on electricity, they can be powered by the 1960s and 1970s. However, research
eled, but in the past century scientists solar panels. in the past decade by Paulo Lozano at
and engineers have also experimented Accion Systems, Inc. has developed MIT, assisted by Natalya Brikner and
with electric rockets, also known as ion an electric rocket system, based on elec- Louis Perna, pushed electrospray from
engines or ion propulsion systems. trospray propulsion technology, that theory into reality. (Perna and Brikner
Rather than using chemical reactions can be made to work at a far smaller were graduate students under Lozanos
to create heat and accelerate a propel- scale than previous ion engines. Its also supervision and are the cofounders of
lant, electric rockets use electromagnetic cheaper and easier to manufacture these Accion Systems.)
or electrostatic fields acting on charged thrusters in large numbers. That makes The basic idea with electrospray
ions of propellant, speeding them up them well-suited to deployment on propulsion is that you start with a con-
and shooting them out, away from the small satellites and nanosatellites, ductive liquid and expose it to a strong
vehicle, producing thrust. The electrical where these engines can help maintain electric field. That field brings charged
energy to generate these fields comes orbit, change a satellites orientation, or ions to the surface, deforming the sur-
from the sun, from batteries, or both. even move it to a different orbit with face of the liquid and pulling it up and
Ion engines might sound like some- great efficiency. away from the rest of the liquid. As the
thing youd find on the Starship Enter- liquid deforms, it extends into stronger
prise, but in fact theyve emerged as a Electrospray Propulsion: parts of the electric field, deforming it
practical solution for in-space maneu- How It Works still further, and so on. Eventually the
vers. NASAs Deep Space 1, launched in Research into electric rockets began field pulls a tiny droplet (or even a sin-
1998, demonstrated the sustained use in earnest in the mid-20th century as gle ion) off the very tip of the deforma-
of an ion thruster in space. The most part of the space race. Eventually, two tion, accelerating it out and away, gen-
recent version of Boeings 702 satellite main types emerged. In the Soviet erating thrust.
bus uses an all-electric propulsion sys- Union, Hall thrusters saw some lim-
tem for orbit transfer and maneuvering ited operational use in the 20th century. Recent Innovations
the satellite once it is in orbit (prior In the United States, gridded ion en- Building on the MIT research, Accion
versions used hybrid chemical and gines were a subject of experimenta- has advanced electrospray propulsion
electric engines). tion but were not widely deployed until in several ways. First, it uses a conduc-
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Propulsion Systems
tive liquid as a propellant a compound much of the satellites mass to propel- Whats more, this liquid is extremely
thats liquid at room temperature and lant, leaving more room for the pay- non-volatile, which means its relatively
which contains two different molecules loador making the overall satellite safe to handle. It emits no dangerous
(one positively charged and one nega- less massive and therefore cheaper to vapors. If you spill some of it on a sur-
tively charged). Because this propellant launch. Meanwhile, if it takes days or face, it will just sit there, without evap-
already contains charged ions it doesnt weeks to complete a maneuver, thats orating, for years.
need to be ionized, which is why the not a problem for the satellites comput- It doesnt even evaporate in the vac-
engineers dub it plasma in a bottle. By ers: They can just wait patiently. uum of space, which leads to another
contrast, other ion engines require an Because the propulsion system can act benefit because the propellant has
ionization step prior to accelerating the on the conductive liquid directly, power such a low evaporation rate and is liq-
ionized propellant. is not needed to ionize the propellant. uid at a wide range of temperatures, it
Second, the propellant is stored
within a porous material, which
brings the liquid into the thrusters
electric field through an array of sharp
microstructures on its surface. The
porous material acts as a wick, draw-
ing the propellant out of a reservoir
and into the thruster. The microstruc-
tures pre-deform the liquid, so the
electric field need only operate at the
tips, pulling the liquid out still further
and extracting it a few ions or mole-
cules at a time.
Third, the extractor (the part that
generates the electric field) is made
with micro-emitter holes that line up
with the microstructures on the porous
material. Its field is designed to extract
ions from each tip separately. Alto-
gether, a single thruster chip is about
the size of a U.S. penny, but contains
hundreds of emitters, all firing in the
same direction. Electrospray thruster chips are small enough to fit on a fingertip and have no moving parts. (Photo: Accion
Its not very powerful: Each penny- Systems, Inc.)
sized chip generates only a few tens of
micronewtons of forceapproximately
equal to the force exerted by a mos-
quitos wings. But the technology has
substantial advantages that can make
up for its low level of force.
Electrospray Propulsion:
Pros and Cons
Ion engines, including electrospray
propulsion systems, have excellent
specific impulsea measure of propel-
lant mass efficiency. So while their
thrust is weak, they use propellant ex-
tremely efficiently. That means they
are well suited to applications where
the time required to accelerate is not
as important as the overall mass of the
satellite.
