2015

SORU ZM
GRUBU
PARAGRAF
LEVEL
1
3
When you (I) ----- something that is very hot 6. The passage concentrates on ----.
you usually drop it immediately. You do not have
to think about it and decide to drop it. You (II) A) what one should do in a dangerous situation
---- drop it. However, you do have to think about B) the fact that human beings seldom react
some actions. For example, you might decide to instantly when they face danger
walk to school (III) ---- taking the bus. You think C) two main groups of human action
about it and decide to do it. Actions like this, D) different reactions to hot objects
that you choose to make, are called voluntary E) decision-making
actions. But actions that you make (IV) ----
having to think about them, (V) ---- dropping 7. According to the passage, by involuntary
a hot object, are called involuntary or reflex action is meant an action ----.
actions.
A) which follows a long process of thinking
1. I B) that doesnt take place fairly quickly
A) make up C) which is the result of a choice made
B) pick up D) in which no thinking at all is involved
C) take up E) that is immediately followed by a series of
D) use up other actions
E) keep up
8. According to the passage, if one thinks about
2. II something and comes to a decision about what
A) also to do, ----.
B) however
C) thus A) the action that results is called a voluntary
D) as yet action
E) just B) this is what is often called a reflex action
C) this means ones reflex actions are strong
3. III D) one is not likely to change ones mind
A) despite E) the likelihood is that a wrong action is
B) as well as almost impossible
C) instead of
D) as of
E) only

4. IV
A) by
B) for
C) in
D) through
E) without

5. V
A) besides
B) as regards
C) while
D) owing to
E) such as

4
Life on a submarine may, to many people, 14. We learn from the passage that, contrary to
sound fascinating. (I) ----, it is, in fact, horribly what a lot of people expect, ----.
boring. Except for the commanding officers,
a day aboard a submarine consists (II) ----six A) life on a submarine is extremely rewarding for
hours on duty, six hours off, day after day, for the crew
months. This being the case, every effort is B) submarines have every imaginable facility for
made to ensure (III) ---- the lives of the men entertaining the crew
are as pleasant as possible. The meals are C) boredom is a major problem for the crew of a
exceptionally good, and there is a daily film, submarine
shown at a specific time, on television around D) there is comparatively little work to be done
the submarine. In return, the crew is always on a submarine
expected (IV) ---- perfectly all the time. A E) the officers on a submarine share the same
mistake is quite unforgivable. In fact, a favourite duties as the other members of the crew
saying is Theres room for everything on a
submarine (V) ---- a mistake. 15. The writer of the passage emphasises that, on
a submarine, ----.
9. I
A) For example A) there is every opportunity for officers to have
B) Though a pleasant life
C) However B) every member of the crew helps to prepare
D) Despite the meals
E) Therefore C) everyone works six hours a day
D) life never gets boring for the crew
10. II E) everything is to be done faultlessly
A) at
B) of 16. It is clear from the passage that it is almost
C) by impossible ----.
D) in
E) from A) to make life aboard a submarine fully
fascinating
11. III B) for officers to establish a friendship with other
A) which members of the crew
B) whether C) for everyone to be aware of night and day
C) who D) for the commanding officers to make a mistake
D) that E) for any member of the crew to be on duty more
E) it than six hours
12. IV
A) performed
B) performing
C) to be performed
D) having performed
E) to perform

13. V
A) except for
B) as a result of
C) besides
D) in addition to
E) in case of

5
New Guinea is home (I) ---- some of the worlds 22. We learn from the passage that New Guinea
strangest creatures. (II) ----, there is a special ----.
species of kangaroo that lives in trees. There
are also lizards that are five metres long, and A) has actually fewer bird species than it
butterflies that are as big as dinner plates. New formerly had
Guinea is an island hardly any larger than the B) is in many respects very similar to Texas
state of Texas, but it has as many bird species (III) C) owes its characteristic physical features to
---- are to be found, for example, in the whole of glaciers
North America. This is partly due to the fact that it D) is an island with a remarkable range of
has largely remained isolated from the rest of the climatic features
world. But it is (IV) ---- due to the fact that it has E) is gradually increasing its contacts with North
an incredible variety of ecological features, ranging America
(V) ---- tropical rain forests to glaciers.
23. According to the passage, kangaroos that live
17. I in trees ----.
A) through
B) to A) are very commonly to be seen in rain forests
C) on everywhere
D) in B) are only on the increase in New Guinea
E) from C) are just one example of the odd creatures to
be found in New Guinea
18. II D) are a threat to the bird population of New
A) However Guinea
B) Thus E) are considerably smaller than the average
C) Because kangaroo
D) As well
E) For instance 24. The writer points out that one of the reasons
why there are very many different kinds of birds
19. III in New Guinea is ----.
A) more
B) most A) that the climatic conditions of the island are
C) as suitable for rain forests
D) such B) the fact that many migrate there for the
E) which winter from North America
C) that the island is a protected environment,
20. IV and new species are constantly being taken
A) already there
B) yet D) that this island has mostly been cut off from
C) at least the rest of the world
D) also E) the fact that there is very little else of
E) too interest regarding wildlife

21. V
A) from
B) by
C) at
D) in
E) for

6
Einstein developed his famous theory of 30. As we learn from the passage, Einsteins
relativity shortly after 1900. It was an enormous theory of relativity ----.
improvement over Newtons views, (I) ---- it
explained many things that Newton could not. It A) was confined to the study of the structure of
showed the close connection (II) ---- space, time the atom
and gravity. And it (III) ---- surprising predictions. B) gave clarity to various phenomena that
One of them was that matter and energy could Newton had failed to explain
be changed (IV) ---- each other. The two are C) gave very little importance to the role of
simply different forms of (V) ---- thing. This idea gravity in the universe
enabled man to split the atom and later to obtain D) was developed, in the first place, to open up
large amounts of nuclear energy. new sources of energy
E) was basically unrelated to Newtons theories
25. I
A) in fact 31. According to the passage, it was at about the
B) since turn of the 20th century that ----.
C) before
D) unless A) the splitting of the atom was achieved
E) even though B) fresh sources of energy were discovered
C) the relativity theory was first put forward by
26. II Einstein
A) for D) time and space were finally recognized as
B) to indestructible
C) into E) Newtons theory of gravity was recognized
D) from as correct in all respects
E) between
32. We understand from the passage that one of
27. III the benefits of Einsteins relativity theory ----.
A) looked over
B) broke out A) was to show the potential danger of the
C) played down splitting of the atom
D) cut out B) has been to make space exploration possible
E) led to in our time
28. IV C) was that it proved Newtons views were
A) into quite wrong
B) of D) was to explain the separateness of matter
C) for and energy
D) about E) has been the discovery of a new source of
E) on energy

29. V
A) such
B) so
C) the same
D) too
E) the

7
The Lovell Telescope is the worlds oldest and
most (I) ---- radio telescope. It consists of a
giant white dish supported at a great height on
a large and complicated structure of steel. The
telescope can pick up signals in the universe
that are 10 billion light years (II) ----. And so it
is truly extraordinary. The steel structure that
carries it, (III) ----, has the usual and very ordinary
disadvantage of being liable to rust. This of
course means that it (IV) ---- regularly. Painting
this, however, is not an ordinary or a simple task.
The men who do the painting (V) ---- a special
training which includes rescue work. As they do
the painting, the men work from ropes as this
is the method which has been found to be the
safest way of working at a height.
33. I B) turned out to be more expensive than had
A) sensitive
B) absolute
C) conductive
D) conceptual
E) tiny
38. It is pointed out in the passage that the Lovell
Telescope ----.
A) only picks up signals effectively when the
angle of the dish is in line with them
B) can pick up signals that are an immense
distance away
C) is no longer the worlds most sensitive radio
telescope
D) does not need to be supported at a great
height in order to function efficiently
E) is old and so less efficient than it used to be
39. Its clear from the passage that the steel
structure supporting the Lovell Telescope ----.
A) should have been given a less complicated
design
been estimated
C) has to be replaced completely at regular
intervals
D) presents a serious maintenance problem
E) has to be painted at least once a year

34. II 40. It is clear from the passage that the work of

A) outward painting the steel structure of this telescope ----.
B) away
C) above A) requires special skills and is also
D) out of comparatively dangerous
E) onto B) is quite straightforward once the method has
been learned
35. III C) requires the removal of the dish
A) besides D) is relatively easy but extremely boring
B) however E) can be done by anyone who knows how to
C) as paint
D) therefore
E) when

36. IV
A) would be painted
B) is to paint
C) had been painted
D) will paint
E) has to be painted

37. V
A) give
B) should have been given
C) have give
D) are given
E) had been given

8
The first question to ask (I) ---- fiction is: Why
bother to read it? With life as short as it is, with
so many pressing demands on our time, with
books of information, instruction and discussion
waiting to be read, why should we spend (II) ----
time on works of fiction? The eternal answers
(III) ---- this question are two: enjoyment
and understanding. Since the invention of
language, men (IV) ---- pleasure in following
and participating in the imaginary adventures
and imaginary experiences of imaginary
people. Whatever serves to make life less
tedious, to make the hours pass more quickly
and pleasurably, surely needs nothing else to
recommend it. Enjoyment is the first aim and (V)
---- of reading fiction.
46. One point emphasized in the passage is that
----.
A) life, since it is short, shouldnt be wasted in
trivial reading
B) informative books, as opposed to fiction, are
what one should read
C) non-fictional books are the only ones worth
reading
D) the reading of fiction provides people with a
great deal of enjoyment
E) through fiction our knowledge of other
people is distorted
47. According to the passage, fiction has, from
very early times, ----.

41. I A) always been regarded as superior to other

A) within kinds of writing
B) around B) usually been limited to the description of
C) against human adventures
D) about C) been regarded as harmful to the
E) among development of man
D) been a reliable source for the instruction of
42. II man
A) considerable E) had a great appeal for man
B) precious
C) rough 48. In the passage, books ----.
D) former
E) wasteful A) that deal with imaginary situations are
considered to be a waste of time
43. III B) that give us information are regarded as the
A) in best kind
B) under C) are divided into two main kinds: fictional and
C) at non-fictional
D) to D) that deal with human experiences are
E) during classed as books of instruction
E) are regarded merely as a means to make
44. IV time pass enjoyably
A) had taken
B) took
C) take
D) will take
E) have taken

45. V
A) opponent
B) delivery
C) justification
D) authorship
E) creativity

9
 On the third day of the new year newspapers 54. As it is clear from the passage, all that anyone
began to report that strange things (I) ---- to saw on the night of January 3rd was ----.
happen in the heavens, and everyone grew
excited. A Planetary Collision, one London paper A) the familiar stars shining with extraordinary
headed the news, and proclaimed that probably brightness
a strange new planet (II) ---- with Neptune. B) the collision of Neptune with a new planet
The leader writers of various other newspapers C) the usual night sky
enlarged upon the topic. (III) ----, in most of D) an unknown planet passing close to Neptune
the capitals of the world, on January 3rd, there E) what they interpreted as the birth of a new
was an expectation, however vague, of some planet
approaching phenomenon in the sky; and as
the night followed the sunset round the globe, 55. We understand from the passage that there
thousands of people turned their eyes skyward was a great deal of excitement everywhere ----.
to see, (IV) ---- what they had expected, nothing
more exciting than the old familiar stars (V) ---- A) because an unknown planet had been
they had always been. detected from various parts of the world
B) as soon as the new planet approached
Neptune
49. I C) even before the planetary collision took place
A) were starting D) when newspapers announced that a collision
B) will have started of two planets was to be expected
C) have started E) as many phenomena had been observed in
D) would have started the skies on January 3rd
E) are starting
56. One can conclude from the passage that the
50. II whole affair of planets colliding ----.
A) may have collided
B) collides A) aroused little interest among the people in
C) had collided the world
D) has collided B) was based on scientific facts and
E) would collide observations
C) was all imaginary, and made up by the
51. III newspapers
A) On grounds D) was apparently only of interest to the
B) However newspapers
C) Even so E) was the reason why so many people
D) As a result panicked
E) For example

52. IV
A) much as
B) compared to
C) as to
D) even
E) contrary to

53. V
A) yet
B) just as
C) accordingly
D) rather than
E) once

10
The invention of the printing press (I) ---- the
Renaissance, together with improved methods
of manufacturing paper, made possible the
rapid spread of knowledge. In 1476, William
Caxton (II) ---- Englands first printing press
at Westminster, a part of London. By 1640,
that press and others (III) ---- more than 26,
000 different works and editions. (IV) ---- the
printing press and the increased availability of
books, literacy increased. It is estimated that by
1530 (V) ---- half the population of England was
literate.
62. We understand from the passage that paper
production methods ----.
A) had, prior to the introduction of the printing
press, been relatively poor
B) had, for many years, been a serious concern for
Caxton
C) improved rapidly around the year 1640
D) contributed to the reduction in the printing
costs of books
E) in Renaissance England were far ahead of those
in other countries

63. It is pointed out in the passage that, during the

57. I Renaissance, more and more people ----.
A) at
B) during A) began to settle in London, particularly in the
C) for neighbourhood of Westminster
D) to B) were setting up printing presses
E) of C) began to collect the early editions of the books
printed by Caxton
58. II D) realized the need to improve methods of paper
A) made out production
B) took after E) began to read and write as more books were
C) turned down printed and easy to obtain
D) set up
E) moved on 64. It is clear from the passage that from the time
of Caxton to the mid-17th century ----.
59. III
A) would print A) there was no progress whatsoever in the
B) will print techniques of printing
C) have printed B) most books were only popular for a few
D) are printing months
E) had printed C) a remarkable variety of books became available
in England
60. IV D) Englands population nearly doubled
A) For E) the number of literate people remained the
B) Among same
C) With
D) Over
E) Between

61. V
A) much
B) more than
C) many
D) rather
E) in excess

11
The tension between financial growth and social
instability in 19th-century Victorian England (I)
---- its literature. Prosperity brought a great
number of new readers, with money to spend (II)
---- books and periodicals. In this period, when
few people went to the theatre or concerts,
literature functioned (III) ---- a primary source of
entertainment. Writers had available an audience
eager to read and willing to pay. (IV) ----, writers
were respected more than at any time in English
literary history. The masses knew and loved the
works of the most famous, (V) ---- the wealthy
sought their friendship. Major Victorian writers
had the attention of political and social leaders,
and when they spoke, they were listened to.
70. It is pointed out in the passage that, in
Victorian England, ----.
A) it was the masses, rather than the wealthy,
who were hit hard by the economic decline
B) theatres were popular places of
entertainment and attracted large audiences
C) politicians virtually ignored the opinions
expressed by the writers of the period
D) reading was a popular pastime for everyone
E) there was a remarkable degree of social
harmony between the classes
71. It is clear from the passage that, in the
Victorian age, leading writers ----.

A) mainly concerned themselves with the

65. I problems of the masses
A) declined B) were much respected by politicians and could
B) torn influence them
C) enjoyed C) often made a career for themselves in politics
D) articulated as they grew older
E) influenced D) aimed to entertain rather than to instruct and
guide
66. II E) were eager to make theatre-going more
A) at popular
B) of
C) to 72. We understand from the passage that
D) in Victorian literature ----.
E) on
A) was affected by the economic and social
67. III issues of the age
A) through B) was primarily written about and for the
B) as wealthy
C) by C) deliberately avoided political and social issues
D) to D) is not generally regarded as a significant part
E) for of English literary history
E) has never been of much interest to the
68. IV masses
A) In addition
B) Afterwards
C) Thereby
D) Still
E) For instance

69. V
A) despite
B) if
C) unless
D) while
E) as well as

12
Elephants have to keep in touch (I) ---- large 78. We understand from the passage that, when
distances. (II) ---- they are out of hearing range of elephants are a good distance apart, they ----.
one another, in forests or the great plains of East
Africa, they are often spotted moving in the same A) become nervous and stamp their feet
direction. Sometimes they seem to stand still in B) feel very insecure
their tracks and move their feet up and down, C) can still communicate with each other
which leads some scientists to believe they have D) try many different ways of making contact with
sensitive cells in their feet. (III) ---- cells would each other
enable them to pick up low frequency vibrations E) feel exposed to attack
(IV) ---- the ground, waves that travel distances of
(V) ---- 16 km. 79. As it is clear from the passage, some scientists
are of the opinion that ----.
73. I
A) of A) the sensitive cells in the feet of elephants serve
B) with a wide variety of functions
C) into B) the power of elephants to communicate is very
D) above weak
E) across C) some elephants have adapted themselves well
to the specific environmental conditions of East
74. II Africa
A) Moreover D) it is not natural for elephants to move in the
B) Since same direction
C) As though E) elephants have cells in their feet that are
D) Even when sensitive to vibrations
E) As
80. According to the passage, one scientific
75. III assumption about elephants is that ----.
A) Some
B) This A) the forest lands and plains of East Africa is their
C) Such ideal environment
D) Even B) they can sense all levels of vibration equally well
E) Rather C) the up-and-down movement of their feet is a
means of communication
76. IV D) their sense of hearing enables them to pick up
A) over sounds up to 16 km away
B) from E) their whole body is covered with extremely
C) for sensitive cells
D) as
E) by

77. V
A) up to
B) so
C) most
D) very
E) more

13
Crows are black birds, and they are very ugly.
But they are also very clever. Or perhaps, (I) ----
they have extremely long lives, they have time in
which to collect a great deal of information. (II)
----, they have developed an excellent method
of getting walnuts (III) ---- their shells. The first
stage was to drop them from a height. If they fell
on a soft surface they didnt break; if they fell on
a hard surface like a road, they often did. If they
didnt, however, passing cars would crush the
walnuts. But one problem (IV) ----. It is difficult
for a crow to eat crushed walnuts when a lot of
cars are passing. In the end, this problem, (V) ----,
was solved. They started to drop the walnuts just
ahead of the traffic lights.
81. I crushed by cars
A) since
B) unless
C) no matter
D) once
E) although
86. From the passage, we learn ----.
A) all about the life-style of the crow
B) why the crow lives longer than most other birds
C) how the crow manages to eat the soft, inside
part of the walnut
D) how the crows habits are a threat to the driver
E) why birds are often described as brainless
87. According to the passage, crows ----.
A) have developed various ingenious ways to
break walnuts
B) are a major threat to safety on roads
C) are mostly killed by passing cars while they are
feeding
D) avoid eating walnuts even though they are
E) are generally attracted by the traffic lights
because of their colours
88. The passage suggests that the long natural life
span of the crow ----.

