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7. Generation of FM Signals A VCO is a sine wave generator (oscillator), that

Direct FM is capable of producing different frequency
Indirect FM sinusoid depending on its input voltage.

Direct FM
In direct FM the instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is varied directly with the message signal
by means of a device known as a voltage
controlled oscillator. (VCO)

Thus a VCO is an FM modulator. If the input to the A typical implementation of the VCO is a Hartley
VCO is the message m(t) Oscillator that uses a voltage variable capacitor to
control the frequency of the oscillator.
  =  

 =  +   

  =
 
2  
   = 2  + 2    
 
Thus the VCO output signal is Disadvantage of direct FM hard to build a stable

 = cos 
  = cos (2  + 2    ) high frequency oscillator. Thus carrier frequency fc
tends to drift.
Which is the desired FM signal.

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Indirect FM Indirect FM
Indirect FM begins with a narrow band FM signal Consider a square law device for example:
which is passed through a frequency multiplier to
increase the frequency deviation to the desired level.

For an FM signal input;

Is a non-linear device designed to multiply the input

signal by a given factor.

Indirect FM Indirect FM
Thus after filtering the first term (at DC), both the NB- to WB Conversion
carrier frequency and the modulation index are If the input to freq. multiplier is;
doubled.

NB- to WB Conversion The output will be

Use of frequency multiplication by factors of n=

100 to 1000 are typical and would increase the
carrier frequency to impractically high values.

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Indirect FM Example: NB- to WB Conversion

NB- to WB Conversion
A frequency conversion (mixing or DSB-SC
modulation) is conducted after frequency
multiplication.

Example: NB- to WB Conversion Armstrong (Indirect FM Modulator)

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Armstrong (Indirect FM Modulator) 8. FM Demodulators

A typical arrangement yields FM Limiters
In FM transmission, the noisy received signal is an
AM/FM signal since the amplitude of the FM
signal is corrupted by noise.

8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters FM Detectors
Since in FM the message signal m(t) is contained Almost all FM detectors (discriminators) are of the
in the instantaneous frequency of the received form;
signal we may safely strip away the noisy envelope
of the received signal without distorting m(t). The
device that removes the amplitude fluctuations is
known as a limiter. In the limiter does not proceed
the FM detector additional noise will be included
in the demodulated output. {Exception to the above scheme are tracking filter
Many limiter circuits and techniques exist. Usually circuits such as phase locked loops.}
they take the form of large signal saturating
amplifiers located in the IF section of the receiver.

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8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
The input is assumed to be a limited FM wave: With AM envelope

The differential output is an AM/FM signal:

Thus the message signal m(t) can be recovered

from the envelope of vb(t) exactly as it was
performed for DSB-LC signals.

8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
The implementation of FM Detection can take at Differentiation techniques include:
least nine different forms, since there are 3
differentiation techniques and 3 amplitude 1. Direct Differentiation
demodulators.
The current through a capacitor equals
()
= where v(t) is the voltage across C.
AM demodulators include: 
1. Peak envelope detectors
2. Average envelope detectors
3. Synchronous detection

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8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
2. . Frequency Domain Differentiation 3. Time Delay Differentiation
The Fourier transform of a differentiator is Pass   through a time delay network
  = 2.   =  !"#$%& to obtain  (  )
Hence we can pass   through a filter with a   (
  H(f) -
transfer function that is linear over the range of +
1/to

frequencies of the FM signal.

Then for small 

    ( )
  =
 

8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

Any combination of the above three differentiators A different approach to FM demodulation is to use
and AM demodulators will result in an FM a frequency tracking filter or phase lock loop.
demodulator.
) 1
Some popular combinations are: )* = = )
+ 1 + +

1. Clarke-Hess Demod. Direct differentiation and We place a VCO in a feedback loop.

average envelope detection.
2. Slope Demod. Freq. domain differentiator and
peak envelope detector.
3. Foster Sealy Demod- Time delay differentiator
and peak envelope detector.
4. Pulse count Freq Demod. Time delay
differentiator and avg. envelope detector.

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8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking 8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

If the loop gain is large, the phase difference will be
Since the output freq of the VCO is linearly related small so that
to the voltage input
 =  () And
The phase of the VCO is
Which is the desired demodulator output since for
an FM wave;
Solving for  (), we get

proportional to m(t)

8. FM Demodulation via Frequency Tracking

If the loop gain is large, the phase difference will be
small because:
-((. +/0 = +
1
) = ) 2314
And
5& 2
)* = = )
1 2314
Thus for large GH
)* 0