For unmanned satellites, that tradeoff
is easy to make. More efficient propul-
sion means you dont need to devote as How the TILE system generates thrust. (Illustration: Zina Deretsky)
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Propulsion Systems
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2017 www.aerodefensetech.com Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/65850-824
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Flat Cable Technology for
Aerospace Applications
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Cabling & Connectivity
Patented Extrusion Process The solid one-piece construction tamination in an automated, climate con-
Unlike the standard, open-floor extru- can be made in unlimited lengths and trolled operating environment. This man-
sion line process utilized in the electrical the cables can combine power conduc- ufacturing process is a unique, one-of-a
cable industry, Cicoil utilizes a patented tors and twisted shielded pairs, in dif- kind operation.
computer-controlled extrusion process, ferent AWG sizes and various diame-
which allows individual components to ters, all combined in a single flat Extruded Flat Cables vs Molded Flat
be placed in a flat profile, precisely con- profile. Other components, such as Cables
trolling the spacing of each component, tubing, fiber optics, mounting strips, Flat molded cables may look similar to
insulation thickness and the overall coax conductors, thermocouple cable, Extruded Flat Cables from a distance, but
cable shape. The thickness of the ex- and strength members can also be in- once you take a closer look, the similari-
truded flat cable is precisely controlled tegrated into the cable design. ties no longer apply.
to within 0.005, and conductor spacing Lastly, all cables are cured continuously, In the molding process, wires are
accuracy to within 0.002. with no debris, humidity or material con- stretched between pins in a metallic
mold that typically ranges from 1 to 6
feet in length. Liquid silicone and chem-
ical curing agents are poured over the
wires, and once settled, additional sili-
cone is poured to attain proper cable
thickness. The cable will need to fully
cure over another 2-3 days.
Unlike the ultra-clean manufactur-
ing process of extruded flat cables,
molded flat cables are exposed to con-
Temperature extremes to which Flexx-Sil outer jackets can be exposed. tamination by dust, metal chips and
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Cabling & Connectivity
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Cabling & Connectivity
pabilities than they can offer. Despite the Flex Circuits can be used in small spaces custom shape of the flat cable also con-
Flex in flex circuits, the flexing capabil- where equivalent round cables wont fit and tributes to the elimination of signal failures
ity in the flat form factor is limited. Unlike can be shaped to fit the installation path. due to physical stress at the cable connector.
flexible flat cables designed for millions of Flat extruded cables meet these require- This article was written by Rich Buchic-
continuous flex cycles, Flex Circuits tend ments as well. Custom shaped flexible flat chio, National Sales & Marketing Manager,
to be stiff and are very fragile. They can cables allow for very precise cable routing Cicoil (Valencia, CA). For more information,
easily be dented, cracked, bent and dam- without folding, kinking or pinching. The visit http://info.hotims.com/65850-503.
aged from exposure to severe turbulence,
vibration, impact, long term flexing, me-
chanical stress and improper handling.
Where flat cables can incorporate dif-
ferent components within its profile,
Flex circuits are typically limited to sin-
Ultra-durable Optical Coatings for
gle conductors only. For applications
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the circuit traced layer resulting in failure due to a compromised thin lm coating. Thats why DSI is dedicated to
larger and very stiff assemblies. Flat ca- designing, developing, and providing coatings that meet the rigorous demands
bles can incorporate single shielded
of aerospace, military, and defense applications.
power conductors, twisted shielded data
and Ethernet pairs, coax, triads and
Featuring Dual Band Filters, Coated Domes and IR Filters, these are a DSI specialty
shielded cable bundles.
The initial tooling costs for Flex Circuits for the following reasons:
are high. Once made, tooling is expensive
to change and new tooling may be re-
quired to accommodate application mod-
ifications. Flat extruded cables typically
require a one-time $250 tooling charge,
which is inexpensive compared to tooling
used to manufacture Flex Circuits.
Similar to molded flat cables, Flex Cir-
cuits are individually produced and the DUAL BAND DOMES IR
size is fixed according to the tooling;
VIS, NIR, SWIR, MWIR, LWIR Uniform Coatings over MWIR, LWIR, VLWIR
whereas, extruded flat cable is manufac-
Steep Edges, High complex surfaces High Transmission,
tured in continuous bulk lengths and can
Transmission, High Transmission Levels Steep Edges,
be cut to suit various applications.
Deep Blocking Deep Blocking
Intro Cov ToC + A
A fter a very successful trade show
and conference in New Orleans
last year, the Association for
Unmanned Vehicle Systems Interna-
tional (AUVSI) is bringing this years
systems, sensors, electronics, fabrica-
tion, imaging and communications sys-
tems, and much, much more.
In addition to the normal array of
exhibitors, this years event offers a
a hub for attendees to see the latest in-
novation for one specific market seg-
ment. There will be four Technology
Zones to explore: Air Pavilion, Busi-
ness Services Zone, Software Pavilion,
event, AUVSI XPONENTIAL 2017 to number of features designed to help and a Startup Pavilion.
the Kay Bailey Hutchinson Convention attendees navigate the show floor The Air Pavilion will focus on UAS
Center in Dallas, TX. The event, which more efficiently. Take the Technology products and services, particularly
runs from May 8 May 11, will feature Zones for example. According to show those of interest to companies and in-
more than 200 presentations and panel organizers, Technology zones provide dividuals with 333 Exemptions and
discussions focused on all aspects of the
unmanned vehicle and robotics mar-
ket. Over 650 exhibitors representing
more than 20 different industries will
be showcasing their latest technology
to an estimated 7,000 attendees from
all over the world.
So, what can attendees expect to
find at XPONENTIAL 2017?
The event kicks off on Monday after-
noon, May 8, with educational pro-
gramming and workshops from 1:30 to
5:00 pm, followed by a welcome recep-
tion, first timers reception, and ex-
hibitor reception. These receptions are a
great venue for first-time attendees and
veterans alike to mingle and network in
an informal relaxed atmosphere.