82. II A) is the result of its healthy eating habits

A) Nevertheless B) is necessary since so many are killed on the
B) By the time roads
C) Otherwise C) is important because it enables them to collect
D) For instance and test a lot of facts
E) Seeing as D) gives them an advantage over other birds
E) has never been proved
83. III
A) by
B) along
C) of
D) for
E) out of

84. IV
A) fluctuated
B) repeated
C) remained
D) assisted
E) affected

85. V
A) so
B) too
C) neither
D) nor
E) either

14
Radical changes in the life of western society
were (I) ---- by the new technical inventions of
the18th and 19th centuries, which resulted (II)
---- a gradual but complete reorganisation of the
productive process. This is generally known as
the Industrial Revolution. The (III) ---- feature
of this industrial revolution was the increasing
specialisation of labour and, with it, the removal
of more and more industries from the home to
the factory. At the same time, a growing number
of activities such as baking, soap making and
dressmaking were (IV) ---- by industry. These
changes (V) ---- affected the lives of women.
Many of them worked in the new factories for very
low wages and for excessively long hours; others
worked at home for manufacturers.
94. According to the passage, the 18th and 19th
centuries in the West ----.
A) encouraged domestic industry to develop
alongside the reorganisation of industry
B) saw great technical advances which led to
comprehensive changes in the production process
C) experienced a great economic and industrial
decline
D) were a time when working conditions were
greatly improved
E) gave priority to domestic industries
95. It is pointed out in the passage that one of the
most important changes introduced by the Industrial
Revolution was ----.

A) the reorganisation of working conditions for

89. I women
A) used up B) the improvement of the position of women in
B) settled down society
C) sent off C) the development of such domestic skills as
D) kept off baking and soap making
E) brought about D) the gradual rise of specialised labour
E) an unprecedented increase in wages
90. II
A) as 96. The writer makes the point that the Industrial
B) on Revolution ----.
C) in
D) at A) had little effect on traditional production
E) for methods
B) had a totally destructive effect upon the social
91. III structure
A) outstanding C) encouraged domestic activities, in particular
B) appalling dressmaking
C) factual D) led to the building of very many factories just for
D) optional women workers
E) extinct E) had a great effect on the way of life in the West

92. IV
A) depended upon
B) carried away
C) played up
D) taken over
E) held out

93. V
A) generously
B) attentively
C) meticulously
D) vainly
E) profoundly

15
The fire that (I) ---- London in 1666 is always 102. According to the passage, when The Great
referred to quite simply as The Great Fire. It Fire began, ----.
began in a bakers shop, and seemed at first to be
unimportant. But (II) ---- some time the weather A) most people were still asleep and knew nothing
had been hot and dry, and the section of London about it
in which it began was full of old wooden buildings B) the bakers shop was empty
which were very close together. (III) ----, there C) everyone expected the baker to deal with it
was a strong wind which carried burning pieces himself
of wood (IV) ---- the roofs of distant houses, and D) people started to panic and run away
the fire spread rapidly. Fire-fighting techniques E) people did not realize that it was going to
were primitive: long lines of men passing buckets spread as it did
of water to each other were useless. When the
wind stopped and the fire was finally (V) ----, four- 103. We understand from the passage that the fire
fifths of the city had gone and nearly a quarter of a could only be controlled ----.
million people had lost their homes.
A) through the united efforts of everyone in
London
97. I B) after the wind had stopped
A) died out C) with the help of large amounts of water
B) kept down D) in areas where the buildings were far apart
C) passed away E) after they knocked down houses to stop it
D) dropped out spreading
E) swept across
104. It is clear from the passage that by the time
98. II the fire had been put out, ----.
A) away
B) off A) there was no water left in the city
C) from B) the people of London were all without homes
D) for C) most of London had been burnt down
E) on D) very few people were left in London
E) no wooden buildings were left standing
99. III
A) Since
B) Moreover
C) Due to
D) Though
E) However

100. IV
A) with
B) to
C) about
D) through
E) by

101. V
A) gave off
B) pointed out
C) broken through
D) looked down
E) put out

16
An entrepreneur is a risk-bearer. The risks taken 110. The main point made in the passage is that the
by entrepreneurs (I) ---- uncertainty. Economic entrepreneur ----.
conditions are always changing, and past
experience is not (II) ---- any good guide to future A) can never be sure that any venture will succeed
prospects. Most production is undertaken in until it has actually done so
anticipation of demand. Firms will produce those B) makes a loss as often as he makes a profit
things which they believe will (III) ---- a profit C) soon becomes a good judge of economic trends
they do not know that they will do (IV) ----, and rarely makes mistakes
because the future is unknown. Entrepreneurs D) is a sound businessman and doesnt take risks
must bear the costs involved during the time E) is prepared to pay high interest on money
which elapses between the decision to produce borrowed
and the eventual marketing of the commodity.
They must pay rent for their land, interest on 111. According to the passage, a great many
money borrowed, wages to labour and meet the expenses have to be met by the entrepreneur ----.
costs of materials. These payments must be made
(V) ---- any certainty that the costs will be covered A) and these increase dramatically once the
by receipts. If the sales revenue exceeds their product is on the market
expenses, the entrepreneurs will make a profit if B) but he is sure that his profits will exceed his
not, they must bear the loss. expenses
C) but the biggest one is labour costs
105. I D) before a product even goes onto the market
A) arise from E) and he is very rarely offered a loan
B) get on
C) turn off 112. We understand from the passage that the
D) cope with success or failure of a product ----.
E) run out
A) is always purely a matter of luck
106. II B) is closely related to the quality of the materials
A) highly used
B) urgently C) can be fairly accurately judged soon after it
C) hardly goes into production
D) desperately D) is of little importance to the experienced
E) necessarily entrepreneur
E) becomes apparent only after it has gone onto
107. III the market
A) share
B) gain
C) yield
D) lose
E) retain

108. IV
A) even
B) so
C) just
D) such
E) like

109. V
A) for
B) from
C) upon
D) without
E) towards

17
The loss of job satisfaction, particularly in the 118. It is pointed out in the passage that, especially
manufacturing industries, is raising some serious in the manufacturing industries, ----.
social problems. (I) ---- solve these problems,
managers in many industrial countries are A) workers are perfectly satisfied with assembly
seriously considering various projects aimed line conditions
(II) ---- job enrichment. There are attempts (III) B) great efforts are being made to give workers
---- the role and responsibilities of the workers. more job satisfaction
Several factories have tried to abolish the C) workers are asking for higher wages, as they
assembly line by reorganizing production so that are being given more responsibilities
teams of workers are responsible for assembling D) the teams cannot organize themselves, so
the entire product (or a major component of it). management has to assist them
Each team is free to decide how the various tasks E) the rotation of jobs within the team has caused
(IV) ---- and the speed (V) ---- the job is carried work to slow down
out. Within each team the jobs may be rotated so
as to increase the element of variety in the work. 119. We understand from the passage that in
several factories the assembly line is ----.
113. I
A) In addition to A) being replaced by teams of workers who
B) With a view to assemble either the whole or main part of a
C) Prior to product
D) In order to B) coming back into fashion as workers find the
E) Thanks to work easier and less demanding
C) still being retained since it is the ideal training
114. II ground for new workers
A) about D) still used when procedures are particularly
B) at complicated
C) in E) felt to produce a higher standard of product,
D) onto allowing manufacturers to make a higher profit
E) by
120. It is clear from the passage that, under the new
115. III teamwork system, workers ----.
A) having enlarged
B) enlarged A) have the opportunity of being promoted and
C) to enlarge even becoming managers
D) to have enlarged B) find they can work faster than they expected
E) enlarging C) carry more responsibility and are fully involved
in the process of decision-making
116. IV D) need a more thorough training period
A) will be allocated E) have more responsibility in theory, but not in
B) have allocate practice
C) had been allocated
D) was allocated
E) allocate

117. V
A) whom
B) at which
C) whether
D) when
E) that

18
Fertility rates in the West (I) ---- for more
than a century, and so following World War II,
demographers expected only a modest increase.
What happened instead was the baby boom.
Since then, scientists have been arguing about the
causes. The best-known explanation comes from
economist Richard A. Easterlin of the University
of Southern California. He (II) ---- that the baby
boom (III) ---- the unprecedented mix of three
developments: an expansion of the economy,
restricted immigration since the mid-1920s, and
a (IV) ---- small group of new job seekers because
of low fertility in the late1920s and 1930s. This
combination created unusually good job prospects 127. As it is stated in the passage, the baby boom
for young people after World War II, and so feeling ----.
more (V) ---- than their parents, they married
earlier and had more children.
121. I
A) had been falling
B) is falling
C) will be falling
D) was falling
E) have been falling
126. It can be inferred from the passage that ---
A) population growth in the past enabled the
present economic growth
B) scientists have suggested various ways to stop
the baby boom
C) high fertility rates in the West were the cause of
World War II
D) it is not always easy to explain population
growth as there are various factors to consider
E) fertility rates tend to increase after great
disasters such as wars
A) resulted from a mixture of developments that
happened during the war
B) occurred just before World War II broke out
C) had a negative effect on the prosperity of
people
D) could be explained by the number of people of
marrying age
E) was the result of unusually good job prospects

122. II 128. The reason why young people married early

A) argues and had more children is that they ----.
B) boosts
C) arouses A) felt much better off economically than their
D) results parents
E) simulates B) learnt many people died unnecessarily in World
War II
123. III C) saw that there were very few people looking for
A) breaks into jobs
B) cuts off D) thought their children would find well-paid jobs
C) tries out E) wanted to contribute to the welfare of the
D) looks up world by having more children
E) results from

124. IV
A) universally
B) carefully
C) oficially
D) relatively
E) bitterly

125. V
A) devious
B) omnipresent
C) prosperous
D) elaborate
E) legitimate

19
Essentially, memory is the process of learning 134. According to the passage, memory is used to
information, storing it, and then having the ability ----.
to recall it (I) ---- needed (II) ---- to solve
problems, tell stories, or save yourself on the A) receive, retain and remember information
witness stand. Learning begins with those power B) learn how to save yourself on the witness stand
connections in your brain: neurons firing messages C) find out whether problems can be solved or not
to one another. Your ability to process information D) tell stories in order to make others laugh
is determined by the junctions (III) ---- those E) provide someone with the ability to memorize
neurons, called synapses. The ability of brain
cells to speak to one another is strengthened or 135. The term synapses refers to ----.
weakened as you use them. Essentially, (IV) ----
you use those synapses, the stronger they get A) the process of being able to speak to one
and the more rapidly they increase. Thats why another
you may have strong neural pathways for your B) the messages sent from one part of the body to
family history or weak ones for 1980s music trivia. another
That also gives you a little insight (V) ---- how you C) the ability of the brain to heal itself
remember things. If something is exciting to you, D) processes that take place outside the brain
then you learn it faster and train those synapses E) the connections between message-firing
to make stronger connections. neurons

129. I 136. We can learn from the passage that ----.

A) although
B) when A) the ability of brain cells to send messages to
C) yet one another hardly ever changes
D) as if B) the more you use synapses, the weaker they
E) after become
C) you tend to remember your family history as
130. II equally as things you find uninteresting
A) both D) there is a correlation between the frequency of
B) not only using junctions and recalling information
C) such E) the ability to process information is determined
D) as by the physical size of the brain
E) whether

131. III
A) between
B) at
C) about
D) from
E) for

132. IV
A) much
B) more
C) the more
D) most
E) the most

133. V
A) in
B) for
C) of
D) by
E) into

20
The global market for coffee has failed, and 142. According to the passage, one of the problems
needs a complete overhaul (I) ---- farmers can faced by coffee farmers is ----.
get more for their beans. The plunging price of
coffee (II) ---- the past decade has certainly A) that the consumption of coffee around the
caused regrettable misery for many farmers. Big world is declining rapidly
coffee companies now stand accused (III) ---- B) the trade barriers filed by wealthy countries
placing profits before people. If efforts are made C) the rising costs of labor and marketing
to (IV) ---- the profits, the companies will almost D) that the supply of coffee on the global market is
certainly fight back to keep up their excessive in excess of the demand
profits. It is likely that they will win (V) ---- the E) the urgent need to update their methods of
trade barriers set by rich countries means that farming
it is hard for coffee farmers to change over and
grow other crops. 143. As it is pointed out in the passage, over the
past ten years or so, the condition of coffee farmers
----.
137. I
A) if A) has worsened with the falling market price of
B) in case coffee
C) so that B) has fluctuated greatly as crops have varied so
D) when much
E) but C) has attracted a great deal of public attention
D) has been sympathetically heeded by the big
138. II coffee companies
A) with E) has forced many of them to find other ways of
B) about making a livelihood
C) by
D) from 144. It is clear from the passage that the big coffee
E) over companies ----.

139. III A) have mostly agreed to bring down the retail

A) by price of coffee
B) upon B) recognize the need for massive changes in the
C) below production and marketing of coffee
D) of C) are not likely to yield to demands and pressure
E) over to reduce their profits
D) cannot afford to pay the coffee farmers a higher
140. IV price for their beans
A) cut down on E) are largely responsible for the decline in coffee
B) draw up sales.
C) pull out
D) go through
E) hold on

141. V
A) on account of
B) besides
C) until
D) despite
E) because

21
Throughout the history of music, composers have 150. The main point made in the passage is that, if
always sought to find new and original (I) ---- of there is to be any progress in music, ----.
expression. Without this urge no progress (II)
----. In our modem age, the desire to experiment A) a wide variety of taste must be taken into
is stronger than it ever was before. This is partly account
because the instability of world affairs has (III) B) the traditional modes of expression must be
---- a feeling of unrest and insecurity, and partly respected
because more people are being better educated C) efforts must be made to please all sections of
and concerned with culture. The arts are now, society
as a result, more sophisticated, even more D) new and innovative ways of expression must be
artificial. In the past the ideal was the natural searched for
and spontaneous expression of beauty, but it E) a composer must seek the natural and
(IV) ---- is. In order to avoid the obvious and the spontaneous expression of beauty
commonplace, some composers have, perhaps,
moved too (V) ---- the main stream of music, and 151. One can conclude from the passage that
this has sometimes led to eccentricity. But there is modem music ----.
a positive side to all this: there is a healthy lack of
complacency. A) has been adversely affected by the present
prevailing intellectual atmosphere
145. I B) owes much of its appeal to the spontaneity and
A) aims simplicity of its expression
B) urgency C) has been less affected by the spread of
C) freedom education and culture than the other arts
D) doubt D) has isolated itself from the realities and the
E) means developments of our time
E) is to a greater extent than ever before both
146. II experimental and sophisticated
A) could have been made
B) makes 152. The writer suggests that the desire of some
C) had made composers to avoid the traditional forms of music
D) have made ----.
E) may have made
A) has resulted in their growing complacency
147. III B) has been the key to their unprecedented
A) given rise to popularity
B) stood by C) may have had a harmful effect upon some of
C) cast aside their works
D) got away D) has been misunderstood by the better educated
E) followed up people
E) has been far more harmful than beneficial
148. IV
A) already
B) no longer
C) at any rate
D) for short
E) currently

149. V
A) out of
B) along with
C) to
D) up to
E) far from

22
The term intelligence is often used by biologists 158. This passage emphasizes the fact that the
(I) ---- synonymous with the capacity to learn. term Intelligence ----.
An animal that learns to adapt itself to a wide
range of situations is said to be more intelligent A) should not be applied to any animals as they
than one (II) ---- behaviour is largely governed are motivated by Instincts
by instinct. In psychology, on the other hand, so B) is used by biologists to describe the ability of
wide a definition is not satisfactory. The simpler animals to adapt to a given situation and so team
forms of teaming, at least, can scarcely be said C) is frequently wrongly used and should therefore
to manifest intelligence in any sense remotely be avoided altogether
consistent (III) ---- the ordinary meaning of D) should be avoided by psychologists as there is
the term. It is customary, therefore, to (IV) ---- so much disagreement about its meaning
between learning of a more or less repetitive and E) must be applied to all forms of learning from
mechanical type and the solving of genuinely the simplest to the most complicated
new problems by creative means. It is the latter
(V) ---- the former that we ordinarily ascribe to 159. In this passage, a sharp distinction is drawn
intelligence and most psychologists allow their between ----.
definition of this term to be guided by popular
usage. A) intelligence and the ability to learn as regards
the animal world
153. I B) the term intelligence as the ordinary people
A) as use it and as most psychologists use it
B) on C) the repetitive and the mechanical types of
C) like learning
D) in D) teaming that Is repetitive and mechanical and
E) of that which is creative and original
E) the less intelligent animal species and the more
154. II intelligent ones
A) which
B) that 160. According to the passage, in the animal
C) where kingdom, the less Intelligent animals ----.
D) when
E) whose A) team to adapt to new situations more quickly
than the more intelligent ones
155. III B) are stimulated when they face a new situation
A) of C) are those whose actions are mainly controlled
B) for by their instincts
C) by D) are more suited to mechanical type teaming
D) at than to other types
E) with E) have many advantages over the more
intelligent ones
156. IV
A) oscillate
B) distinguish
C) identify
D) customize
E) diversify

