Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Course Outline
1. Introduction (1 wk)
CE 6504 2. Preliminaries (1 wk)
Finite Elements Method in Structures 3. 1D (2-Node) Line Elements (3 wks)
Part I Bar, Truss, Beam-elements, Shape functions
4. 2D Elements (3 wks)
Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems
5. 3D Elements (2 wks)
Tetrahedral, Hexahedral Elements
6. Plate Bending & Shells (1 wk.)
2nd Semester AY 2011/12
7. Further Issues (2 wk.)
Bedilu Habte Modeling, Errors, Non-linearity
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Common FEA Procedure for Structures Common FEA Procedure for Structures
3. Derivation of Element Stiffness Equations
Derive the relationship between the unknown and
given parameters at the nodes of the element.
f e k e ue U i u12 u12
4. Assembly Vi v12 v12
Assembling the global stiffness matrix from the
Displacement of a node is always
element stiffness matrices based on compatibility
the same for the adjoining elements
of displacements and equilibrium of forces. and for the whole structure.
For example:
Common FEA Procedure for Structures Common FEA Procedure for Structures
Fxi fx12 fx12 5. Introduce Boundary Conditions
After applying prescribed nodal displacements
Fyi fy12 fy12 (and known external forces) to the master stiffness
The sum of the forces on each element equation, the resulting equation becomes the
of a particular node must balance the q
modified master stiffness equation:
external force at that node.
For the whole structure, this process results in the master
stiffness equation:
K U F
K U F
' ' '
U K 1F
2. Non-linear analysis:
Material non-linearity: small deflection and
non linear material properties.
non-linear properties
Geometric non-linearity: large deflection and
7. Post-processing Compute other values
elastic material properties.
Secondary unknowns are determined using the
Both material and geometric non-linearity.
known nodal displacements.
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is the variation symbol. The vs are technically which is called the Euler-Lagrange
called test functions. equation; it is an example of a VF.
The resulting equation is called a variational
statement, which leads directly to the
important Galerkin forms.
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Elasticity cont.
3D Stress Strain Relationships
Bedilu Habte
2012
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It must be in equilibrium.
It must satisfy the elastic stressstrain law
(Hookes law)
The displacement field must be compatible.
It must satisfy the straindisplacement equation.
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Ritz-Method Ritz-Method
For continua, the total potential energy, Using the Ritz-method, approximate
p, can be used to finding an displacement function is obtained by:
approximate solution. The Rayleigh-Ritz 1. Assume arbitrary displacement
method involves the construction of an a1 f 1 a 2 f 2 ... a n f n
assumed displacement field [u, v, w]:
2. Introduce this into the TPE functional
3. Performing differentiation and integration
to obtain a function
4.Minimizing the resulting function
d
0 for i 1 , 2 ,..., n
da i
Ritz-Method Ritz-Method
Consider the linear elastic one-dimensional Consider the polynomial function:
rod with a body force shown below
To be kinematically admissible u must
satisfy the boundary conditions u = 0 at
both ((x = 0)) and ((x = 2))
&
Thus:
The potential energy of this system is:
2
2 du
1
2
0
EA dx 2u 1
dx
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Ritz-Method Galerkin-Method
TPE of this system becomes: For the one-dimensional rod considered in the
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a 32 2 a 3 pervious example, the governing equation
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is:
Minimizing the TPE: 8
a3 2 0
a3 3
a3 3
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The Galerkin method aims at setting the
Thus, an approximate u is given by: residual relative to a weighting function Wi,
to zero. The weighting functions, Wi, are
Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial functions chosen from the basis functions used for
over entire structure constructing (approximate displacement
function).
Galerkin-Method Galerkin-Method
Using the Galerkin-method, approximate Consider the rod shown below
displacement function is obtained by:
1. The governing DE is written in residual form
d du
RES AE
dx dx
Galerkin-Method Galerkin-Method
The function is zero at (x = 0) and (x = 2) Equating the value in the bracket to zero
and EA(du/dx) is the tension in the rod, and performing the integral:
which equals 2 at (x = 1). Thus:
u1 3
4
u 0 . 75 2 x x 2
In elasticity problems Galerkin
Galerkins
s method
Using the same polynomial function for u and turns out to be the principle of virtual work:
and if u1 and 1 are the values at (x = 1): (A deformable body is in equilibrium when
the total work done by external forces is
Setting these and equal to the total work done by internal
forces).
E=A=1 in the integral:
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Bar Element
E
2 Node Line Elements (Bars) Y
y
x, u du
2
dx
L d2 x , f2 x
1
A x T A
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d1 x , f1 x
2012 d du
X
AE 0
dx dx
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f1x AE 1 1 d1x p U W
f 2 x L 1 1 d2 x dU x d x dV
K
N
k ( e )
AE 1 1 1
k
L 1 1
e 1 U
2 x x dV
F f (e )
N V
e 1 M
Assemble Global Stiffness Matrix, apply BC
and solve the Master stiffness equation for K d F W X b u dV Tx u dS fix dix
the unknown displacements: V S i 1
x D x
L
1
A x x dx f1x d1x f2 x d2 x u Tx dS u X b dv
2 0
p [D] is the constitutive
D E
S V
matrix
u [ N ] { d } (elasticity property
1
x
1
L
d x DB d matrix)
N 1 x x L
L L B d
x A
L
d
d 1 x B 1 1 p
2 0
x x dx f1x d1x f2 x d2 x u Tx dS u X b dv
d 2 x L
S V
L
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T T
f { P } N Tx dS N X b dv d f d
T
f d2 x f2 x
S V 1x 1x
AE 1 1 d1 x f1x
L 1 1 d2 x f2 x
k B T D B dV ; D T D
V
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u a1 a2 x a3 x 2 d 3 d1 x 2
u d 2 x 2 d 3 2 d 2 d 1 2
L L
No. of coefficients = No. of DOF
a1 d1
Written in matrix form:
u1 x
x 2 a2 x 2 x 2
2 1
4 x 2 x 2 x 2
2 d 2
a3 L L L2 L L
d3
N1 + N2 + N3 = 1 at any point
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