Tuesday, May 9, begins with keynote Endeavor Robotics booth at XPONENTIAL 2016. (Photo: Bruce A. Bennett)
addresses by Intel CEO Brian Krzanich
and Weather Channel Meteorologist
Jim Cantore, which should provide
much food for thought before attendees
head off to the many educational ses-
sions being offered or the exhibit hall.
Exhibit Hall
If past shows are any indication, there
will be no shortage of things to see and
do in the exhibit hall. More than 650 ex-
hibitors from around the world will oc-
cupy over 370,000 square feet of exhibit
space to showcase their latest technol-
ogy and products covering all aspects of
unmanned vehicle and robotics design,
manufacturing and use including air,
ground, surface, subsurface, space sys-
tems, weapons systems, security sys-
tems, engineering and R&D, propulsion Even NASA had a presence on the show floor at XPONENTIAL 2016. (Photo: Bruce A. Bennett)
Intro Cov ToC + A
AUVSI Show Preview
Part 107 operator status. The Business Two of the more popular attractions on ground vehicles in action, and the AUVSI
Services Zone will give attendees an the show floor will be Robots in Action, a Foundations RoboNation, which pits
opportunity to meet with companies special area where exhibitors can demon- teams of students against each other in
that specialize in providing various strate their small unmanned air and competition to see whose autonomous
support services such as insurance, robotics technology is the best.
legal services and training. The Soft- And finally, dont miss the Solutions
ware Pavilion, which is a new addition Theater where youll be able to see the
to this years show, will feature the best new products from exhibitors as
types of software products that can ex- chosen by AUVSI, and the Poster Presen-
pand an unmanned vehicles horizons tations where you can meet and chat
by adding or increasing things like au- with people doing the latest cutting-
tonomy and image stitching. And the edge research in the field of unmanned
Startup Pavilion, as its name implies, vehicles and robotics.
will feature young, promising compa-
nies looking to mainstream their Educational Program
newest innovations and technologies. Those seeking the latest up-to-date
There will be four international pavil- information about unmanned vehicles
ions featuring companies from China, and robotics technology can attend a
France, Spain and the UK, as well as four variety of stimulating courses and semi-
State Pavilions where attendees can nars at XPONENTIAL 2017. The courses
learn what is being done to help grow have been broken down into three pro-
the unmanned vehicles and robotics in- gram tracks: Policy, Technology, and
dustry in places like Colorado, Nevada, The Kratos booth at XPONENTIAL 2016. (Photo: Business Solutions. Although parts of
North Dakota and Utah. Bruce A. Bennett) the program were still being finalized as
Intro Cov ToC + A
AUVSI Show Preview
we went to press, here are some of the Advanced Platform for UUV Oil & Gas: Understanding the
educational programs being offered: Technology Development, Integration Challenges and Opportunities
and Testing Insights on Inspection: Improving
Policy Track Software Developments Driving the Efficiency, Increasing Safety and
The Policy Track is designed to give Next Generation of Drone and Robot Saving Money on the Worksite
attendees access to the latest informa- Technology Customer Focus Panel: The Benefits,
tion on policies and regulations im- Technical Challenges Impacting the Challenges and Opportunities for
pacting the unmanned vehicle and ro- Development and Deployment of Drone Imaging
botics industries straight from the Fully Automated Vehicles Drones in the Wireless Industry: Use
people formulating them. Some of the Cases and Perspectives on an
panel sessions being offered are: Business Solutions Emerging Market
Airspace 101: What You Need to Know Unmanned vehicles and robotics The Devil's in the Data - Managing,
Now technology is opening up all kinds of Protecting and Making the Most of
Policy Implications for Automated new business opportunities, and this Your Information
Vehicles track is designed to help you learn
International Trade Issues Affecting how to take advantage of them. Some After Hours
Unmanned Systems of the panel sessions being offered are: If youre not too tired after walking
Unmanned Maritime Systems: Unmanned Maritime Operations for the show floor for hours or participat-
Advances in Regulation and Related
Technology
Federal, State, and Local: How Can We
All Get Along?
Technology Track
The Technology Track, as its name im-
plies, will keep you up to speed on the
latest technological developments in
areas like artificial intelligence, au-
tonomous operation, software, and
propulsion systems. Some of the panel
sessions being offered are:
Reducing SWaP-C in UAVs With a
Consolidated PNT Modular Sensor
Counter-UAV System Based on RF
Detection and Video Analytics
Oshkosh shows off one of their impressive military vehicles at XPONENTIAL 2016. (Photo: Bruce A. Bennett)
Intro Cov ToC + A
AUVSI Show Preview
Intro Cov ToC + A
RF & Microwave Technology
Intro Cov ToC + A
RF & Microwave Technology
Figure 2. Measurement of time-varying signals is often described as a sequence of three steps. This is a convenient and useful descriptive summary, though the
steps are not always as linear and independent as the diagram suggests.