157. V
A) according to
B) in spite of
C) irrespective of
D) on behalf of
E) rather than

23
Restorative justice does not ask how do we 166. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----.
punish?, but instead asks how do we get people
to take responsibility for what they have done?. A) teach people to become better citizens
Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever
options (I) ---- some people. They are always that C) should be remodelled on the lines of
offenders can avoid taking responsibility, (II) ---- universities and polytechnics
in this way they never have to face the human D) should largely be reserved for violent people
reality of what they have done. Prisons have been who constitute a threat to society
called universities for criminals. Young people go E) are essential as more and more violence occurs
in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and in society
they (III) ---- with a degree in burglary or worse.
The answer is not to tear down all prisons. Far 167. According to the writer, such a traditional
from it. There are people who are dangerous to punishment as fining ----.
society, who the community will want to keep
locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing A) helps to keep the crime-rate down
package under restorative justice. But the (IV) ---- B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact
majority of people in prison are not violent, and do that they have hurt society
not need to be there. What they do need is to be C) has been shown to be far more effective than
brought face to face with the human reality of the imprisonment
harm they have caused, and they must be given D) is highly effective if the offenders are young
an opportunity to (V) ----. E) is regarded as a harder option than
imprisonment
161. I
A) in 168. According to the passage, restorative justice
B) above ----.
C) for
D) over A) regards most criminals as not being responsible
E) about for the crimes they have committed
B) is only concerned with punishment when the
162. II criminal has proved violent
A) because C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is
B) after all no victim
C) unless D) is too idealised and has little chance of working
D) while successfully
E) in return E) is less concerned with punishment than with
helping the offender to become a better citizen
163. III
A) put back
B) write off
C) catch on
D) take part
E) come out

164. IV
A) overhauling
B) substitute
C) adjacent
D) vast
E) impoverished

165. V
A) ruin
B) rectify
C) rate
D) rush
E) riot

24
In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins
in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a
depth of up to 100 meters (I) ---- rates of up to
8 kilometres an hour, and (II) ---- right up into
the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia,
bearing with it a climate that makes life just
about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter.
The energy it carries in the form of heat is (III)
---- 100 times the entire use of energy in human
societies across the world or put another way,
more than 27,000 times Britains electricity
generating capacity. (IV) ---- temperature, the
Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area
by at least 5C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail,
temperatures over northern Europe (V) ---- by
more than 10 centigrade degree during the
winter months. Northern Europe would have a
climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it
would support its current population is difficult to
imagine.
169. I C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia
A) for
B) at
C) under
D) of
E) in
174. This passage mainly deals with ----.
A) he adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the
wild life in Scandinavia
B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in
the Arctic Circle
C) the question of whether man can benefit from
the energy latent in the Gulf Stream
D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia
differs from that of Siberia
E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity
of the Gulf Stream
175. As we understood from the passage, one of
the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----.
A) causes an average ten percent rise in
temperature in Northern Europe throughout the
winter
B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the
Northern Europe countries
in winter
D) circles around Britain and then moves into the
northern waters
E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic
Circle

170. II 176. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) manage
B) sink A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream
C) provide would theoretically barely meet the needs of the
D) wave whole world
E) penetrate B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more
noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the
171. III shores of Northern Europe
A) similar to C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost
B) more impossible for Northern Europe to support its
C) so much as population
D) equivalent to D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages
E) a little as well as advantages for the people of Northern
Europe
172. IV E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of
A) Despite Siberia are to survive
B) Since
C) In terms of
D) Such
E) In addition to

173. V
A) would fall
B) had fallen
C) fall
D) will fall
E) fell

25
Within a short time after the (I) ---- of the Second 182. We learn from the passage that. before World
World War, Britain was without imports of many War 11, Britain ----.
vital pharmaceuticals that had (II) ---- come from
Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East
the first wartime government set up systematic B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the
research into the cultivation and medical use of Far East
herbs, By 1940, womens voluntary organisations C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany
had been drawn into a national campaign to and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to
gather wild herbs, up and down the country, them
County Herb Committees were organised (III) ---- D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and
the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution the Far East for its pharmaceuticals
of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given E) thought of exporting dried herbs for
brief locally-based training in (IV) ---- to recognise pharmaceutical purposes
herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given
subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to- 183. It is vividly described in the passage how,
find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb during World War II, the British government ----.
committee and during the five years of the Second
World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were A) banned the import of all kinds of
gathered and (V) ---- medicines. pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far
East
177. I B) gave priority to the import of medicines
A) outbreak C) encouraged scientific research into improving
B) outcome the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals
C) effect D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were
D) vitality interested in growing herbs
E) improvement E) took serious measures to ensure that the
country should not be short of medicines
178. II
A) prevalently 184. It is clear from the passage that, of the special
B) adjacently arrangements made in Britain during the war, one
C) tremendously was ----.
D) formerly
E) highly A) the reduction of imports from Germany and
Japan
179. III B) the Getting up of local and national
A) to oversee organisations to produce medicinal herbs
B) having overseen C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to
C) to be overseen increase production in every sphere
D) overseeing D) the launching of a national womens campaign
E) overseen for the distribution of medicines throughout the
country
180. IV E) the training of local people in the production of
A) what herb-based medicines
B) who
C) how
D) that
E) which

181. V
A) grown up
B) written off
C) looked over
D) cared for
E) turned into

26
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the
earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and
water vapour. The variability of the latter is
meteorologically (I) ---- great importance. The
ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet
radiation, especially lethal (II) ---- plant life,
lies between 12 and 50 kilometres (III) ---- the
earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to
a height of about 12 kilometres, is known (IV)
---- the troposphere, and it is in this region that D) has a constant climate in spite of
nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the
region of most interest to the forecaster studying
temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the
movement (V) ---- air masses.
190. According to the passage, the earth ----.
A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the
dangerous gases and water vapour that surround
it.
B) is surrounded by gases in combination with
water vapour
C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of
extremely harmful gaseous substances
meteorological variations in the atmospheric
gases
E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into
the atmosphere

185. I 191. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants

A) of of the earth that ----.
B) to
C) at A) are most obviously affected by the
D) by meteorological changes in the atmosphere
E) in B) benefit most from the water vapour in the
atmosphere
186. II C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation
A) about D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of
B) through the sun
C) to E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in
D) on the atmosphere
E) from
192. We understand from the passage that the
187. III troposphere is of vital importance as regards the
A) with weather, ----.
B) along
C) within A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately
D) inside measured here
E) above B) as it accommodates the ozone layer
C) even though the atmospheric variability is not
188. IV predictable
A) with D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching
B) like the earth
C) by E) because all the meteorological phenomena take
D) as place in this region
E) for

189. V
A) among
B) of
C) at
D) around
E) beyond

27
During the Ottoman period, a small but increasing 198. It is implied in the passage that the European
number of European travellers (I) ---- to explore explorations and studies of Western Turkeys
and study the sites of ancient cities in Western ancient sites made prior to the early nineteenth
Turkey. In this regard, the first systematic century ----.
exploration was made in 1811 by Captain Beaufort
of the British Royal Navy, (II) ---- mapped the A) had not been carried out according to a plan
Mediterranean coast of Turkey and identified B) provided archaeologists with a great deal of
some of the ancient sites there. This (III) ---- by information indispensable for their excavations
a number of other archaeological expeditions, C) mainly focused on the historically most
including Charles Fellowss explorations, from important ones such as Pergamum, Ephesus,
1838 to 1844, of the south-western part of Sardis and Aphrodisias
the country, called Lycia in antiquity. But the D) were in fact essentially concerned with the
most exciting find was Heinrich Schliemanns search for the actual site of Troy
rediscovery of Troy in excavations that began E) had a secret military purpose and, therefore,
in 1870. Since then, most of the ancient cities lacked any historical interest
of Western Turkey (IV) ---- and studied, at
least (V) ---- some extent. The more famous of 199. One understands from the passage that,
them, such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and although many explorations of ancient ruins were
Aphrodisias, are now the subjects of large-scale made in Western Turkey in the nineteenth century,
excavations and restorations that have recreated a ----.
fragmentary image of their former splendour.
A) exploration and excavation there has not
193. I continued into the twentieth and twenty-first
A) is beginning centuries
B) will begin B) Ephesus and Sardis, especially, have provided
C) would have begun an extensive amount of data about life and society
D) have begun in antiquity
E) began C) it was Heinrich Schliemanns excavations of
Troy that created the most interest
194. II D) Lycia, as a region, has always attracted a
A) that great deal of attention from many travellers and
B) in which archaeologists
C) when E) only Pergamum and Aphrodisias give us a full
D) who picture of their magnificence in the past
E) where
200. It is pointed out in the passage that, despite
195. III extensive excavations and restorations, ----.
A) was followed
B) had followed A) an extensive number of the ancient sites,
C) was following including Troy, in Western Turkey, have not yet
D) would be followed been unearthed
E) followed B) a very large part of Troy still needs to be further
explored and unearthed
196. IV C) many of Lycias ancient cities are still buried
A) have been unearthed under the ground and await digging out
B) unearths D) the ancient glory of such popularly known cities
C) have unearthed as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias
D) unearthed has only been partially revealed
E) was unearthed E) the cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis
and Aphrodisias are far from arousing a lasting
197. V interest in the public
A) off
B) on
C) for
D) by
E) to

28
Florence is a monument to the Renaissance, 206. It is emphasized in the passage that Florence
the artistic and cultural reawakening which (I) today ---- as it houses wonderful examples of
---- in Europe during the fifteenth century. The Renaissance art and architecture.
buildings, designed by the periods great architect
Brunelleschi, and the paintings and sculptures A) enjoys much popularity throughout the world
of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo and is visited by a great number of people
have turned the city (II) ---- one of the worlds B) is so crowded by visitors from many parts of
greatest artistic capitals. During the Renaissance, the world that it can hardly cope with them
Florence was (III) ---- the cultural and intellectual C) is considered to be one of the economic capitals
heart of Europe and enjoyed enormous artistic of Europe
growth. The legacy of the Renaissance draws D) attracts primarily those people who have a
many visitors to the city today, and its numerous very strong intellectual interest in the works of
museums, galleries, churches, and monuments Botticelli and Michelangelo
are (IV) ---- the major attractions. Florences best E) is a small city that, for its economic well-being,
sights are situated in such a small area that the depends on an ever-growing number of visitors
city seems to (V) ---- its treasures at every step.
207. It is pointed out in the passage that, at the
time of the Renaissance, Florence ----.
201. I
A) made do A) constantly competed with other Italian cities to
B) went straight become the artistic capital of Europe
C) took place B) became one of the most important cities in
D) looked after Europe both intellectually and culturally
E) kept pace C) enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth
D) had so many museums and monuments that
202. II it soon became a major tourist attraction of the
A) for period
B) by E) was especially famous for its magnificent
C) as churches and art galleries, mainly designed by
D) into Brunelleschi and other contemporary architects
E) of

203. III 208. The writer states that the artistic and cultural
A) at wealth of Florence ----.
B) from
C) about A) was derived only from Brunelleschi, Botticelli
D) with and Michelangelo
E) on B) consists only of museums, galleries and
churches
204. IV C) can be experienced today everywhere in the city
A) without D) has only recently been recognized by the world
B) throughout E) was suppressed by the Christian churches there
C) abour during the Renaissance
D) among
E) along

205. V
A) constrict
B) discover
C) feel
D) order
E) reveal

29
For years, it has been assumed that obesity is the result
of too much food and too little exercise. (I) ---- this
maxim is largely correct, the etiology of obesity can
be much more complex. There is a well-documented
familial tendency, but (II) ---- this is of environmental
or genetic origin is unclear. Studies of twins separated
at birth and living apart provide strong evidence for a
substantial genetic influence. Children of overweight
parents, when adopted by , lean families, have a
greater tendency to become obese than do adoptees
from non-obese natural parents. Energy efficiency may
(III) ---- obesity; with reserves of fat deposits readily
available to metabolize in the obese, a given amount of
activity requires a smaller expenditure of energy. This
theory has been invoked by those who complain that
they gain weight whether they eat or not, and indeed
there is evidence of differences in energy efficiency
among individuals. Similarly, obesity has been attributed
(IV) ---- abnormally low basal metabolic rates (BMRs)
since obese individuals do show lower BMRs. However,
this fact is (V) ---- an artefact of BMR measurement;
a larger proportion of the total fat mass of an obese
person is inert, low metabolizing fat, a fact that makes
BMR calculations lower.
209. I have been brought up separately
A) As
B) While
C) For instance
D) However
E) Because
214. The main idea of this passage is ----.
A) to discredit the idea that there is a greater
degree of energy efficiency in the obese
B) that the environmental and the genetic causes
of obesity are more or less the same
C) to establish that the factors behind obesity are
highly complex and even contradictory
D) that obesity is a serious health hazard and that
a great deal more research into the treatment of it
is required
E) to impress on overweight parents the need to
watch their childrens diet and life-style
215. According to the passage, the theory that
obesity has a strong genetic basis ----.
A) seems more likely than the one concerning the
BMRs
B) is slowly falling into disfavour and being
replaced by one that puts the emphasis on energy
efficiency
C) has not so far been well researched, but as it is
the most likely theory, it deserves to be
D) is supported by some studies of twins that
E) is soon likely to be fully substantiated
216. The passage suggests that the theory that
obesity is due to a low BMR ----.

210. II A) has never had any serious recognition

A) when B) needs to be reconsidered as the manner of
B) whether calculating this rate in the obese is inaccurate
C) which C) has been invented by the obese who claim that
D) whatever the amount they eat makes no difference to their
E) whom weight
D) will probably turn out to be the correct theory
211. III E) has been thoroughly researched in several
A) refer to cases of twins
B) ascribe to
C) pertain to
D) contribute to
E) engage to

212. IV
A) for
B) at
C) in
D) of
E) to

213. V
A) due to
B) in addition to
C) at the point of
D) on account
E) inasmuch as

30
The International Labour Organization (ILO) was 222. As we learn from the passage, the
established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles, International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded
in the belief that universal and lasting peace can in 1919under the Treaty of Versailles, ----.
be established (I) ---- it is based on social justice.
In July 1961 it had 100 countries as members, A) in the hope of persuading people to vote and
including all the great powers. A unique feature of act independently of their governments
this organization is that its meetings are attended B) with a view to establishing good relations
not only by representatives of governments, but between employers and governments
by representatives of employers and working C) to fund research into working conditions
people (II) ----, and these participate in the throughout the world
proceedings, by voice and by vote, independently D) to collect statistical evidence relating to
of their governments. The principal policy-making different approaches to social justice
body, for instance, is composed of four delegates E) as a part of the effort to make a permanent and
from each member state, and (III) ---- these, all-inclusive peace
two represent the government. One represents
employers, and one working people. The 223. The writer points out that, as an international
organization has, from the beginning, taken steps organization, the ILO is extremely unusual ----.
to collect full and up-to-date information about
labour and social conditions throughout the world A) as it is allowed to investigate social conditions
and to (IV) ---- the results to member states (V) worldwide, even among non-member countries
---- statistics and reports. B) since all member countries must send at least
four delegates to all meetings, and more if they
217. I wish
A) in case C) since it has an ever-increasing membership,
B) only if especially of the developing countries
C) in order that D) because, at the meetings, some delegates do
D) as if not represent their governments but participate
E) considering and vote independently
E) as its sources of income are varied and mostly
218. II consist of the contributions made by industrialized
A) so countries
B) as such
C) yet 224. According to the passage, one of the functions
D) as well of the ILO has always been ----.
E) ahead
A) to educate the work force in the principles of
219. III social justice
A) at B) to make labour more informed about its
B) of international rights
C) over C) to collect and share data concerning social
D) about conditions and labour worldwide
E) to D) to create similar working conditions throughout
the member countries
220. IV E) to encourage the representatives of the
A) pass on employers and the employees to stand up against
B) come across their governments
C) figure out
D) pay off
E) pull through

221. V
A) on behalf of
B) in excess of
C) in the manner of
D) in place of
E) in the form of

31
After the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, both 230. The passage gives information about ----.
Genoa and Venice signed political and commercial
agreements with the Ottoman state. These A) how the capitulations granted to European
documents granted Italian merchants certain states gave rise to negative consequences for the
rights of commerce first in Istanbul and later in Ottoman Empire
other port cities of the Ottoman Mediterranean B) why the European states tried hard to get
world, such as Izmir, (I) ---- taxes paid on capitulations from the Ottoman Empire
products and raw materials traded. Then at the C) the historical background of the Ottoman and
end of the sixteenth century, similar capitulation European politics
treaties were signed (II) ---- France, England and D) the state of agriculture and marketing in the
the Netherlands. In the seventeenth century, Ottoman Empire
Istanbul gradually loosened its control (III) ---- E) what route in trade and politics was followed
foreign communities living in the major cities of between the Ottoman Empire and western
the Empire. For example, it granted increased European states
opportunities to resident minority merchants
(IV) ---- foreign merchants and also to Ottoman 231. It is understood from the passage that ----.
agriculturists to diversify and market their
produce. (V) ----, there appeared a changing A) commercial relations with Europe dates back as
relationship in international trade between the far as the early centuries of the Ottoman state
Ottoman Empire and western Europe. B) the Ottoman state was unwilling to get taxes
from European merchants
225. I C) the only harbours of trade with European
A) in return for merchants were Istanbul and Izmir
B) at the point of D) minority merchants in the Ottoman state had
C) in need of always enjoyed the same privileges as the foreign
D) in the name of merchants
E) in search of E) Ottoman agriculturists had cultivated and
marketed whatever produce they liked until the
226. II seventeenth century
A) from
B) at 232. It can be understood from the passage that
C) with ----.
D) about
E) on A) the Ottoman state was rich enough but granted
capitulations for political reasons
227. III B) the trade relationship between the Ottoman
A) with Empire and Europe went on with some changes for
B) over several centuries
C) for C) when the Ottoman state loosened its control
D) under over international trade, more goods were
E) by imported from Europe
D) east European states also signed treaties with
228. IV the Ottoman state in later centuries
A) despite E) in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire,
B) once neither agriculture nor trade was planned well
C) because of enough to support the state financially
D) while
E) as well as

229. V
A) However
B) Similarly
C) Contrarily
D) Consequently
E) Still

32
(I) ---- a greater proportion of the food people
eat were to be locally produced, this would be
of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local,
regional, national, and international production
would still be available; indeed, the goal would
not be to put an end to the international trade in
food, but to avoid transporting food thousands
of miles when it could instead be produced next
door. Such a (II) ---- would help revitalise rural
economies ruined by the global economy. Less
money would go into the hands of corporate
middlemen, and far more would remain in the
hands of farmers, This would especially be
the case with the direct marketing of food via
farmers markets and farm stands and other
forms of community supported agriculture. If
farmers were not (III) ---- to specialise their
production in a few global commodities, the trend
(IV) ---- ever larger and more highly mechanised
farms would slow down. Moreover, since small
farms use a (V) ---- higher amount of human
labour than mechanised inputs, a return to
smaller farms would help bring back some of the
700.000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last
half-century of agricultural progress.
233. I
A) If
B) Although
C) Because
D) When
E) Rather
234. II
A) damage
B) shift
C) decline
D) growth
E) species
238. It is pointed out in the passage that it would
be to the advantage of the farmer and the rural
economy at large if ----.
A) people were to eat locally produced food more
often
B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of
corporate middlemen
C) the advantages of a global economy were better
appreciated
D) the practice of direct marketing of food at
farmers markets were forbidden
E) the marketing of all food products were at a
national or international level
239. According to the author, farms are growing
larger and more highly mechanised ----.
A) as this is the only sure way to make money out
of farming
B) as this is what the rural community wants
C) since no one is willing to work on the land
D) because imported foodstuffs are so much
cheaper
E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate on
a very few products for global markets
240. The author is opposed to the trend towards
larger and mere highly mechanised farms ----.
A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices
B) since the quality of food they produce is poor
C) because it has resulted in a great many farm
labourers losing their jobs
D) though he admits the quality of food they
produce is high
E) though this is what the owners of small farms
want

235. III
A) postulated
B) manufactured
C) impelled
D) dispensed
E) appropriated

236. IV
A) about
B) at
C) over
D) towards
E) above

237. V
A) imperatively
B) completely
C) hastily
D) literally
E) proportionally

33
LEVEL
2
Lower birth-rates and longer lives lead to population
aging, which matters (I) ---- many reasons, but first
and foremost (II) ---- the costs of retirement. These
costs are borne principally by the government and
funded through taxes on the working-age population.
The old-age-dependency ratio that is, the population
aged 65 and over divided by the population aged 15
to64 is a key indicator of population aging. Other
things being equal, the tax rate for pensions will be
(III) ---- to this ratio. In the developed world, this ratio
rose from .12 in 1950 to .21 today, and is estimated to
increase to .44 in 2050. If, in the developed countries,
the elderly in 2050 (IV) ---- the level of benefits given
to the current elderly, then the level of payroll taxes
needed to fund government pensions will more than
double by 2050. Due to higher fertility and immigration,
the US population is projected to remain younger
than those of other OECD countries, and the pension
problem will be less severe. Health costs, (V) ----, pose
an even more difficult problem due to the socialized
health-care system for the elderly in the US. As the
population ages and spending per elderly person rises,
government spending on healthcare will likely soar.
6. It is explicitly stated in the passage that by the
year2050, developed countries will have to increase
wage taxes at least twice as much ----.
A) even though they estimate a proportional
increase of .44 in 2050
B) because natural resource constraints,
particularly of land, are at the heart of the problem
C) now that the old-age-dependency ratio has
become an important indicator of aging
D) provided population growth and growth of per
capita are positively correlated
E) if they want to maintain the present level of
benefits given to the elderly
7. It is obvious from the passage that population
aging is of great importance, mainly due to ----.
A) pensions and health care
B) higher fertility and immigration
C) higher birth-rates and infant mortality
D) falling figures in the working-age population
E) economic indicators of the country

1. I 8. It is stated in the passage that the US population

A) in will relatively remain younger than those of other
B) about OECD countries ----.
C) of
D) for A) as population aging is not such a serious
E) on projected problem in the US
B) because there are not as many elderly people in
2. II the US as in other OECD countries
A) despite C) unless the government increases the level of
B) because of payroll taxes needed to fund pensions
C) afterwards D) since it has higher birth-rates and gets
D) without immigrants
E) in addition E) if the government takes the necessary
measures to keep the current level of elderly
3. III people
A) vulnerable
B) allocation 9. According to the passage, the US health-care
C) payment costs ----.
D) embezzlement
E) proportional A) have more than doubled over the past decades
and pose a serious problem
4. IV B) are compelling the government to delay the
A) are to receive current age of retirement and to reduce the size of
B) will receive benefits
C) were receiving C) will probably go up because of population aging
D) had received and more spending on the elderly
E) will have received D) will still remain stagnant due to the tax rates for
the working-age population
5. V E) could eventually lead to longer working hours
A) for example and less fulfilling wage increases
B) moreover
C) therefore
D) however
E) thus

35
Farmers in many countries (I) ---- antibiotics in 14. V
two key ways: at full strength to treat animals A) but
(II) ---- are sick and in low doses to fatten meat- B) if
producing livestock or to prevent veterinary C) ever
illnesses. Although even the proper use of D) unless
antibiotics can (III) ---- lead to the spread of drug E) because
resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low dose
is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides 15. VI
just (IV) ---- antibiotic to kill some (V) ---- not A) to
all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically B) with
those that happen to bear genetic mutations for C) on
resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and D) by
exchange genes (VI) ---- other microbial resisters. E) about
(VII) ---- bacteria are found literally everywhere,
resistant strains produced in animals eventually 16. VII
find their way (VIII) ---- people as well. You could A) Whenever
not design a better system for guaranteeing B) After
the spread of antibiotic resistance. To cease the C) As
spread, Denmark (IX) ---- tighter rules on the D) Whether
use of antibiotics in the raising of poultry and E) Although
other farm animals. The lesson is that improving
animal husbandry making sure that pens, stalls 17. VIII
and cages are (X) ---- cleaned and giving animals A) for
more room or time to mature offsets the initial B) at
negative impact of limiting antibiotic use. C) with
D) into
10. I E) about
A) diagnose
B) clear 18. IX
C) utilize A) elevated
D) treat B) irritated
E) foster C) abolished
D) related
11. II E) enforced
A) whom
B) that 19. X
C) whose A) awkwardly
D) when B) properly
E) where C) morally
D) cheerfully
12. III E) slyly
A) relatively
B) persuasively
C) frankly
D) evolutionarily
E) inadvertently

13. IV
A) enough
B) even
C) like
D) few
E) so

36
20. It is understood from the passage that ----.

A) farmers mainly prefer using antibiotics as a

preventive measure for diseases
B) antibiotics are merely useful in treating the
contagious diseases of farm animals
C) continuous and heavy doses of antibiotics are
crucial for poultry
D) antibiotics are so far the only effective
method to fatten up meat-producing animals
E) poultry prices are affected by the spread of
contagious diseases

21. It is implied in the passage that ----.

A) widespread use of antibiotics is intended to

eliminate the chances of a possible pandemic
B) using a low dose antibiotic compared to a
heavy dose is highly recommended for farmers
C) human beings should test the efficacy of
using antibiotics on other animals before using
them on poultry
D) increased antibiotic resistance in human
beings is due to the consumption of animal
products with antibiotic content
E) antibiotic resistance in poultry animals has led
scientists to find alternative solutions to fight off
these bacteria

22. According to the passage, ----.

A) the spread of bacterial infections in poultry

may not be avoided by improving physical
conditions
B) the weight of the poultry mainly depends
upon the environment they are brought up in
C) strict regulations in Denmark are employed
to minimize the effects of antibiotic use on both
poultry and people
D) the maturation period of poultry in Denmark
is determined by the size of the animal
E) the productivity of poultry can best be
analyzed through the amount of the antibiotic
used on the animal

23. It is stated in the passage that antibiotics ----.

A) are crucial as they change the genetic

mutations of poultry
B) form the basis for microbial resistance of
genes in animals
C) are effective in restricting resistant strains of
bacteria in poultry
D) are employed to prevent a possible disease
spread from farm animals to human beings
E) may produce drug resistant bacteria,
irrespective of how carefully they are used

37
While playing computer games is sometimes seen as 29. VI
a solitary pursuit, a study at Brigham Young University A) that
shows that it actually (I) ---- social connections. B) whichever
Studying the effect of multiplayer online games on C) what
marriages, researchers found that in the 76% of the D) how
cases where the couple played together, games actually E) whose
aided the relationship. (II) ----, couples that gamed
together stayed together. Games may have other 30. VII
effects on us too. The famous psychologist, Philip A) for
Zimbardo, recently (III) ---- on the subject. In his 1971 B) about
Stanford Prison Experiment, (IV) ---- volunteers were C) with
randomly assigned the roles of prisoner or guard, he D) in
showed that human behaviour is heavily influenced E) on
by environmental and social pressures. More recently,
Zimbardo even suggested that exposing children (V) 31. The authors attitude towards computer games
---- morally ambiguous situations in games could is ----.
be useful in helping them develop their own moral A) satirizing
compass. One possibility is to explore virtual worlds B) disrespectful
through computer games that could enable people to C) favouring
experience and understand concepts that they would D) pessimistic
otherwise find difficult to imagine. Games about society, E) tolerant
populated by real people and open to all, could help test
(VI) ---- different cultural backgrounds could be brought 32. It is stated in the passage that computer games ----.
together (VII) ---- peace.
A) enhance the feeling of loneliness if they involve
24. I more than one player all the time
A) enhances B) provide opportunities for people to meet
B) donates unaccustomed ideas and worlds
C) fills C) lead to role conflicts among those who come
D) corrupts from different cultural backgrounds
E) deteriorates D) contributes little to strengthening the
relationships of married couples
25. II E) may include harmful features that trigger
A) As though aggressive behaviour among children
B) Thereby
C) Lest 33. According to the passage, Zimbardo believes that ----.
D) In other words
E) On the other hand A) computer games may actually help young
people make more conscious decisions on moral
26. III issues
A) carried out B) his experiment refutes the findings of the study
B) coped with conducted at Brigham Young University
C) gave out C) having children face ambiguous situations
D) spoke out in computer games can cause psychological
E) looked down problems
D) computer games populated by real people may
27. IV not present the actual state of a society
A) that E) environmental pressures are greater on those
B) whether who play computer games
C) whom
D) which 34. One can infer from the passage that ----.
E) in which
A) computer games are destructive to the
28. V relationships of younger people
A) of B) the risks associated with playing computer
B) for games outweigh the benefits
C) to C) we have reached the limits of what can be
D) by achieved with computer games
E) at D) computer games are capable of bringing in
several unexpected benefits
E) social pressures force people to avoid playing
computer games
38
Since 1993, China (I) ---- in more than fifty
oil and gas projects in some thirty nations.
(II) ----, China has focused on acquisitions
and partnership sin Sudan and Iran. In Sudan
alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion
developing oil fields. In the meantime, China
has also begun to use its military to protect
its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops
disguised (III) ---- oil workers patrol Chinese oil
infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years,
China has strengthened its military (IV) ---- in
the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China
Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed.
Perhaps most significant in the short term is
Chinas relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia
and Iraq clearly within the American sphere
of influence, China has been steadily courting
Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of
Iranian oil. (V) ---- oil, China has supplied Iran not
only with conventional weapons but also with
technology and materials that can be used for the
manufacturing of nuclear weapons.
35. I C) a number of economic issues that China faces in
A) had invested
B) has invested
C) invests
D) invested
E) was investing
40. It is claimed in the passage that the Chinese oil
workers in Sudan ----.
A) have increased steadily because China has
acquired many oil and gas fields in this country
B) are, in fact, military personnel in disguise,
employed to protect the Chinese oil investments in
this country
C) have been employed in over fifty oil and gas
projects, for which China has already spent billions
of dollars
D) have been extremely efficient and built the
extensive oil infrastructure that this country has
E) mostly prefer to work for the companies that
China has set up in this country for partnership in
oil and gas projects
41. One learns from the passage that there are ----.
A) many Chinese workers already employed in
nearly thirty nations
B) several Chinese companies involved in oil
projects in the South China Sea
the South China Sea
D) many oil fields in Iran that have been developed
by China
E) areas in the South China Sea which are rich in oil
and gas

36. II 42. One understands from the passage that, just as

A) Unfortunately the United States maintains its dominant position in
B) In desperation Saudi Arabia and Iraq, so China ----.
C) Most likely
D) To the contrary A) has made efforts to develop its partnership with
E) In particular Iranian oil companies
B) is resolved to increase its military presence in
37. III some thirty countries
A) for C) has sought to establish closer economic relations
B) as with Iran
C) at D) has decided to invest heavily in Irans various oil
D) of and gas projects
E) in E) tries hard to persuade Iran to become an ally in
the region
38. IV
A) revolution 43. It is clear from the passage that Irans nuclear
B) necessity technology ----.
C) presence
D) emergency A) has been aided by China through its logistical
E) setback support
B) is not so advanced and efficient as that of China
39. V C) has been strongly criticized by the United States
A) In excess of D) has been financed through its oil exports to a
B) According to number of countries
C) As a means of E) can develop fully even though China is not willing
D) In return for to cooperate
E) On behalf of

39
Charlie Chaplin, who was born in Britain but spent 49. VI
most of his life in the United States, is one of A) cut out
the (I) ---- figures in film history. He is especially B) took place
remembered (II) ---- his work in the silent movies. C) stood for
Chaplin knew that a successful scene was not D) backed up
simply about the starring actor, (III) ---- about E) turned out
everything else. The only way to achieve that
unity was to get personally involved in every 50.As is pointed out in the passage the success of
stage of the film; from starring in his films to Chaplins films was largely due to ----.
producing, directing, editing them, and even (IV)
---- composing the music for them. It was not A) his own remarkable acting abilities
uncommon for him to decide half-way through B) the control he exercised on every aspect of a
a film that an actor wasnt suitable for a certain film
role, and (V) ---- with someone new. This constant C) the detailed scripts prepared for each film
attention to detail ran many features overtime and D) the professional skills of the studios that made
over-budget, but the public reaction assured him them
and the studios that what he was doing worked. E) the fact that Chaplin liked to improvise new
Chaplin typically improvised his story in front scenes in front of the cameras
of the camera with only a basic framework of a
script. But on consideration, his art (VI) ---- to 51. The passage makes it quite clear that Charlie
be firmly rooted, and could be seen, for example, Chaplin ----.
to draw much of its strength from his successful
fusion of English and American cultures and A) began his career as an actor but soon turned to
traditions. directing films instead
B) much preferred America and American culture
44. I to Britain and British culture
A) embarrassing C) is a major figure in the history of film-making
B) pivotal D) was eager to please those he worked with
C) exhaustive E) appealed more to American audiences than to
D) countless British ones
E) notorious
52. It is clear from the passage that the film studios
45. II ----.
A) at
B) by A) were taken in by Chaplins charm and let him
C) for have his own way all the time
D) of B) played a leading role in the making of Chaplins
E) as films
C) liked to work with Chaplin because he never
46. III interfered with what they were doing
A) as D) had to work on a very tight budget
B) so E) were content to work with Chaplin as they felt
C) nor success was guaranteed
D) if
E) but 53. The passage as a whole explains ----.