analysis is focused primarily on pulse mented as a separate analyzer type, be- Pulse Analysis Measurement
timing parameters and time domain cause the wide bandwidth of RF/mi- The process of pulse analysis is often
measurements. Built-in applications ex- crowave pulse analysis required dedi- described in terms of three principal
tend pulse analysis to the frequency and cated RTSA hardware. Fortunately, steps: triggering, signal acquisition,
time domains in signal analyzers with re cent improvements in processing and measurement or analysis (Figure
wideband capability. power have made this a practical meas- 2). Triggering can be understood as a
Vector signal analysis (VSA) soft- urement application to add to general- general process of time alignment for
ware is the second type of software ap- purpose signal analyzers, at initial pur- acquisition of pulse data, since the sig-
plicable to pulse analysis. VSA soft- chase or as an upgrade. RTSA involves nals under test are time-varying. The
ware can be used with many RF/ gap-free processing of signal samples, or time alignment may involve an ex-
microwave front ends, including sig- at least minimizing gaps so that analysis plicit trigger from an external source,
nal analyzers, oscilloscopes, and mod- will not miss even very infrequent or it may be generated in one of sev-
ular digitizers. VSA software performs events. RTSA can be useful for finding eral ways by the acquisition hardware
time domain analysis, but is particu- elusive signals, and can also be impor- itself. For regularly repeating signals,
larly useful when frequency domain tant for triggering pulse analysis. the required time alignment may also
analysis and demodulation (or modu- Combining these pulse measurement be a simple matter of choosing a suit-
lation quality analysis) is needed. VSA solutions can be especially powerful in able measurement interval via a time
software captures multiple pulses and meeting certain measurement chal- gating function.
extensive measurement of pulses one lenges. For example, RTSA can be a Acquisition can be as short as a sin-
at a time. uniquely effective tool for generating gle frame, or a lengthy recording that
Real-time spectrum analysis (RTSA) is acquisition triggers for subsequent is intended for post-processing. The
also useful in pulsed signal environ- measurements made by VSA software or recording can be continuous or seg-
ments. RTSA was originally imple- pulse measurement applications. mented, with some unnecessary data
Intro Cov ToC + A
RF & Microwave Technology
discarded to improve effective mem- Measurement can be single frame, or urement may be altered after time cap-
ory length. The bandwidth of the sig- post-processing with analysis that can ture.
nal acquisition can be focused on the establish triggering or some form of In understanding the pulse meas-
spectrum occupied by a single pulse or time alignment or reference to the urement process, the first step above
a wider signal environment or band, measurement. In the case of signal cap- may involve additional complexity:
which includes many different ones, ture or recording using VSA software, triggering may be derived from some
and may contain other signals as well. the center frequency and span of meas- later measurement/analysis processes
such as an RTSA frequency mask trig-
ger (FMT). This can make the com-
plete measurement process somewhat
recursive.
Intro Cov ToC + A
RF & Microwave Technology
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RF & Microwave Technology
properties allow both open-ended and tion of time and frequency domain trig- increasingly important in pulse appli-
fully-bounded time durations to be set. gers described so far; however, they do cations for several reasons. Ultra-
In TQT operation, samples are acquired offer trigger capabilities that can be useful wideband radars provide fine range
for analysis after an event has lasted for with RF pulses. One example is basic edge resolution, plus increased resistance
the specified time duration. If analysis of triggering, when combined with trigger to detection and jamming. Frequency-
prior events is needed, a negative (pre- holdoff. A trigger occurs when the input hopping transmitters operate over
trigger) delay can be used. signal crosses a voltage threshold, as is the wide ranges, requiring wideband cap-
As baseband samplers, oscilloscopes case with the beginning of an RF pulse as ture to fully characterize the signal
typically lack the sophisticated combina- it grows in magnitude. By selecting a and avoid missing hops. Signal intelli-
holdoff time longer gence applications require acquisition
than the longest ex- of wide, contiguous bandwidth to
pected pulse, the hold- identify targets.
off ensures that triggers Though the specifics of the trade-
will happen only at the offs improve over time, sampling with
beginning of RF pulses. wider bandwidths inherently imposes
This technique works performance limits. These limits arise
most predictably for sig- primarily from the increased noise in-
nals with consistent herent in wider bandwidths and the
pulse duration. decrease in ADC effective bits as sam-
pling rates increase. These limits must
Dynamic Range and be weighed against performance
Figure 4. The time-qualified trigger occurs when a combination of one or Bandwidth Tradeoffs needs such as dynamic range, sensi-
two timing criteria is met. Though the criteria may only be met after the
signal of interest, a negative trigger delay can allow the signal of interest Wide and ultra- tivity, distortion, amplitude accuracy,
to be measured. wide bandwidths are and phase noise.
Capture length, or the amount of
data to be acquired for a measurement,
Data & Memory Exchange Systems is a critical issue in many pulse analysis
applications. Capture length in
terms of time is especially important
We Handle the Data, in analyzing dynamic environments,
You Focus on the Mission where there is a need to capture a time
segment long enough to represent the
dynamics in question. Every hardware
platform has a limit to its memory size,
and efficient memory use will provide
the longest possible capture and the
Secure best signal measurement.
(AES 256) For a sampled data system, the max-
Ruggedized imum capture length for a given mem-
The Most Demanding Military Contractors ory size is a linear function of the ac-
LINUX based
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Micro-Processor
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Developed in Performance of Kaman Memory Systems
since the signal analyzer samples only
alignment with
the IF bandwidth. The oscilloscope
FACE Technical
Standards must perform baseband sampling of
the entire signal spectrum with
Up to 8.0 TB
Memory
later data reduction to convert to a
band-limited IF and the result is a
MIL STD much shorter gap-free signal capture.