47. IV A) why Charlie Chaplin was so successful in the

A) to film industry
B) by B) the background factors contributing to Charlie
C) from Chaplins success
D) through C) how Charlie Chaplin contributed to the
E) of development of the film industry
D) the differences between the film industry then
48. V and now
A) move off E) what goes into the making of a star
B) start over
C) pass away
D) step down
E) send for

40
Several EU member states (I) ---- long-standing 60. According to the passage, the EUs relations with
political and economic links with Latin America. In Latin America ----.
fact, it was in the 1960s and 1970s (II) ---- the EU A) have developed so fast that a number of issues
first began expanding its ties to the region (III) ---- a concerning the two regions can now be much easily
series of diplomatic initiatives and agreements aimed resolved
at promoting democracy, addressing development B) reached their most productive and mutually
issues, and boosting trade and investment. Moreover, satisfactory stage before Spain and Portugal became
the EU actively (IV) ---- peace in the troubled Central EU members
American region in the 1980s. In the meantime, the (V) C) have followed a pattern of increasing cooperation
---- in 1986 of Spain and Portugal to the EU further between the two regions since the 1960s and 1970s
strengthened region-to region ties. EU engagement in D) could develop fruitfully only after Spain and
Latin America increased during the 1990s as a formal Portugal joined the EU and began to establish links
political dialogue was put in place to advance issues with various Latin American countries
of common interest, including how the EU and Latin E) have caused much concern to other nations
America together can act in concert (VI) ---- other and international organizations which had already
nations and international organizations to address global established profitable trade links with Latin America
issues and challenges.
61. It is clearly emphasized in the passage that one of
54. I the EUs primary aims in establishing ties with Latin
A) extinguish America was to ----.
B) draw A) encourage Latin American investors to play a major
C) enjoy role in the European economy
D) drive B) promote peace and security throughout the region
E) assert C) have the support of the Latin American countries in
dealing with other nations
55. II D) contribute to the development of democracy in the
A) that region
B) whether E) expand its diplomatic activities in each country of
C) what the region
D) if
E) wherever 62. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that
----.
56. III A) the EU plays a constructive part in the development
A) about of trade between Latin America and other countries in
B) of the world
C) to B) the Latin American countries would face serious
D) from difficulties in their relations with other nations if they
E) through did not cooperate with the EU
C) a formal political dialogue between the EU and
57. IV Latin America would in fact have been developed well
A) hanged around before the EU membership of Spain and Portugal
B) made off D) the growth of trade between the EU states and the
C) worked for Latin American countries reached a record level in the
D) wore out 1980s
E) settle into E) the political and economic ties between Latin
America and a number of EU member states have a
58. V long historical past
A) admiration
B) thrust 63. In the passage, the author describes ----.
C) occupation A) how the relations between the EU and Latin
D) migration America have developed over several decades
E) accession B) why the Latin American countries needed the
support of the EU in order to solve their regional
59. VI problems
A) to C) to what extent the Latin American economy was
B) at improved through EU investments
C) for D) in what ways the EU member states benefited from
D) by their political and economic links with Latin America
E) with E) the global issues and challenges that immediately
concerned the EU states and the Latin American
countries

41
Satellite images of the upper Amazon Basin 69. VI
in Brazil taken since 1999 (I) ---- hundreds of A) less
circles, squares, and other geometric shapes B) a lot
once hidden by the Amazon rain forests. They C) so
hint at a previously unknown ancient society D) whether
that flourished in the Amazon. Now researchers E) than
estimate that nearly ten times as many such
structures, of unknown purpose, (II) ---- 70. According to the passage, the new discovery
undetected under the Amazon forest cover. The ----.
discovery adds to evidence that the hinterlands of
the Amazon once teemed with complex societies, A) has strengthened the already known facts
which were largely (III) ---- by diseases brought about the upper Amazon Basin
to South America by European colonists in the B) is too poor to become an evidence for the
15th and16th centuries. Since these vanished ancient Amazon society
societies had gone unrecorded, earlier research C) has proved that the satellite pictures were
had suggested that soils in the upper Amazon misleading
were (IV) ---- poor to support the extensive D) has falsified the previous assumptions about
agriculture needed for (V) ---- large, permanent the land
settlements. The researchers say We found that E) indicates the fact that the upper Amazon Basin
this view is wrong, and there is (VI) ---- more to was made of geometric shapes
discover in these places.
71. From the passage, we can infer that ----.
64. I
A) will reveal A) pictures taken by satellites can provide
B) have revealed scientists with valuable new data
C) had revealed B) there is no longer any reason to further
D) would have revealed investigate the upper Amazon Basin
E) were revealing C) the ancient Amazon people lived in extreme
isolation from the outer world
65. II D) researchers can learn a lot from the written
A) may exist historical data relating to the region
B) would exist E) the geometric shapes should not be taken too
C) existed seriously
D) will exist
E) might have existed 72. It is clearly understood from the passage that
the ancient Amazon people ----.
66. III
A) built up A) killed large numbers of would-be colonists
B) cared for B) had no resistance to new diseases
C) opened up C) hid themselves in the Amazon rain forest
D) broken into D) led a very simple life and lived as separate
E) wiped out tribes
E) are the ancestors of the present-day
67. IV inhabitants of the region
A) enough
B) even 73. As can be understood from the passage, the
C) too researchers now tend to think that ----.
D) much
E) very A) they have revealed almost everything about the
region
68. V B) the natives had no idea about agriculture
A) so C) the colonists helped the natives become
B) how civilized
C) only D) the geometric shapes reveal something about
D) such the new industrial areas
E) that E) the land might have once been inhabited
densely

42
The Agta Negritos of the Philippines, a present-
day tribal people, are an example of a culture 80. VII
(I) ---- women and men share all subsistence A) above all
activities. Most interestingly, the Agta Negritos B) by no means
women hunt large game with bows, arrows, C) by far
and hunting dogs. The women are prevented (II) D) at least
---- hunting only during late pregnancy and the E) on the whole
first few months after giving birth. Teenagers
and women (III) ---- older children are the most 81. We can infer from the passage that among the
frequent hunters. The women space their children Agta people, ----.
to (IV) ---- maximum mobility. They keep their
birth rate (V) ---- through the use of herbal A) gender roles are unlike those in the West
contraceptives. By studying these ethnographic B) women cannot compete in hunting with men
examples and by questioning the assumptions C) womens status is superior to mens
that (VI) ---- about female and male roles in D) women do not hunt after giving birth
prehistory, anthropologists have concluded E) male and female roles are completely separated
that Western societys traditionally low view of
womens status is (VII) ---- universal. 82. The passage indicates that ----.

74. I A) in the Agta tribes there is nothing more

A) whose important than having children
B) what B) the Agta teenagers are brought up with
C) when Western values
D) whether C) the Agta tribes keep to the prehistoric male and
E) since female roles
D) the Agta people are aware of birth control
75. II E) the Agta women have learned how to use
A) by modern hunting tools
B) at
C) from 83. It is understood from the passage that ----.
D) about
E) without A) when a woman has advanced pregnancy, she
has to give up her hunting activities
76. III B) the mothers are in control of the activities of
A) for their children
B) on C) women who give birth are expected to devote
C) through themselves to their children
D) with D) children can go hunting with their mothers even
E) between when they are babies
E) anthropologists are very concerned about the
77. IV Agta mens treatment of their women
A) count upon
B) allow for 84. According to the passage, ----.
C) keep away
D) end up A) there is a great similarity between the Western
E) find out and Agta perceptions of womens social status
B) the hunting skill is the basic criterion that
78. V distinguishes men from women
A) down C) hunting tools can be interpreted as symbols of
B) out male power
C) off D) ethnographers assumptions on prehistoric
D) for gender roles are correct
E) among E) the Western gender concept conflicts with the
Agta peoples view about male and female roles
79. VI
A) would have been made
B) were making
C) made
D) make
E) have been made

43
When prehistoric man returned home from a 90. VI
hunt, he was almost certainly asked the question A) when
we would like to ask today: What happened? B) after
Quite possibly, he (I) ---- in a factual manner, C) though
providing a short report of the land covered, the D) once
number of animals spotted, and the results. His E) for
face-to-face communication was limited only to
those (II) ---- the sight and sound of the speaker. 91. According to the passage, the simplest form of
Either because of this or because he thought mass communication is ----.
his communication (III) ---- in more permanent
form, the caveman eventually began to draw his A) the spoken messages given by the speaker
message, the report of his latest adventurous B) a visual sign taking place on a permanent
hunt, (IV) ---- the wall of the cave. This (V) ---- a surface
whole range of possibilities: The wall was there C) the reports of a hunter who came back from the
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. hunt
The caveman could go about his other business, D) the face-to-face interaction of a caveman with
whatever that may have been, and still know that his close friends
his message was being communicated, (VI) ---- E) the prompt responses of the audience to the
the audience was communicating not with the drawings on the wall
caveman himself, but with the wall. This was the
beginning of mass communication impersonal 92. It is indicated in the passage that as a result of
communication with a diverse audience that has the cavemans drawings on the walls ----.
a limited opportunity to respond and much was
gained from it. A) personal relations with other people could be
stronger
85. I B) the cavemen could forget all about his other
A) yielded business
B) replied C) others could get his messages even when he
C) reflected was not there
D) gathered D) the idea of competition came into being
E) smuggled E) spoken interaction gradually lost its importance

86. II 93. We understand from the passage that mass

A) out of communication during prehistoric times ----.
B) to
C) away A) required the presence of at least two people
D) on sharing the same space and time
E) within B) did not necessarily require a personal
relationship between the speaker and his
87. III audience
A) recorded C) meant short reports of ones daily life
B) would have been recorded experiences
C) had been recorded D) provided vast opportunities to other people to
D) would record write back about their opinions
E) should be recorded E) caused people to be more inquisitive than
before
88. IV
A) above 94. According to the passage, the caveman drew his
B) towards messages on the cave walls, because ----.
C) on
D) of A) he wanted his messages to stay there for a
E) under long time
B) he was tired of telling his hunting stories to
89. V everyone
A) caught on C) an impersonal form of communication did not
B) carried out suit his needs
C) sent off D) giving messages through drawing was easier
D) opened up than speaking
E) came up E) it was an enjoyable way of passing the time

44
For the present, NASA appears to be (I) ---- to
maintaining its human spaceflight program,
(II) ---- the cost. However, in the next decade,
it may discover that it does not need human
characters to tell compelling stories. (III) ----
gazing at posters of astronauts, children are now
playing with toy models of Mars rovers. The next
generation of space adventurers is (IV) ---- with
the knowledge that one can visit another planet
(V) ---- boarding a spacecraft. Decades from now,
when those children are grown-ups, some of
them will lead the next great explorations of the
solar system. Sitting in quiet control rooms, they
will send instructions to far-away probes already
launched and make the final adjustment that
points us towards the stars.
100. One can understand from the passage that
----.
A) the future will witness radical advances in the
techniques of space exploration
B) NASAs expensive investments in human
spaceflight programs will pay back in the future
C) children of the next generation will enjoy a
variety of developed space games
D) NASA has finally succeeded in making man a
redundant component of spaceflight programs
E) todays children are getting less interested in
space programs
101. The writer of the passage predicts that for the
next generation ----.

95. I A) there will be great obstacles to space

A) committed exploration
B) enthusiastic B) space exploration will be just part of popular
C) eager fiction
D) referred C) exploring other planets will no longer be a
E) devious maintained practice
D) what seems to be part of fiction today will
96. II become part of reality
A) whats more E) telling stories about space travel will be even
B) whatever more compelling
C) what if
D) whatsoever 102. From the passage, one can expect that the
E) what future technology of space exploration will ----.

97. III A) have no need for earth-control centers

A) Rather B) bring an end to NASAs mission
B) As well C) eliminate the risks put on the lives of
C) Instead of astronauts
D) In addition D) add exciting details to the toy models children
E) More play with
E) save human beings from extinction
98. IV
A) making do 103. In general, the passage implies that ----.
B) relying on
C) putting up A) human intelligence will make many of the
D) holding on technological dreams come true
E) growing up B) physical presence of man in spacecraft will be
indispensable
99. V C) unmanned spacecraft can be comparatively
A) with more cost-effective
B) to D) a human operator on earth can mislead
C) about unmanned spacecrafts
D) without E) astronauts are no longer celebrated by todays
E) for children

45
The Stone Age is, in fact, (I) ---- various stages. 109. VI
Dominating the period is the Palaeolithic Age, which A) where
most anthropologists would extend (II) ---- roughly B) in which
11, 000 B.C. Within the Stone Age in general, however, C) wherein
scholars also speak of an Upper Palaeolithic Era, D) whereby
beginning around 40, 000 B.C. They draw attention to E) which
some significant changes in human behaviour around
this date, including the appearance of sophisticated 110. It is stressed in the passage that, during the
cave paintings, and evidence of religious ideas. Upper Palaeolithic Era, ----.
Humans also began producing the most effective, A) there were no settled human communities but
finely crafted tools such as fishhooks, arrowheads, groups of wandering hunter-gatherers
and sewing needles made from organic materials, B) humans practised different forms of art but
such as wood or animal bone. (III) ----, despite these preferred to specialize in cave painting
important developments, the basic (IV) ---- of human C) hunter-gatherers had plenty of food whereby
life changed little during this era. Virtually all human they were able to feed themselves easily
societies before 11, 000 B.C. consisted of small D) bands of hunter-gatherers produced different
bands of hunter-gatherers that moved incessantly kinds of tools whereby the development of culture
(V) ---- food. Because they could not stay in any one can be traced
location for long, these groups left no continuous E) there appeared new and most developed
archaeological record (VI) ---- we might trace the cultures, which have been brought to light through
development of their culture. Our knowledge of them archaeological excavations
is, therefore, very limited.
111. According to the passage, the Stone Age ----.
104. I A) was, according to archaeologists, the most
A) separated from sophisticated and developed period of early
B) dwelt on human history
C) dedicated to B) and the cultures of the period have been fully
D) divided into revealed by archaeologists
E) contributed to C) is generally known as the Upper Palaeolithic
Era, during which man learned how to produce
105. II food
A) about D) is not one continuous period but consists of
B) up to different eras
C) approximately E) is generally dated to 11,000 B.C. and has
D) some always been a serious academic concern among
E) down to anthropologists

106. III 112. It is suggested in the passage that humans ----.

A) Yet A) in the Stone Age were very skilled and far
B) Because advanced in making tools for their farming needs
C) For B) seem to have first developed their religious
D) Therefore ideas during the Upper Palaeolithic Era
E) Moreover C) in the Upper Palaeolithic Era knew how to
defend themselves when they were attacked by
107. IV hunter-gatherers
A) jeopardy D) in the Palaeolithic Age were skilled not only in
B) intelligence hunting but also in different kinds of cloth-making
C) patterns E) in the Stone Age had no notion of religion and,
D) support therefore, did not know how to worship
E) value
113. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the
108. V Upper Palaeolithic Era beginning around 40, 000
A) irrespective of B.C., ----.
B) ahead of A) most human societies worshipped various gods
C) in search of B) cave painting became very popular among
D) in exchange for hunter-gatherers
E) in favour of C) fully organized human societies began to
appear
D) human beings ceased to be hunter-gatherers
E) man entered a new period of important
developments

46
From birth to age 10, our developmental focus is 119. We understand from the passage that the early
on learning (I) ---- to be human beings - learning stages of any kind of learning for children ----.
to move, to communicate, to master basic skills.
These often require the mastery of learned social A) should centre around games and play
and cultural conventions, traditions, and rituals, (II) B) are identical in every culture
---- movements associated with various games, C) should not be allowed to develop naturally
differences in spoken or written languages, and D) tend to be uncoordinated and require a lot of
our cultures definition of good manners. The time
(III) ---- development is slow and awkward, but E) need no adult supervision
children generally function at a rapid automatic
level by age 10. Adults usually allow young children 120. It is clear from the passage that the mistakes of
to make mistakes. We smile indulgently and offer little children ----.
support (IV) ---- criticism as toddlers trip and as
2-year-olds make language errors. We are there A) deserve to be criticized
principally to protect their safety and to applaud B) need to be corrected right away by adults
their successes (V) ---- we realize that toddling C) are regarded tolerantly by grownups
leads to walking and running, and babbling leads to D) can be disregarded by grown-ups until the age of 10
speaking, reading and writing. E) usually relate in some way to their social and
cultural environment
114. I
121. We understand from the passage that our early
A) what childhood, up to age 10, is ----.
B) which
C) how A) a period of unnecessary adult interference
D) that B) a process of acquiring the basic skills of being a
E) just human being
C) a period of physical activity, not mental
115. II D) not affected by the social codes of behavior
E) the dullest and most unproductive period of our
A) in case of lives
B) for sure
C) such as 122. One point made in the passage is that adults
D) then ----.
E) so that
A) are always over-protective of a childs safety
116. III B) do not need to encourage children to master
traditions and rituals
A) gradual C) rarely take the trouble to teach their children
B) initial good manners
C) significant D) should devote more time to helping their
D) abnormal children read and write
E) latest E) usually overlook childrens errors and
concentrate on giving the encouragement
117. IV

A) rather than
B) as
C) just as
D) only
E) nor

118. V

A) not only
B) at least
C) besides
D) even though
E) because

47
Leonardos importance as a painter may be 128. It is clear from the passage that, though
summarized by saying that he was the first Leonardo sometimes chose subjects from classical
master of the high Renaissance style, and sources, ----.
of all his scientific researches that which he
most fully (I) ---- to this end was his study of A) This is because he wanted to conform to current
light and shade. Many changes came about in interests
Italian painting around the turn of the 15th- B) he gave them his own special individual touch
16th century, (II) ---- he more than anyone else C) they were mostly confined to his drawings
was responsible. As regards subject matter D) these are not among his best paintings
and composition, painting became less realistic E) this was usually because of his patrons
and more classical but as regards treatment it archaeological interests
became more naturalistic and closer to life, which
was partly the result of increased knowledge of 129. According to the passage, a major contribution
anatomy and an interest in light and shade. In Leonardo made to the art of painting in the
his rare excursions into classical subjects, such Renaissance was ----.
as the Leda, Leonardos approach is intensely
personal. Indeed, drawings by Leonardo which A) his concern with the interaction of light and
seem to derive (III) ---- antique art are (IV) ---- shade
rare and there is no evidence of his interest in the B) the archaeological setting of the backgrounds of
celebrated collections of Lorenzo the Magnificent his paintings
or Pope Leo X, (V) ---- he was living in close C) the blend of Christian and pagan motifs and
contact with both of these. This trend is not belied themes
by the Last Supper even though it epitomizes the D) the inclusion of more realistic accessory detail in
spirit of classical art. the composition
E) the introduction of a more intellectual and
123. I historical approach
A) framed
B) abstract 130. The passage makes the point that, though there
C) notable was a tendency among Renaissance painters to
D) contemporary favour classical subjects, ----.
E) devoted
A) their drawings show that they had a sound
124. II knowledge of anatomy
A) which B) Leonardo himself was never concerned with
B) for which them
C) where C) patrons of the arts, like Lorenzo the Magnificent,
D) that were opposed to this trend
E) whose D) the depictions of scenes from daily life were far
more popular
125. III E) their treatment of these classical subjects
A) at became far more natural and true to life
B) for
C) by 131. As we understand from the passage, even
D) to though Leonardo was a major representative of
E) from Renaissance art, ----.

126. IV A) in his own day he received little recognition

A) solely except from Lorenzo the Magnificent and Pope Leo
B) directly X
C) ultimately B) it is for his
D) excessively C) he was nevertheless different from his
E) partly contemporaries in a variety of ways
D) his main interest was actually in the study of
127. V anatomy
A) only if E) he contributed very little to the changes that
B) since were taking place in his time
C) even though
D) when
E) unless

48
We have all heard people from other countries
described (I) ---- very general terms. For instance,
it has been said that Germans work hard and
Americans are friendly. Such generalizations or
(II) ---- are very crude, and common sense tells
us that not all Germans work hard and not all
Americans are friendly. At the same time, there
appears to be some truth in these generalizations
since people from different countries (III) ----
different characteristics. What these crude
statements acknowledge, however, is that people
from different countries have (IV) ---- cultures
and social customs. A societys culture includes its
customs, values, beliefs, ideas and the artefacts
it produces. Attitudes (V) ---- such things as
work, leisure, wealth, the role of women, and
the value of education in one societys culture
might be significantly different from the attitudes
and values found in another societys culture.
This is also the case regarding attitudes found
in different countries towards politics and the
political system.
132. I C) it is important for us to have a friendly attitude
A) with
B) in
C) of
D) on
E) by
137. It is stressed in the passage that each country
----.
A) attaches much importance to its own social
customs and educational system
B) has developed a political system which may
differ from its social and cultural values
C) can be identified through its peoples attitudes
towards other countries and peoples
D) has its own special characteristics and, hence,
is culturally and politically unlike the others
E) shares with other countries a wide variety of
values and attitudes
138. In the passage, the writer points out that while
on the one hand, describing other countries or
peoples in general terms may be misleading, on the
other, ----.
A) generalizations of this kind may be true to
some extent
B) one must make an effort to appreciate and
understand their culture
towards them
D) we must do our best to ignore the differences
among them
E) such generalizations are useful especially in
understanding the value of education

133. II 139. The writer suggests that political attitudes ----

A) extremities
B) states A) in a country are fundamentally influenced by
C) errors education
D) stereotypes B) vary greatly from country to country
E) commands C) in a society have nothing to do with its cultural
values
134. III D) towards women in society must be constructive
A) disrupt E) in a country cannot be differentiated from the
B) handle attitudes towards work and leisure
C) summon
D) share 140. The writer states that the customs, values, and
E) distinguish beliefs of a society ----.

135. IV A) may have some impact on its educational

A) distinctive system
B) tentative B) are a poor guide to the nature of that society
C) literate C) should be excluded from its political system
D) satisfactory D) must always uphold the role of women in that
E) ancient society
E) are among the elements that make up its
136. V culture
A) by
B) towards
C) over
D) at
E) in

49
Mount Vesuvius in southern Italy is actually 146. We see from the passage that although Mount
a volcano inside the exploded skeleton of an Vesuvius is a very dangerous volcano ----.
older volcano. Looked (I) ---- from above, the
remaining ridge of a much larger volcano can be A) it is safe to live nearby because of the
seen on the north side. This older volcano had monitoring devices that warn of the volcanos
probably erupted violently long before human activity
settlement. Southern Italy is unstable ground. B) many people still live nearby
The African continental plate, (II) ---- most C) it is more dangerous than the older volcano that
of the Mediterranean Sea rests, is actually used to be in its place
diving beneath the European plate. That kind of D) it does not result from an underground collision
underground collision produces molten rock, or of continental plates
magma, rich in volatile gases such as sulphur E) its eruption would never result in peoples
dioxide. Under pressure underground, these deaths
gases stay dissolved. But when the magma
rises to the surface, the gases are released. 147. We can understand from the passage that the
Accordingly, when volcanoes like Vesuvius erupt, pushing of the African continental plate beneath the
they tend to erupt explosively. To this day, in European continental plate ----.
fact, Vesuvius remains one of the worlds most
dangerous volcanoes; (III) ---- 3.5 million Italians A) does not create magma containing sulphur
live in its shadow. Although monitoring devices dioxide and other unstable gases
are in place to warn of the volcanos activity, if B) is the result of volcanic activity such as we see
there were a major eruption with little (IV) ----, in Southern Italy
there could be a (V) ---- loss of life. C) makes Southern Italy a region prone to volcanic
eruptions
141. I D) has made Northern Africa a hot spot for
A) to volcanic activity
B) for E) means that the Mediterranean Sea is slowly
C) at widening
D) out
E) up 148. We understand from the passage that Mount
Vesuviuss eruptions are usually very explosive
142. II because of ----.
A) under which
B) which A) the exploded skeleton of an older volcano
C) whichever within which it is located
D) on which B) the strong skeletal structure of the volcano
E) that C) its proximity to a large body of water
D) the unstable gases released when the volcanos
143. III magma reaches the surface of the Earth
A) some E) the monitoring devices placed near the volcano
B) rather
C) half 149. It is clear from the passage that ----.
D) even
E) such A) Mount Vesuvius is a dying volcano which will
someday cease to erupt
144. IV B) the Mediterranean Sea is part of the European
A) warning continental plate
B) rise C) the European continental plate will one day
C) evacuation completely cover the African one
D) instability D) 3.5 million Italians lost their lives in Vesuviuss
E) dormancy last eruption
E) there was once a much larger volcano where
145. V Mount Vesuvius is today
A) complete
B) tremendous
C) temporary
D) flat
E) slight

50
Several years ago, biochemists studying marine 155. VI
ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge
(I) ---- in the middle of a coral reef that was A) send for
dying from bacterial infection. The researchers B) suffer from
identified a substance made by the sponge in C) bring about
order to defend itself from harmful microbes. D) break out
They realized that it was a natural antibacterial E) fight off
molecule called ageliferin. This molecule can
(II) ---- the formation of a protective biofilm 156. It can be understood from the passage that
coating that bacteria use to (III) ---- themselves bacteria that cause infections ----.
from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now
the same researchers are using this natural A) protect themselves from threats using a biofilm
compound to create innovative ways to fight coating
drug resistant bacteria. They have recently (IV) B) preserve their biofilm coating with the help of
---- the structure of ageliferin to make it more ageliferin
potent and formulated to help conventional C) break down the formation of protective biofilms
medications combat otherwise drug-resistant of other bacteria
bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly- D) defend certain sponge types against harmful
developed chemical does not stop bacteria (V) microbes
---- proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to E) have a naturally occurring molecule called
work again. The researchers hope eventually to ageliferin
incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug
within commercial antibiotic products, allowing 157. It is clear from the passage that ageliferin is a
them to (VI) ---- formerly drug-resistant strains substance ----.
of diseases.
A) easily broken down by harmful bacteria
150. I B) produced by a sponge found in coral reefs
A) absorbing C) used in order to study bacterial infection
B) soaking D) helping bacteria to form a protective shield
C) squeezing around them
D) taming E) usually abundant in dying coral reefs
E) thriving
158. According to the passage, scientists are using
151. II ageliferin ----.
A) contain in
B) break down A) although they wanted to discard conventional
C) take up medications
D) attach to B) so that the natural compound can be used to
E) cut out for save dying sponge species
C) in case they altered the structure of the
152. III compound
A) renew D) to develop new methods to fight drug-resistant
B) shield bacteria
C) issue E) as if it were more potent in combating
D) construct otherwise drug-resistant bacteria
E) lift
159. One can understand from the passage that the
153. IV newly-developed compound ----.
A) modified
B) lacked A) helps ageliferin to proliferate in sponge colonies
C) administer in coral reefs
D) internalize B) can easily be used to alter biofilms like
E) created ageliferin
C) is currently used in most commercial antibiotic
154. V products
A) to D) is ruled out to be an effective way of fighting
B) on drug-resistant strains of diseases
C) from E) does not help to stop bacteria from increasing
D) by in number
E) as

51
The US Supreme Court is not a radical institution, 165. VI
(I) ---- is it likely to become one as a result of A) Through
any particular presidential election. The risks B) About
for the judiciary in presidential elections are C) Towards
a lot lower than many people imagine. This is D) Without
not because there are no significant ideological E) Throughout
or methodological differences among judges.
Differences do exist, and they display party
affiliation to some extent. And they matter; not 166. It is pointed out in the passage that though there
just on public issues such as abortion rights and are differences of opinion within the judiciary, ----.
racial discrimination (II) ---- in those procedures
that actually guide the way lower courts (III) A) they play only a very small role in their
---- a large variety of legal cases. That said, the deliberations
courts have pretty strong institutional defences B) they are far fewer than they used to be
(IV) ---- radicalism of any kind. For one thing, the C) these in no way concern party politics
judiciarys power is spread among more than 800 D) it is almost impossible to avoid radicalism
federal judges, no one of (V) ---- views matter E) this only becomes apparent at election times
all that much in the broad scheme of things.
Even on the Supreme Court the idiosyncrasies or 167. According to the passage, the Supreme Court
ideological extremism of any one judge can have of the US ----.
only a limited effect. (VI) ---- four likeminded
judges, his or her views are just noise. A) is feared by the lower courts
B) is a breeding ground for radicalism
160. I C) is cut off from the lower courts of justice
A) nor D) avoids, as far as possible, public issues like
B) so abortion
C) as E) can only be slightly affected by a presidential
D) but election
E) for
168. According to the passage, all rulings of the
161. II Supreme Court ----.
A) so as
B) both A) are reconsidered after an election
C) such B) can be influenced by the federal judges
D) but also C) must have had the support of at least five
E) as to judges
D) aim at preventing ideological extremism
162. III E) are, to a very large extent, influenced by party
A) compel affiliation
B) remain
C) collapse 169. It is clear from the passage that the US
D) handle judiciary system ----.
E) adjourn
A) reflects the opinions of the president
163. IV B) is well-protected against any kind of extremism
A) under C) consists of the Supreme Court and the various
B) against lower courts and all act independently of each
C) over other
D) from D) takes its character, not from the Supreme
E) away Court, but from the federal courts
E) faces pressure from many quarters
164. V
A) whose
B) whom
C) that
D) where
E) which

52
(I) ---- a drug to work, it has to get to the place in 175. One important point made about drugs in the
the body where the problem lies, and (II) ---- the passage is that ----.
science of pharmacokinetics is important. Enough
of the drug has to stay at the site of action (III) A) the dosage to be recommended must be
---- the drug does its job, but not so much that considered carefully
it produces severe side effects or toxic reactions. B) the bloodstream plays a minimal role in their
Every doctor knows that selecting the right dose action
is a tricky balancing act. Many drugs get to their C) the kidneys are of vital importance for their
site of action (IV) ---- the bloodstream. How effectiveness
much time these drugs need to work and how D) the dosage a doctor recommends is always the
long their effects last, often (V) ---- how fast they standard one
get into the bloodstream, how much of them gets E) their toxic side effects can easily be controlled
into the bloodstream, how fast they leave the
bloodstream, how efficiently theyre broken down 176. It is clear from the passage that the
by the liver, and how quickly theyre eliminated by effectiveness of some drugs ----.
the kidneys and intestines.
A) seems to be related to the sex of the patient
170. I B) is not related to their passage through the
A) For bloodstream
B) At C) depends upon their metabolization
C) In D) is outside the range of pharmacokinetics
D) To E) can be increased by varying the dosage
E) By
177. According to the passage, a drug ----.
171. II
A) such A) should rarely be taken for longer than a week
B) thats why B) may undermine the efficiency of the
C) though bloodstream
D) yet C) frequently produces the desired effect only after
E) as a long period of time
D) can sometimes result in unwanted and harmful
172. III effects
A) whenever E) often has the opposite effect on a patient to the
B) until one expected
C) since
D) although 178. We learn from the passage that when a drug is
E) taken, ----.

173. IV A) its passage through the bloodstream is likely to

A) without be long and slow
B) on B) it immediately passes into the bloodstream
C) under C) toxic reaction can immediately be observed
D) through D) it passes immediately to the infected site in the
E) to body
E) its metabolization takes place in the liver
174. V
A) come across
B) turn into
C) sort out
D) call off
E) depend on

53
There have been stories in the press about mobile 185. We understand from the passage that
phones sparking explosions at petrol stations. But explosions at petrol stations ----.
(I) ---- the GSM Association, a worldwide body
for mobile phone makers, none of these reports A) are extremely rare since so many precautions
has ever been traced back to a real event. But are taken to prevent them
there is a real safety (II) ----, and its not about B) have always been accurately reported by the
radio emissions (III) ---- mobiles as you might press
have thought. (IV) ----, the GSM Association says C) have never been precisely traced to mobile
there is a theoretical risk that if a hand-held phone phones
is dropped and the battery separates from the D) are so rare that no further precautions are
phone, it (V) ---- a spark across the contacts. This considered necessary
is equally true of other battery-powered devices E) are theoretically unlikely, due to the
such as torches, Walkmans and CD players. But its introduction of serious safety measures
far more likely that mobile phones cause a hazard
at petrol stations (VI) ---- distracting their users 186. According to the passage, a mobile phone ----.
while theyre operating a petrol pump.
A) could be the cause of an explosion at a petrol
179. I station, but not on account of its radio emissions
A) contrary to B) has to bear the stamp of the GSM Association
B) according to before it goes into use
C) inasmuch as C) occasionally emits sparks that are normally
D) apart from harmless, but not on all occasions
E) on the eve of D) is less likely to cause an explosion than a CD
player or a torch is
180. II E) should be switched off on arrival at a petrol
A) record station
B) management
C) campaign 187. It is pointed out in the passage that any battery
D) concern powered device ----.
E) reply
A) is sure to emit sparks if dropped
181. III B) is potentially dangerous at a petrol station
A) from C) that is dropped will be permanently damaged
B) on D) has to be approved by the GSM Association
C) with E) can distract a persons attention and cause
D) out accidents
E) off
188. It is clear from the passage that much adverse
182. IV publicity ----.
A) Hence
B) In the mean time A) in the press concerning mobile phone users has
C) Although had far-reaching effects
D) On the whole B) has undermined the authority of the GSM
E) Instead Association
C) has reduced the popularity of all battery
183. V powered devices
A) is caused D) has been aimed at mobile phones for causing
B) might be caused explosions at petrol stations
C) could cause E) of petrol stations, on account of their lack of
D) were causing safety precautions, has appeared in the press
E) would cause

184. VI
A) for
B) by
C) as
D) to
E) in

54
(I) ----, potatoes were grown on unirrigated land, 194. According to the passage, small, badly-shaped
which often meant they were small and probably potatoes ----.
misshapen. Now, (II) ----, farmers routinely
irrigate their lands to produce products acceptable A) bring in very little money
to the fast-food industry for its French fries. B) make excellent French fries
But in Minnesota the groundwater that farmers C) are often the result of inadequate irrigation
pump for potatoes has (III) ---- to be the same D) are a poor strain of potato that is being
water that helps to sustain the Straight River, a replaced by better strains
major trout fishery. Even modest pumping for E) have led to a drop in the sale of French fries
potatoes, a federal study eventually concluded,
had the potential to reduce the rivers flow (IV) 195. It is clear from the passage that the fast-food
---- one third during the irrigation season, with industry ----.
adverse impact on the brown trout. For now, the
trout are not in danger, but that could change (V) A) is keen to help solve environmental problems
---- Minnesota were to approve applications from B) has made large, well-shaped potatoes the
farmers still eager to see potato planting and ideal
irrigation widen. C) is not in the least interested in the size of the
potatoes it buys
189. I D) plays a major role in the development of
A) Instantly irrigation systems
B) Luckily E) agreed to buy smaller potatoes when it
C) Eagerly became clear that irrigation systems were a
D) Formerly threat to the brown trout
E) Explicitly
196. We understand from the passage that the
190. II groundwater Minnesota farmers use for irrigation
A) even though purposes ----.
B) therefore
C) as A) could significantly reduce the level of the
D) however Straight River during the irrigation season
E) thus B) has reduced the numbers of fish in the Straight
River by one third
191. III C) is quickly replaced once the rainy season
A) called off commences
B) took up D) has had no obvious effect on the environment
C) blocked up E) is no longer available for irrigation purposes
D) turned out
E) based upon 197. It is implied in the passage that Minnesota
farmers ----.
192. IV
A) for A) have agreed to stop irrigating their fields
B) at B) might resist efforts to cut down on irrigation
C) of C) will change to crops that require less water
D) to than potatoes
E) by D) have done their best to save the trout fishery
of the Straight River
193. V E) have failed to give the fast-food companies the
A) when type of potato they want
B) because
C) if
D) so
E) even though

55
If engineers waited for the development of 203. The main point made in this passage is that
scientific knowledge to use and organize into ----.
technological achievements, ours (I) ---- a
very different world from what we know. In A) engineers rely on theoretical science for the
engineering, it is not so much science as it is solution of technical problems
ingenuity that is applied to solve problems and B) theoretical science and technological
(II) ---- needs and wants. If this were not so, the achievement have always gone hand-in-hand
steam engine would never have been invented C) engineering is very often a step ahead of the
in the absence of thermodynamics. The Wright pure sciences
Brothers would not have flown since they had no D) all scientists show equal ingenuity
aerodynamics textbooks. The astronauts would E) the steam engine was the greatest invention of
never have landed on the Moon nor the rovers on all time
Mars (III) ---- firm geological knowledge of their
surfaces. (IV) ---- following scientific theories and 204. As it is pointed out in the passage, it was only
discoveries, engineering leads them. Operating after the steam engine had come into being that ---
steam engines prompted the development of
thermodynamics, actual powered flight drove A) anyone could envisage traveling into space
aerodynamics, and Moon and Mars missions B) people understood what engineering could
brought back samples and sent back data that led achieve
to increased scientific knowledge (V) ---- those C) people began to value scientific theory
extra-terrestrial bodies. D) aerodynamics attracted any serious attention
E) the science of thermodynamics really began to
198. I develop
A) is
B) has been 205. We understand from the passage that the
C) would be technological achievements of engineers are ---.
D) was
E) will be A) frequently the result of inventiveness and
creativity
199. II B) based on a profound knowledge of several
A) raise scientific fields
B) satisfy C) best exemplified in the missions to Mars
C) invent D) often disappointing as they aim to achieve too
D) develop much
E) evaluate E) no longer as impressive as formerly