Compliant
As noted, the transfer and processing
9700 Series
of this baseband data can also result in
slower measurement throughput. For
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baseband sampling of signals with
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memory@kaman.com the memory issues can be a problem.
kamanmemory.com For many applications, the solution
to this problem is in the segmented
Intro Cov ToC + A
RF & Microwave Technology
memory feature of some oscillo- macro-scale measurement capability ters such as FM slope and peak-to-peak
scopes. When this feature is enabled, that gathers information from hun- deviation.
the acquisition memory of the oscillo- dreds or thousands of pulses and or- These time-aligned pulse modula-
scope is broken up into many smaller ganizes analysis results in tabular or tion measurements are especially use-
equal-length segments. The segment graphical form. Some typical applica- ful for diagnosing problems, and the
length is chosen to be slightly longer tions include transmitter and compo- software can use best-fit algorithms to
than the widest pulse to be captured. nent testing, characterizing pulse provide tabular summaries of parame-
Segmented memory also makes it modulation stability, characterizing ters such as FM slope and peak-to-
much easier to replay or review the threats (SIGINT), verifying threat peak deviation. With large numbers of
captured pulses in the time domain in simulations, and verifying responses measured pulses, the application can
the oscilloscope. The user can step to EW jamming. use statistics derived from them to
through the segments manually or au- Understanding and quantifying the produce histograms and trend lines.
tomatically to understand pulse se- stability and repeatability of multiple The statistics can be gathered from
quences before processing the mem- characteristics of pulsed signals are single or multiple acquisitions and, in
ory segments. critical tasks in making effective use of comparison to measurements of indi-
The combination of oscilloscope- them. The collective analysis of large vidual pulses, provide much greater
based time domain analysis, signal numbers of pulses can reveal behavior sensitivity to defects and a more com-
analyzer-based real-time spectrum that is otherwise difficult to spot or to prehensive view of transmitter per-
analysis, and VSA software that can quantify. Time-aligned pulse modula- formance.
make comprehensive measurements tion measurements are especially use- This article was contributed by Keysight
from both platforms meets many ful for diagnosing problems, and the Technologies, Santa Rosa, CA. For more in-
needs for pulse analysis. However, software can use best-fit algorithms to formation, visit http://info.hotims.com/
some applications require more provide tabular summaries of parame- 65850-541.
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RF & Microwave Technology
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RF & Microwave Technology
The company knew the work it was ris AppSTAR, and has already sold it to a For decades, airplanes have relied
doing with NASA was going to pay off wide range of clients. on radar surveillance, which needs
with its other customers, but, said Har- One of the biggest contracts so far is land-based radar stations to receive
ris systems engineer Jeff Anderson, to with Aireon LLC, which has engaged Har- and transmit signals. Thats left huge
be honest, I think we were surprised at ris to develop a hosted payload for new gaps particularly over oceans
just how quickly it was embraced both Iridium Communications satellites. For where air traffic controllers have no
by our own designers and by cus- the past two decades, Iridium has oper- real-time information about a planes
tomers. The biggest selling point of the ated a constellation of satellites in low- location or heading. To compensate,
new device turned out to be its flexibil- Earth orbit, which makes it possible to pilots file detailed flight plans and are
ity. It can be fully reconfigured both in make phone calls or send data to and required to remain within prescribed
its hardware and its software, according from the worlds most remote regions. lanes at different altitudes so air traf-
to Harris program manager Kevin Unlike other satellites, each of the cross- fic controllers can estimate where
Moran, which meant the company linked orbiters can communicate with they are and work to ensure there are
could quickly and cheaply redesign it to the others, meaning every point on Earth no mid-air collisions.
fit any customers needs. Basically, this is always within coverage of the network. But that is all set to change when the
is a box, and inside there are a bunch of In 2016, the company began launch- 66 Iridium NEXT satellites go into
cards that plug in, Moran explained. ing its Iridium NEXT constellation of orbit, equipped with Harris AppSTAR
Power supply cards, a processor card, satellites, with a higher bandwidth and radios. The AppSTARs are programmed
and then there are the cards specific to increased capabilities, including Harris to receive signals from new airplane
that mission. So when a customer has a AppSTAR radios. Aireon, a joint venture transceivers called ADS-B (Automatic
different mission, we only have to formed by several companies to take ad- Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast),
change out a subset of the hardware vantage of the constellation, will use which automatically send out the flight
within the box. Harris has trade- the radios to create the first space-based number, location, heading, and other
marked the radio, which it calls the Har- global air traffic control system. flight details.
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Whats On RF & Microwave Technology
RF & MICROWAV
AV E TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL
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Tech Briefs
90 I Digital
SR560
Hybrid L I Lock-in Computer
Pre-Amp
Coupler R fm Amp
Q
RF
Audio
Source
Frequency
OMS Probe Source (fm)
Hybrid
Coupler Dipole
Antenna
Mod.
RF Signal Light
Optical Signal Photo- Source
Baseband Signal diode
Antenna
Under Test
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Tech Briefs
probe. The AUT transmits a signal from and a narrow-band filter eliminates the This work was done by Mark Patrick, Sur-
an RF source into free-space. The return unmodulated component of the signal. face Electronic Warfare Systems Branch,
signal consists of a large, unmodulated The modulated signal is recorded by a Tactical Electronic Warfare Division; Mered-
signal with a small, modulated signal digital lock-in amplifier at the modula- ith N. Hutchinson, Photonics Technology
due to the modulation of the RCS of the tion frequency. The amplitude of the Branch, Optical Sciences Division; and J.