200. III 206. One point made in the passage is that

A) without inventions ----.
B) in
C) by A) relate more to physics than to chemistry
D) through B) are made in response to the recognition of a
E) over need
C) are almost always based on some degree of
201. IV scientific knowledge
A) In fact D) are valued more than new scientific theories
B) Rather than E) do not usually relate to our ordinary everyday
C) In order to life
D) Once
E) Irrespective of

202. V
A) for
B) to
C) as
D) in
E) about

56
Narrowly defined, fitness (I) ---- the 212. According to the passage, fitness, among other
characteristics that enable the body to things, enables ----.
perform physical activity. These characteristics
include flexibility of the joints, strength and A) an unfit person to perform various tasks in
endurance of the muscles, including the heart everyday life
muscle, and a healthy body composition. A B) the heart to perform its task regularly
broader definition of fitness is the ability to C) people to understand their body composition fully
meet routine physical demands with enough D) the body to overcome psychological stress
energy reserve to rise to a sudden (II) ----. E) a person to conserve his or her energy efficiently
This definition shows how fitness relates to
everyday life. (III) ---- tasks such as carrying 213. Each definition of fitness given in the passage ----.
heavy suitcases, opening a stuck window, or
climbing four flights of stairs, which might (IV) A) is not complete and has already aroused much
---- an unfit person, are easy for a fit person. controversy among specialists
Still another definition is the bodys ability to B) refers to various things and is therefore widely
withstand stress, meaning both physical and different from the others
psychological stress. These definitions do not C) is perfectly compatible with the others and draws
(V) ---- each other; all three describe the same attention to the same thing
wonderful condition of the body. D) offers guidelines about the development of a
healthy body composition
207. I E) underlines the ways whereby the muscles can best
A) follows up be made stronger
B) puts off
C) refers to 214. It is implied in the passage that, if one is not fit,
D) ends up one ----.
E) sets out
A) can still find it easy to climb the stairs or open a
208. II stuck window
A) challenge B) should still try to do all kinds of tasks that cause
B) compatibility physical and psychological stress
C) regulation C) must do his or her best to increase the energy
D) adaptation reserve of the body
E) withdrawal D) should only carry out ordinary tasks in everyday life
E) may find it hard to do the routine tasks of everyday
209. III life
A) Relative
B) Preliminary 215. According to the passage, a strong heart muscle --
C) Ordinary
D) Scarce A) is indispensable to get rid of physical stress
E) Outstanding B) can only be developed through hard physical
activities
210. IV C) is one of the indications of being fit
A) fight D) need not be related to physical fitness
B) refresh E) is the only indication of a healthy body composition
C) strain
D) account
E) replenish

211. V
A) throw
B) combat
C) tackle
D) justify
E) contradict

57
From the mid-fifteenth century (I) ----, most of 221. The main aim of the passage is to present ---
Europe had enjoyed steady economic growth,
and the discovery of the New World seemed the A) the excitement that was caused by the arrival
basis of greater prosperity to come. (II) ---- the of large amounts of silver from Spanish America
middle of the sixteenth century, however, the B) a picture of the steady economic growth of
situation changed. Nothing like the upward price Europe over the centuries
trend that affected Western Europe in the second C) how an increase in the food supply in Europe
half of the sixteenth century had ever happened was achieved
(III) ----. Since Europes population began to grow D) the reasons for the rapid growth in the
vastly and the food supply remained (IV) ----, food population of Europe
prices were driven sharply higher by the increased E) the basic reasons for the economic turbulence
demand. At the same time, wages (V) ---- or Europe had to face in the sixteenth century
even declined. On the other hand, the enormous
influx of silver from Spanish America into Europe, 222. It is understood from the passage that ----.
where much of it was minted into coins, caused
a dramatic increase in the volume of money in A) the political instability that Europe suffered
circulation. This, of course, fuelled the spiral of from in the mid-sixteenth century was largely
rising prices. caused by the food shortage
B) the discovery of the New World brought great
216. I welfare to Europe in the mid-sixteenth century
A) on C) Europeans were better off in the second half of
B) to the fifteenth century
C) in D) people benefited greatly from the influx of
D) of silver into Europe
E) at E) very little is known about the history of Europe
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
217. II
A) On 223. Upon reading the passage, one can say that --
B) Since
C) Over A) the discovery of the New World was generally
D) For greeted with dismay
E) By B) an increase in the volume of money in
circulation causes a rise in prices
218. III C) the worst problem a country ever has to face is
A) just a serious food shortage
B) as such D) the discovery of the New World brought more
C) after problems to Europe than benefits
D) before E) after the sixteenth century Europe was never
E) while again faced with such a spiral of rising prices

219. IV 224. One can infer from the passage that, in the
A) boastful second half of the sixteenth century, the people of
B) constant Europe realized that ----.
C) non-existent
D) descriptive A) their dreams of prosperity had no basis
E) abundant B) they could look forward to a more prosperous
future
220. V C) the New World could offer them a better life
A) ascended D) they would have to fight for higher wages
B) enhanced E) the lives of ordinary people varied very little
C) allocated from one century to the next
D) stagnated
E) reduced

58
Engineering is (I) ---- writing or painting (II) ---- it 230. The writers main aim in this passage is to ----.
is a creative endeavour that begins in the minds
eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought A) show how many different types of creativity
and action, where it does not so much find as there are
make new things. (III) ---- the poet starts with a B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of
blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank an engineers work
canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank C) compare and contrast the way poets and
computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are painters work
set down, however tentatively, there can be no D) show that literary creativity is superior to the
appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or painters creativity
test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic E) establish the fact that it is the engineers
principles may be called on to inspire, refine and scientific knowledge that makes him creative
finish a design, but creative things do not come of
applying the principles alone. Without the sketch 231. We understand from the passage that, for the
of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific engineer, scientific laws ----.
facts and laws are (IV) ---- little use to engineers.
Science may be the theatre, but engineering is the A) only have a role to play after a design has taken
action (V) ---- the stage. some sort of form
B) are only relevant in details concerning safety
225. I C) are a constant factor all through the creative
A) akin to process of design
B) such D) play an important role only when it comes to
C) as finalizing certain details
D) whether E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects
E) the same
232. It can be inferred from the passage that, once a
226. II poet has achieved the basic core of his poem, ----.
A) though
B) while A) the creative process is complete
C) in that B) he tends to lose interest in it
D) due to C) he should wait a while before transcribing it
E) whereas onto a blank sheet of paper
D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify
227. III and complete it
A) For example E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then
B) Just as remove them
C) As regards
D) When compared to 233. According to the writer of the passage, each
E) Whereas act of creativity ----.

228. IV A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry

A) in into unknown regions
B) by B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely
C) to related knowledge
D) of C) arises almost equally out of thought and
E) from inspiration and knowledge
D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity
229. V E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart
A) below in another
B) in
C) for
D) between
E) on

59
(I) ---- the older forms of occultism, such as 240. We understand from the passage that
magic and astrology, organized occultism is adherents of occultism claim that certain people
a modern phenomenon. Few of the various ----.
organized occult movements (III) ---- for more
than 150 years; some were formed as a belated A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to
counter movement to the Enlightenment, have contact with the unknown
when people began to follow rational schools B) practise magic and explain events by means of
of thought. Todays occult views are based on astrological signs
the idea that there are events within nature, C) were the pioneers of the anti-Enlightenment
(III) ---- within ones spiritual life, which seem movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth
mysterious and cannot be explained by science. centuries
Examples include extrasensory perceptions such D) can tell us what places are haunted and why
as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places E) can teach others what extrasensory
or people. Believers maintain (IV) ---- these perceptions are
phenomena (V) ---- unknown powers that can
often be accessed only by some people (VI) ---- 241. According to the passage, some of the
special abilities. organized occult movements in the past came into
being ----.
234. I
A) Unlike A) as a result of various magical and astrological
B) Still practices
C) In spite of B) since people in the past were seriously
D) As though concerned about their extrasensory perceptions
E) Whereas C) because the public was not satisfied with
scientific explanations of events in nature
235. II D) due to the assumption that many phenomena
A) were to exist in nature were related to mans spiritual life
B) have existed E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that
C) would have existed characterized the Enlightenment
D) will exist
E) having existing 242. As we learn from the passage, occult practices
in our time ----.
236. III
A) instead A) are particularly widespread among people who
B) as well as follow rational schools of thought
C) while B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of
D) lest telepathy and telekinesis
E) yet C) essentially stem from the occult movements of
the past
237. IV D) are concerned with phenomena which are
A) which thought to be scientifically inexplicable
B) what E) seem to benefit from science in explaining
C) when natural phenomena
D) who
E) that 243. It is implied in the passage that magic and
astrology ----.
238. V
A) hand over A) have failed as occult practices in explaining
B) stem from extrasensory perceptions
C) keep on B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back
D) care for into the past
E) go through C) lost their significance with the rise of
rationalism during the Enlightenment
239. VI D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the
A) on Enlightenment
B) with E) have always been used in order to communicate
C) through with unknown powers
D) for
E) while

60
(I) ---- every teenager thinks he is brighter than 249. VI
his parents, every decade considers itself superior A) such
(II) ---- the one that came before. Over the past B) nor
few months, we of the 2000 decade have made C) so
it quite clear that we are morally heads (III) D) even
---- those who lived in the 1990s. Weve done E) as
it first by establishing a reigning clich for that
period. Just as the 1960s are known for student 250. According to the passage, the decade of the
unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the 1990s was characterized by ----.
Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as
the second Gilded Age. They will be known as A) capitalism, blindness and possessions
the age (IV) ---- the real problems in the world B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate
were ignored (V) ---- the illusions of the dotcom C) indifference, immorality and selfishness
types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality
abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock E) disagreements, competition and prejudice
markets that only went up and Mercedes sport
utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders 251. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the
enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had 2000 decade ----.
capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates
couldnt be on enough business-magazine covers; A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan,
tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of Thatcher and the Yuppies
global sages, writing books with (VI) ---- weighty B) inherited a failing global economy from the
titles as The Road Ahead. previous decade
C) is far more moral than the preceding one
244. I D) still admires the values of the business leaders
A) Contrary to of the 1990s and the books they wrote
B) Just as E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and
C) Since more like previous decades
D) While
E) Similarly 252. We understand from the passage that, during
the 1990s, ----.
245. II
A) in A) there was a great deal of student unrest
B) to B) capitalism again fell into disrepute
C) as C) technological advance took the form of useful
D) for gadgets
E) at D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents
E) business tycoons received undue respect and
246. III were indeed almost idolized
A) upon
B) under 253. One point made in the passage is that ----.
C) along
D) above A) with each passing decade life gets easier and
E) among more comfortable
B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to
247. IV survive the decade
A) which C) the business magazines of this decade differ
B) what very little from those of earlier decades
C) when D) each new decade regards itself as superior to
D) whether the previous one
E) of which E) the real problems of each decade are essentially
the same
248. V
A) what if
B) unless
C) besides
D) because
E) while

61
The late Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, (I) 259. It is clear from the passage that, with the
---- being asked whether the French Revolution growing economic involvement of China and India
had been a good thing in world history, was in Africa, ----.
reported (II) ----: It is still too early to tell.
Watching the Western media analyse the recent A) the British economic and political interests in
emergence of China as a major investor in Africa the region can only be maintained through more
and likely to become a new factor to rival the investments by Britain
historical Euro-American ascendancy in African B) the Western superpowers have apparently lost
politics, one is even more justified in saying that their political influence in the region
it is too soon to tell (III) ---- the outcome of C) this continent has clearly been gaining in
the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. (IV) ---- importance
China, India is also increasingly mentioned as a D) the Euro-American collaboration in the region
new source of large-scale investments in Africa. will inevitably come to an end
For the moment, the emergence of the Asian E) regional governments have begun to introduce
superpowers, themselves once in the sphere radical measures for the improvement of the
of British imperialism, as investors and trading economy
partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity
of shaking the marginalisation into which most 260. According to the passage, it is China, more
African countries have fallen (V) ---- the collapse than India, that ----.
of the Soviet bloc in 1989.
A) has historically resisted British imperialism in
254. I order to safeguard its own interests in Africa
A) upon B) is in the fore front in Africa as a leading
B) across investor and trading partner
C) beyond C) was extremely pleased with the collapse of the
D) via Soviet bloc in 1989
E) for D) has attached much importance to the views of
the Western media
255. II E) has been most influenced in its ideology by the
A) having said French Revolution
B) to have said
C) said 261. The author points out that, historically, Africa--
D) to be said
E) saying A) has always been on good terms with China,
especially since the time of Chou-En Lai
256. III B) has always played a central role in world
A) whether politics and economic rivalry
B) that C) was completely colonized by Britain but, later,
C) those came under the Soviet political influence
D) whom D) has always been subject to the European and
E) what American political hegemony
E) has suffered a great deal from British
257. IV economic exploitation and political hegemony
A) As well
B) Rather than 262. One understands from the passage that the
C) Also author ----.
D) Both
E) Besides A) is not yet sure of the possible consequences
of Chinas economic and political ascendancy in
258. V Africa
A) until B) is much impressed by the widespread political
B) after improvement in Africa that has been ushered in
C) since by China
D) when C) displays a hostile attitude towards the Euro-
E) before American ascendancy in Africa today
D) is particularly interested in Chou-En Lais ideas
and policies with regard to Africa
E) is very biased in his assessment of the Chinese
and Indian policies concerning the future of Africa

62
A couple of months ago, NASA asked the scientific 268. From the research recommendations
community what kinds of research it should summarized in the passage, it becomes clear that --
conduct when it returns humans (I) ---- the moon.
In doing so, NASA wanted prioritized research A) there is still a lot that has to be learned about
objectives (II) ---- the robotic orbiters and landers the moon
that will be used primarily for reconnaissance B) scientists are extensively familiar with the
purposes prior to later explorations (III) structure of the moon
---- astronauts of the lunar surface. C) the exploration of the lunar surface is not so
Recommendations made by scientists varied urgent as understanding the inner structure of the
greatly, but they can be summarized. The top moon
priority that scientists have recommended is the D) the scientific community does not regard
development (IV) ---- programmes for lunar data NASAs objectives about the moon as feasible
analysis. Next is the exploration of the moons E) NASA is determined to make the moon a new
south pole, which is called the Aitken basin, an base for space exploration
impact scar mostly (V) ---- the moons back side.
Then comes an instrument network for probing 269. One understands from the passage that NASA--
the interior of the moon, and this is followed by
rock sample returns, scientifically selected landing A) and scientists have conflicting research
sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits. objectives about the moon
B) has already developed a multi-purpose
263. I research programme for the moon
A) for C) always consults the scientific community, but
B) to seldom takes its advice into consideration
C) with D) is planning to send robots to the moon before it
D) at sends astronauts
E) from E) has been indifferent to various
recommendations made by scientists
264. II
A) for 270. As is clear from the passage, NASAs purpose
B) by in consulting scientists is to ----.
C) with
D) to A) make sure that its programmes for lunar data
E) into analysis are supported by them
B) learn whether the moon has water deposited
265. III as ice under its poles
A) behind C) find out about the kind of research which is
B) for primarily important for lunar exploration
C) against D) encourage them to focus their attention on a
D) by full study of the Aitken basin
E) at E) give them the opportunity to discuss their
research results about the moon
266. IV
A) on 271. According to the passage, one of the
B) over recommendations made by the scientific
C) of community concerns ----.
D) as
E) from A) the scientific specification of the locations
where robots or astronauts can land
267. V B) the problems related to the working of the
A) about robots orbiting the moon or landing on the surface
B) during C) the analysis of the rock samples that will be
C) onto taken from the Aitken basin
D) within D) the tasks that will be performed by the
E) on astronauts when they explore the moons south
pole
E) the question of how NASA can benefit from the
results obtained from lunar explorations

63
In many primitive communities there is a taboo 278.In this passage, the author points out that ----.
on mentioning a mans name (I) ---- in certain
special circumstances, (II) ---- his name is believed A) most societies in the world today are still very
to contain within it something of himself, which primitive
would be lost and wasted (III) ---- his name were B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to
uttered without first taking special precautions. embody the idea they Express
This belief about words is widespread. Among the C) the unsophisticated are no less intelligent than
more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. the sophisticated
A remarkably matter of act practical application D) Tibetan peasants should not be regarded as
of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan primitive
prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a E) the Tibetan peasant does not really believe that
prayer uttered (IV) ---- does some good, then the the prayer-wheel can do any good
same prayer uttered many times will do more
good. (V) ----, since he assumes that the efficacy 279. As we understand from the passage, an
lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes underlying belief behind the Tibetan prayer-wheel is
it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally that ----.
employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it
all day long, (VI) ---- wastefully employing his own A) for a prayer to be answered, it must be
lungs and lips to say it again and again. repeated many times
B) man can achieve nothing without the help of
272. I stronger powers
A) at all C) man is powerless against the forces of evil
B) as well D) human effort can achieve almost anything
C) either E) the forces of nature must never be opposed
D) except
E) pertaining 280. The author uses the example of the Tibetan
prayer-wheel to ----.
273. II
A) because A) show that all religions are fundamentally alike
B) but B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive peoples
C) whereas are
D) as if C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be
E) ever since in primitive societies
D) show how inventive primitive peoples are
274. III E) show how unique the natives of Tibet are
A) lest
B) unless 281. It is clear from the passage that, among
C) if primitive societies, it is generally believed that a
D) however mans name ----.
E) so that
A) should be constantly repeated
275. IV B) has a wholesome effect upon his life
A) once C) will bring calamity to those who use it
B) seeing D) should only be spoken under appropriate
C) even circumstances
D) like E) is of little importance as it is so rarely used
E) while