OMS probe. The unmodulated signal measured signal is proportional to the Brad Boos, Electromagnetics Technology
consists of reflections off of objects in square of the gain of the antenna be- Branch, Electronics Science and Technology
the room, including support structures, cause the signal is passing through the Division for the Naval Research Lab. For
and from the impedance mismatch be- AUT twice. The OMS probe is raster more information, download the Tech-
tween the AUT aperture and free-space. scanned in a plane in front of the AUT nical Support Package (free white
The combined modulated and un- to record the spatial field distribution at paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
modulated signal is down-converted a set of discrete points. under the Sensors category. NRL-0071
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Tech Briefs
3
AMD-04|2017 Copyright 2017, C.R. Onsrud Incorporated. All rights
4 2
5 1
7
A crude schematic of the TDSMG. It consists of a
ring that is supported by a central post with eight www.cronsrud.com
curved springs. The numbered boxes around the
perimeter of the ring correspond to the switches 120 Technology Drive Troutman, NC 28166
used to sense the deflections of the ring.
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Rod Ends and Tech Briefs
Spherical
Bearings designed
and manufactured to
Auroras exacting
standards for quality
and durability. amplitude of the drive mode, can be problematic. For elec-
trostatically transduced devices, which is one of the more
common methods used with MEMS, large oscillations can
introduce nonlinear behavior such as electrostatic soften-
ing or pull-in.
Relatively recent works have demonstrated that virtual
Registered and Certied
carouseling and closed loop scale factor can be used to signif-
to ISO_9001 and AS9100. icantly reduce bias and scale factor instability, respectively.
From economy commercial However, it is important to note that it is unknown if these
methods will degrade the performance of a gyroscope with
to aerospace approved, navigation-grade ARW.
weve got it all! The proposed time-domain switching micromachined gy-
roscope (TDSMG) seeks to address ARW, bias instability, and
scale factor instability by using measurements from discrete
trigger events that occur when the proof mass of the gyro-
scope passes known locations. It builds upon work done
with the time-domain switching accelerometer that can es-
timate acceleration without the need for adjustable param-
Aurora Bearing Company eters. In addition, instead of the sensors resolution being
901 Aucutt Road
Montgomery IL. 60538
limited by noise from the amplifiers, it is controlled by the
computational precision of the means used to estimate rota-
complete library of CAD drawings and 3D models available at: tion rate and by the precision time is measured. There are
w w w. a u r o r a b e a r i n g . c o m no issues associated with noise from feedback electronics as
feedback is not needed and noise associated with the read-
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out electronics is minimal as the TDSMG is sensed using
digital means. By using highly accurate time interval ana-
lyzers and knowledge of the position of the triggers, deter-
mining angular rate as well other parameters (i.e., fre-
quency mismatch, time constant mismatch, etc.) can be
formulated as a parametric system identification problem.
Unlike classically designed MEMS gyroscopes, timing jitter
contributes to the ARW of the TDSMG. Effects due to thermo-
mechanical noise also play a role, but time-domain switching
aids in mitigating this effect as large-amplitude oscillations,
which would typically introduce nonlinear effects with elec-
trostatically transduced devices, can be used. Thus, with the
combination of large-amplitude oscillations, particular con-
ditions for how the signal processing should be imple-
mented, and the low jitter metrics of modern time interval
analyzers (<1 ps), navigation-grade performance is capable.
Moreover, since the signal processing used to determine an-
gular rate is independent of parameters that are known to be
sensitive to temperature or other environmental factors (e.g.,
variability of the natural frequency of the resonator with re-
spect to temperature), it is expected that the bias and scale
factor instability performance will be very good.
The only parameter that is not directly estimated is the angular
gain of the gyroscope. This parameter would need to be esti-
mated with an initial calibration. Note that with structurally sim-
ilar gyroscopes, such as the hemispherical resonator gyroscope, it
was found that the angular gain was insensitive to temperature.
This work was done by Andrew B. Sabater and Paul Swanson for
the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific (SPAWAR).
For more information, download the Technical Support Pack-
age (free white paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
the Sensors category. SPAWAR-0006
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Tech Briefs
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Tech Briefs
Luminescence Materials as
Nanoparticle Thermal
Sensors
Particles could be used to record critical temperature
history data during agent-defeat weapons testing.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Intro Cov ToC + A
Tech Briefs
temperature
300
nanoparticles 250
for use as temperature sensors were investigated, and a system-
200
2 4 6
tcooling (sec)
8 10
atic study was performed to synthesize and develop new mate-
(3) Multi-parametric analysis rials by looking at various host/dopant combinations. The study
and extraction of thermal history
also included the development of TL core/shell nanophosphors.
Conceptual diagram of the primary thrust of the proposed luminescent particle This work was done by Eduardo G. Yukihara, Oklahoma State
research, including development of luminescent materials, determination of
algorithms to extract thermal history, and experimental testing of both materi- University; Joseph J. Talghader, University of Minnesota; John Bal-
als and algorithms under temperature profiles typical of agent defeat events. lato, Clemson University; Luiz G. Jacobsohn, Clemson University,
for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. For more information,
tron/hole pairs trapped at defect energy levels, which are dif- download the Technical Support Package (free white paper)
ferently affected by the environmental temperature. at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under the Sensors category.
The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) mission of DTRA-0006
combating WMD includes the research and development of
Agent Defeat Weapons (ADW) capable of destroying chemical
and biological agent facilities and stockpiles with minimum
collateral damage, particularly avoiding the dispersion of viable
agents to the environment. High-temperature produced by High-Grade, High-Reliability
CONNECTIVITY
slow-burning incendiary materials is one of the kill mecha-
nisms investigated to neutralize different types of agents, in-
Cable Assemblies
cluding dry spores, vegetative cells, viruses, toxins and chemi-
cal agents. One of the obstacles on advancing the research on
new types of energetic materials and mechanisms of biological
agent neutralization, however, is the inability of current tech-
nology to measure the entire time-temperature profile of very Complete
Box Builds
small particles in extreme conditions.
The TL technique investigated in this study has the potential
to record the entire temperature history during an agent-defeat
test (ADT). Traditional contact (thermocouples, thermistors,
etc.) and non- contact temperature measurement methods
(spectroscopy, pyrometry) are not capable of determining the
Interconnects
temperature experienced by a particle during an ADT. Other
techniques under development, such as fluorescence nanoparti-
cle probes, are also not applicable, because they rely on real-time Flexible Circuit
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changes in the fluorescence as a function of temperature, and
therefore cannot be used in extreme environments (inside blast
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The objective of this project was to create and study novel interconnects for Space, Air and Defense applications
luminescence particles capable of sensing and retaining the Copper & Active Optical Cable Assemblies
time-temperature information to which they were exposed in Flexible Circuit Assemblies
their thermoluminescence (TL) curves, therefore acting as Proven Space Flight Heritage
nano- to microsized thermosensors. Complete Box Builds
Specific aims of the project were: Lab Services
(a) To understand the fundamental aspects of the TL mech-
anism in luminescent particles, learning how to engineer the
TL properties during synthesis to develop suitable thermosen- www.airborn.com
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Application Briefs
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Application Briefs
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Application Briefs
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to 2020 with the work being performed at Leonardos
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features include: low workload Night Vision Goggle (NVG) %$''6)/-4#06*0)6"*0$!*(&$340#6(*+*24'4& 6
compatible glass cockpit; fully integrated avionics suite and 66666*&&-6&166*&&-64&,66!4'&/3-6
mission systems to provide situational awareness, rapid tac- 66/366+1/36-$++' 6"1)/'-6**4'*2'/6
tical assessment, and mission effectiveness; and network en- 661/36"104&13-.61'&*#/63/#$'*&13-6
abled capability to Find, Fix and Strike. 0/3&4*6*3"40#6-4&(,/-.6)/4(/3-6
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lin Mk4 and Mk4A aircraft will be supported through the
existing Integrated Merlin Operational Support (IMOS) con-
6 6 6
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tract, which has been in place since 2006 with Leonardo as 6+,*-/6%6
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MIMO system performance. Remcom offers a unique Video/Audio/Hubs/Repeaters
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level of computations required for traditional ray trac- http://www.sitech-bitdriver.com
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Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph T. Pramberger
Ad Index
Editorial Director TBMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linda L. Bell Advertiser Page Web Link
Editorial Director SAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Visnic
Abbott Technologies, Inc. ............................ 55..............................................................abbott-tech.com
Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bruce A. Bennett
Associate Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Billy Hurley
Accurate Screw Machine.............................. 2................................................ www.AccurateScrew.com
Managing Editor, Tech Briefs TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kendra Smith AirBorn, Inc....................................................... 45............................................................ www.airborn.com
Associate Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ryan Gehm Aluma Cast Foundry, Inc. ..............................24................................................................ alumacast.com
Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adam Santiago APIC Corporation............................................ 17..............................................................www.apichip.com
Assistant Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kevin Coltrinari Applied Avionics, Inc. .................................... 23............................................ www.appliedavionics.com
Creative Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lois Erlacher Atlantic Spring.......................................................... 43........https://www.mw-ind.com/brands/atlantic-spring
Senior Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ayinde Frederick Aurora Bearing Co. ........................................ 42.............................................. www.aurorabearing.com
Marketing Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debora Rothwell
Avnet, Inc........................................................... 3............................................................................ avnet.com
Marketing Communications Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Monica Bond
AVX...................................................................... 42....................................................................www.avx.com
Digital Marketing Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kaitlyn Sommer
Audience Development Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marilyn Samuelsen BC Systems, Inc. ..............................................49....................................................www.bcpowersys.com
Audience Development Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stacey Nelson C.R. Onsrud, Inc. .............................................. 41.......................................................... www.cronsrud.com
Subscription Changes/Cancellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nasa@omeda.com Coilcraft CPS.................................................... 31, 33...................................................... coilcraft-cps.com
COMSOL, Inc. .................................................... 55, COV IV.................................... comsol.com/products
TECH BRIEFS MEDIA GROUP, AN SAE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY
261 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1901, New York, NY 10016 Create The Future Design Contest..............19.............................. www.createthefuturecontest.com
(212) 490-3999 FAX (646) 829-0800 CST of America, Inc. ...................................... COV III............................................................ www.cst.com
Chief Executive Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domenic A. Mucchetti Deposition Sciences Inc. .............................. 25........................................................................ depsci.com
Executive Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luke Schnirring
Dymax Corporation........................................ 11.......................................................... dymax.com/maskit
Technology Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oliver Rockwell
EASTEC................................................................ 53............................................................ easteconline.com
Systems Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vlad Gladoun
Web Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Karina Carter
Fluid Line Products Co. ................................ 17............................................................www.fluidline.com
Digital Media Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Bonavita Hawthorne Rubber Mfg. Corp. .................... 51........................................ www.HawthorneRubber.com
Digital Media Assistant Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anel Guerrero Heilind Electronics.......................................... 55......................................................www.connecticc.com
Digital Media Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Weiland, Howard Ng, Md Jaliluzzaman Hunter Products, Inc. .................................... 51............................................ www.hunterproducts.com
Digital Media Audience Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jamil Barrett Imagineering, Inc. .......................................... 1................................................................ www.PCBnet.com
Credit/Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Felecia Lahey Institute of Environmental
Accounting/Human Resources Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sylvia Bonilla Sciences and Technology..............................44.................................................................... www.iest.org
Office Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alfredo Vasquez Kaman Precision Products............................34........................................................kamanmemory.com
Receptionist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elizabeth Brache-Torres Lemos International Co. Inc. ...................... 55............................................http://www.lemosint.com/
Lyons Tool & Die Co. ...................................... 21................................................................ www.Lyons.com
ADVERTISING ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES
MA, NH, ME, VT, RI, Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ed Marecki
Magnetic Component
Engineering, Inc. ............................................ 52................................................ www.mceproducts.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tatiana Marshall
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(401) 351-0274 Master Bond Inc. ............................................ 47, 55............................................ www.masterbond.com
CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stan Greenfield Michigan Economic Development
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (203) 938-2418 Corporation...................................................... 15.................................................... michiganbusiness.org
NJ, PA, DE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John Murray Mini-Systems, Inc. .......................................... 35.................................................... mini-systemsinc.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4685 Morehouse Instrument Company.............. 54.......................................................... www.mhforce.com
Southeast, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ray Tompkins Nokomis, Inc. ....................................................49.................................................... www.nokomisinc.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(281) 313-1004 OFS...................................................................... 47........................................................ www.ofsoptics.com
NY, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryan Beckman OTEK Corporation............................................ 55............................................ http://www.otekcorp.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4687
Pelican Products, Inc. ....................................9........................................................ Pelican.com/custom
MI, IN, WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Kennedy
Photon Engineering........................................37.................................................... www.photonengr.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (847) 498-4520 ext. 3008
MN, ND, SD, IL, KY, MO, KS, IA, NE, Central Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bob Casey
Proto Labs, Inc. .............................................. 7................................................ go.protolabs.com/DB7HJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (847) 223-5225 Remcom..............................................................55........................................www.remcom.com/5g-mimo
Northwest, N. Calif., Western Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Craig Pitcher Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG................13........................ www.rohde-schwarz.com/ad/sat/nwa
(408) 778-0300 S.I. Tech.............................................................. 55................................ http://www.sitech-bitdriver.com
CO, UT, MT, WY, ID, NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tim Powers Sealevel Systems, Inc. .................................. 29.................................................................... Sealevel.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(973) 409-4762 State Of The Art, Inc. .................................... 32............................................................ www.resistor.com
S. Calif. , AZ, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Boris Tech Briefs TV.................................................. 38.......................................................... www.techbriefs.tv
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (949) 715-7779
Ulbrich Stainless Steels &
Europe Central & Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sven Anacker Special Metals, Inc. ........................................ 27.................................................................... ULBRICH.COM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-202-27169-11
Voltage Multipliers, Inc. .................................. 48.......................................... www.VoltageMultipliers.com
Joseph Heeg
W.L. Gore & Associates...................................... COV II.................................... www.gore.com/GORE-FLIGHT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-621-841-5702
Europe Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chris Shaw Weldaloy Products Company.......................... 4-5............................................................ www.weldaloy.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-1270-522130
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April 2017, Volume 2, Number 2
Intro Cov ToC + A
Discover
Di
C T STU DIO
CS O SU ITE 20
2 17
Design
g Smarter
From initial con
ncept to nal prototype, every stage of product develo opment means
balancing multiple requirements; perfo formaance, reliability and cost on the one hand,
and specications, legal regulations, and dea
adlines on the other. Through
hout the design
cycle, CST STUD
DIO SUITE can help to achievve these goals.
New fe
features in the 2017 version of CST STUD
DIO SUITE fo focus on analysis. From
F individual
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be simulated qu uickly and accurately thanks to
t the array of new modeling g synthesis and
g,
analysis fe
feature
es. Filter Designer 3D, CHT solverr,, EMC Interfe
ference Ta
Task and
a antenna-to-
antenna coupliing in the asymptotic solver all build on decades off research and
development th hat have made CST STUDIO SUITE
S the industry-leading electromagnetic
simulation soft
ftw
ware.
2005 2017 | CST, a Dassault Systmes company | CST STU DIO SU ITE is a CST product | www.cst .com | info@cst.com
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/65850-859
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Intro Cov ToC + A
VERIFY AND Surpass design challenges with ease using
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Copyright 2017 COMSOL. COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, and LiveLink are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not aliated with,
endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks.
Intro Cov ToC + A