276. V
A) Nevertheless
B) For instance
C) Ultimately
D) Afterwards
E) Therefore

277. VI
A) nor
B) despite
C) any longer
D) instead of
E) no matter

64
Thomas Edison began conducting experiments 287. As we understand from the passage, Edison
during his childhood. To start with, there were conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, ---
hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison
(I) ---- invented and patented 2, 500 items, A) most of which were very expensive and got him
including the electric lamp and phonograph. He into financial difficulties
was (II) ---- to give laughter and light to people, B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long
but, until he actually managed to do so, most one
people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison C) most of which were related to the phonograph
(III) ---- over 1, 000 unsuccessful experiments in D) but the people who knew him encouraged him to
his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people keep on trying
told him he was wasting his time, energy, and E) and on many occasions he felt his experiments
money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, For nothing! were pointless
Every time I make an experiment, I get new
results. Failures are stepping stones to success. 288. It is clear from the passage that, once Edison
Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison had invented the electric lamp, ----.
said hed meet his goal by early 1880. In October,
1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so A) he lost interest in carrying out experiments
doing, received much (IV) ----. People realized B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly
that Edisons invention was not affected by rain given up the Project
or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. C) he wasnt at all interested in what people felt
Just as he had hoped, Edison (V) ---- people with about it
light and laughter. D) people were particularly impressed by the fact
that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it
282. I E) he felt discouraged because he had failed to
A) entirely meet the goal he had set himself for the completion
B) slightly of his invention
C) unfortunately
D) furiously 289. As we understand from the passage, with the
E) eventually phrase, Failures are stepping stones to success,
Edison meant that ----.
283. II
A) eminent A) one should forget ones failures as soon as
B) determined possible
C) creative B) one cannot be successful every time
D) constant C) success and failure are both a matter of chance
E) jealous D) there are two kinds of failure: those that lead to
success and those that dont
284. III E) the knowledge and experience that one gains
A) conferred from failure contributes to success
B) relieved
C) attempted 290. According to the passage, when Edison was
D) carried working on an invention, he ----.
E) corrupted
A) was keen to pass on to others the knowledge he
285. IV was accumulating
A) embarrassment B) was very secretive about what he was doing
B) prospect C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure
C) resentment D) avoided friends and detractors alike
D) breakthrough E) felt embarrassed by periods of no progress
E) praise

286. V
A) estimate
B) provided
C) prevail
D) gained
E) ushered

65
The 16th century in England is generally known 296. VI
as the Tudor period, which historically (I) ---- A) sarcastic
from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor B) obsolete
sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, and C) obstinate
Elizabeth I. In fact, the early years of the Tudor D) dominant
period were marked by significant changes in E) glorious
trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made
commercial treaties (II) ---- European countries. 297. VII
Economically, England, which had always been a A) Meanwhile
sheep-raising country, was by now manufacturing B) Otherwise
and exporting significant amounts of cloth. (III) C) Still
---- lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a D) Now that
larger scale, people were (IV) ---- the land to the E) In fact
cities, and London (V) ---- a metropolitan market
with sophisticated commercial institutions. These 298. According to the passage, it was during the
changes had an impact on the traditional feudal Tudor period that ----.
social order, which also began to decline; also, due
to the introduction of cannons and firearms, the A) Englands overseas trade was adversely
feudal system of warfare became (VI) ----. Yet, it affected by ongoing wars in Europe
would be a mistake to imagine these changes as B) feudalism in England was further strengthened
sudden and dramatic. (VII) ----, it was a slow and C) Englands exports to European countries were
long process whereby England was transformed significantly in decline
into a modern state. D) sheep-raising was introduced into England,
which had large areas of grazing
291. I E) London was transformed into a major trade
A) stated centre
B) realized
C) conquered
D) lasted 299. It is pointed out in the passage that the
E) revolutionized changes that took place in Tudor England ----.

292. II A) were fundamentally inspired by the social and

A) with economic developments already being witnessed
B) to in Europe
C) of B) had far-reaching effects on social and economic
D) at life
E) on C) were mainly confined to social life and improved
the efficiency of the feudal social order
293. III D) initially resulted from a revision of the
A) Similarly traditional arts of war that had depended on the
B) As use of cannons and firearms
C) Unless E) greatly reduced all the political and legal powers
D) Only when that English sovereigns had traditionally enjoyed
E) Following and used

294. IV
A) made out
B) pulled through
C) held up
D) driven off
E) broken out

295. V
A) fought off
B) watched out
C) played down
D) moved off
E) grew into

66
300. One understands from the passage that the
Tudor dynasty in England ----.

A) was best represented by Henry VIII, who

followed a policy of friendship with other
countries
B) introduced a number of military reforms in
order to build the strongest army in Europe
C) focused its main attention on the
improvement of agriculture in the country
D) was represented by powerful sovereigns, who
played a leading role in European politics
E) came to power in the late fifteenth century
and ruled the country over a century

301. It is clear from the passage that, due to

developments in cloth-making in Tudor England,
----.

A) most farming lands were turned into grazing

fields for the sheep
B) English merchants began to look for new
markets in order to export more goods
C) rural people gave up farming and migrated to
London in search of employment
D) the economic prosperity of the people
increased enormously
E) many cities, including London, competed with
each other for economic prosperity

67
The Copernican revolution began over 500 years
ago with the realization (I) ---- the Earth was
not the centre of the universe, but we still await
its grand finale: the anticipated discovery of life
elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The
vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain
that there are other Earth-like (II) ----. In our
own solar system, Marss distance (III) ---- the
Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially
with increasing evidence for occasional liquid
water, many are looking there (IV) ---- the first
sign of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a
new contender has emerged, and surprisingly it
is from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiters
moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of
Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is
now believed to have water in a liquid state, (V)
---- it is so far from the Sun. Thus, the possibility
of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to
speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter.
302. I C) seems possible, but it would be very costly and
A) what
B) which
C) in which
D) that
E) how
307. One clearly understands from the passage
that, until Copernicus in the sixteenth century, ----.
A) Mars had generally been regarded as the planet
with life on it
B) the search for life elsewhere in the solar system
had been futile
C) it had been commonly believed that the centre
of the universe was the Earth
D) there had been many attempts to understand
the outer solar system
E) the planets in the solar system had all been
discovered and studied
308. According to the passage, the discovery of
Earth-like settings in other parts of the universe ---
A) is definitely out of question, since the universe
is extremely vast
B) would no longer make the Earth seem like the
only planet with life on it
dangerous to attempt it
D) has been an obsession for scientists ever since
the time of Copernicus
E) was what Galileo was primarily interested in in
the early seventeenth century

303. II 309. It is pointed out in the passage that, in recent

A) discoveries years, ----.
B) clusters
C) settings A) some scientists have come to regard
D) restrictions Copernicuss contribution to astronomy as
E) nominations negligible
B) scientists have come to understand the
304. III reasons for Galileos discovery of Europa
A) from C) astronomers have focused on an in-depth
B) to study of the outer solar system
C) at D) there has been much controversy about the
D) of geological features of Mars
E) by E) it has been suggested that Jupiters moon
Europa may have liquid water on it
305. IV
A) at 310. It is stated in the passage that currently Mars --
B) for
C) on A) has been established as the only planet with a
D) with vast amount of water under its surface
E) out B) is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is
so close to the Earth
306. V C) has been partially studied, and so it still
A) as far as maintains its mystery as a planet
B) since D) has been the main focus of the scientific search
C) furthermore for extra-terrestrial life
D) in case E) and Europa provide a great deal of evidence for
E) even though a better understanding of the solar system

68
During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran 316. According to the passage, the Iranian regime
and hoped to (I) ---- its southern oil fields. Iran ----.
counterattacked. The result was a murderous
eight year conflict marked by the use of chemical A) has always been aware of the need to grant to
weapons and human waves of young Iranian the people their democratic rights
radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq
ended with Irans defeat, but not the collapse of and lost much of its power
its theocratic regime. In the short term, their long C) has introduced radical economic policies to
defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs increase its oil revenues
more entrenched at home, (II) ---- abroad they D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the
used their oil revenues to back grass-roots people in the country
radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country,
who engaged (III) ---- anti-Western terrorism. who are inspired by nationalism
Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian
regime ultimately (IV) ---- from within, from a new 317. It is clear from the passage that Iraqs invasion
generation of young students and workers who of Iran ----.
have discovered that their prospects for prosperity
and democratic rights have not changed (V) ---- A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue
since the days of the shah. of the southern oil fields
B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an
311. I economic purpose
A) drag C) significantly weakened the authority of the
B) respect Iranian mullahs
C) overtake D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet
D) seize government of the time
E) fight E) provoked Iranian students and workers into
anti-regime demonstrations
312. II
A) so 318. As can be seen from the passage, the war
B) other than between Iran and Iraq ----.
C) until
D) indeed A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal
E) while of bloodshed
B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory
313. III for either side
A) in C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the
B) as Iranian people
C) by D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use
D) to all its oil revenues for weapons
E) on E) was fought on both sides with weapons
provided by the Soviets
314. IV
A) is coming 319. It is stressed in the passage that, with the
B) was coming money earned from oil exports, Iran ----.
C) have come
D) will come A) financed a series of projects to strengthen
E) had come nationalism among young radicals
B) made huge investments to upgrade the
315. V capacity of its southern oil fields
A) even C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist
B) neither the Iraqi invasion
C) much D) carried out economic reforms to improve the
D) so living standards of its people
E) very E) sponsored radical political movements in other
countries

69
The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at 325. In the passage, attention is drawn to the
an (I) ---- rate. Since the 1970s, the area of fact that a very small percentage of the forests in
tropical forests destroyed worldwide (II) ---- the Europe ----.
land mass of the European Union. Animal and
plant species are disappearing. Over fishing has A) seem to have been over-exploited and,
depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming therefore, ecologically damaged
practices have depleted soils while allowing B) have been reserved for animal and plant
the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of species
wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely (III) C) have been used for urbanization and exploited
---- to storms and natural disasters. Especially D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for
in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more biodiversity
human-induced damage than those on any other E) have remained untouched by human
continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europes exploitation
forests can be classified as undisturbed by
humans, and the continent has lost more than 326. According to the passage, compared with other
half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization continents, Europe ----.
and the excessive (IV) ---- of resources is having
an (V) ---- impact on biodiversity. A) is far more advanced in the improvement of its
farming practices
320. I B) owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests
A) elegant with a wide range of animal species
B) utter C) is the only continent to have had its ecosystems
C) indispensable most extensively damaged
D) outrageous D) has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity
E) alarming that its variety of plant species has declined a
great deal
321. II E) has been able to sustain the diversity of its
A) exceeds animal species despite the spread of urbanization
B) diversify
C) lies 327. As clearly stressed in the passage, the
D) covers biodiversity in the world ----.
E) manufactures
A) has been completely immune from any kind of
322. III human-induced damage
A) eliminative B) can only be sustained through the preservation
B) vulnerable of forests as well as wetlands
C) mild C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming
D) comparative practices can be prevented globally
E) severe D) is declining so fast that its effects can be
observed in various ways
323. IV E) can best be observed in tropical forests, which
A) exploitation also contain large areas of wetlands
B) deprivation
C) apprehension 328. It is claimed in the passage that the depletion
D) detention of global fish stocks ----.
E) value
A) has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands
324. V on all the continents
A) generous B) has an adverse impact on the worlds
B) formal biodiversity
C) sustainable C) has caused much damage to Europes
D) enormous ecosystems in particular
E) spectacular D) is far more alarming in the tropical regions than
in any other part of the world
E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is
forbidden worldwide

70
For thousands of years the wild orangutan lived 335. VII
in rich tropical forests. The species has no natural A) over
enemy, but in the last three decades it has been B) at
driven (I) ---- extinction. The main causes (II) ---- C) under
this are miners, peasants and illegal loggers who D) on
have destroyed the orangutans habitat (III) ---- E) to
the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo.
More than half of these lowland forests were cut 336. It is clear from the passage that despite the
(IV) ---- during President Suhartos autocratic shift to a democratic government in Indonesia, ----.
reign, but the change to democracy in Indonesia
in the late 1990s did nothing to stop the forest A) the practice of selling baby orangutans on the
clearing. In addition, illegal hunters have killed black market increased
more than 1, 000 orangutan mothers (V) ---- B) the orangutans there began to have a better life
year, stealing their babies to sell (VI) ---- the black C) the illegal hunting practices of the loggers were
market. Because orangutans breed slowly, they stopped
could not reproduce quickly enough to counter D) the orangutans were moved to safety
these threats (VII) ---- their existence and so they E) the forests there continued to be cut down
died out.
337. It is pointed out in the passage that the
329. I orangutans werent able to replace those that had
A) to died or been stolen because ----.
B) on
C) of A) the government gave its support to the
D) at destruction of the forests
E) with B) they could only reproduce very slowly
C) the black market price for young orangutans
330. II was rising rapidly
A) by D) no one, anywhere, showed any interest in the
B) from fate of the orangutans
C) for E) illegal hunters had carried out their plan to kill all
D) at the orangutan females
E) on

331. III 338. This passage is mainly concerned with ----.

A) at
B) on A) how the wild orangutan has become extinct
C) about B) the difficult life of the miners and loggers on
D) off Sumatra and Borneo
E) along C) how the lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo
are disappearing
332. IV D) former Indonesian president Suhartos
A) out autocratic reign
B) of E) the change to democracy in Indonesia in the late
C) up 1990s
D) under
E) down 339. We can understand from the passage that
the primary reason for the disappearance of the
orangutans is ----.
333. V
A) per A) illegal hunting by miners
B) of B) the dictatorship of former President Suharto
C) in C) the destruction of their forest habitat
D) along D) the start of democracy in Indonesia
E) around E) the fact that they have no natural enemy

334. VI
A) of
B) with
C) by
D) on
E) for

71
 LEVEL
3
72
We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote his 6. VI
plays. He (I) ---- his own writing season perhaps in A) of
the quieter winter months, but he never stopped B) under
acting, probably taking two or three minor parts C) out of
(II) ---- a major one. He seems (III) ---- for himself D) in
the more static and undemanding roles in his E) over
plays, such as old Adam in As You Like It and the
Ghost in Hamlet. His audiences included many 7. It is suggested in the passage that, when
habitual playgoers and many must have known Shakespeare acted, ----.
Shakespeare and he must have known them. We
can imagine, (IV) ---- a recent biographer has said, A) he was always assigned the most crucial parts
that there might have been a complex, subtle B) the audiences were thrilled by his acting
communicative exchange when he appeared in C) the Globe Theatre was always crowded
one of his own plays. In spring 1613, he purchased D) he could spare very little time for his writing
his first property in London. He was renting it out E) the parts he played were mostly easy,
by 1616, but may (V) ---- have entertained other unimportant ones
intentions for the property. It would certainly have
been a handy place to stay, being near the Globe, 8. It is pointed out in the passage that, although
which was his theatre. Perhaps the destruction of Shakespeare had stopped writing plays by the end of
the Globe in 1613, which probably prompted him 1813, ----.
to sell his share in the theatre company, altered
his plans for it. He may not have given up acting, A) it seems likely that he continued to act a little
but his writing career was (VI) ---- by the end of longer
that year. In 1614, he returned to his hometown, B) he sometimes revised some of his earlier plays
Stratford-upon-Avon, and died there in 1616. C) he wanted to keep his company intact
D) his company put pressure on him to continue
1. I writing
A) is having E) he started again on his return to Stratford-
B) may have had upon-Avon
C) will have
D) might have 9. We understand from the passage that we have no
E) would have had evidence ----.

2. II A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare played

A) as soon as B) to suggest that Shakespeare was popular in his
B) just as day
C) in the event of C) as to whether or not Shakespeare actually did
D) instead of rent out his property
E) but for D) about when Shakespeare was writing his plays
E) that the destruction of the Globe had any
3. III serious impact on Shakespeares life
A) to be choosing
B) choosing 10. It is suggested in the passage that Shakespeare, --
C) to have chosen
D) choose A) as a playwright, preferred tragedies to comedies
E) chosen B) as a property owner, got a good income from his
rents
4. IV C) as an actor, was often in close contact with his
A) hence audiences
B) like D) returned to Stratford-upon-Avon almost as
C) unlike soon as the Globe was destroyed
D) but E) though he returned to Stratford, very soon
E) as regretted leaving London

5. V
A) reasonably
B) given
C) originally
D) just
E) approximately

73
11. It is clear from the passage that the Globe 14. III
Theatre ----. A) to accept
B) having accepted
A) was partly owned by Shakespeare himself C) accepting
B) was built on land that Shakespeare had D) to have accepted
bought E) accepted
C) was particularly spacious so as to 15. IV
accommodate large audiences A) elaborates
D) was the most popular of the London theatres B) conquers
in Shakespeares time C) remedies
E) was designed and built especially for the D) occupies
staging of Shakespeares plays E) maintains
16. V
A) enables
B) adopt
C) floats
D) fails
E) destroys

17. VI
A) whom
B) which
C) what
D) who
E) whose

We should care about dying languages (I) ---- 18. It is stressed in the passage that biological
the same reason that we care when a species of diversity ----.
animal or plant dies. It (II) ---- the diversity of our
planet. In the case of language, we are talking A) is not in any way related to eco-systems
about intellectual and cultural diversity, not B) has received far more attention than linguistic
biological diversity, but the issues are the same. diversity
As a result of decades of environmental publicity C) is fast being reduced
and activism, most people have come (III) ---- D) contributes very little to the survival of plant
that biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic and animal species
diversity has not enjoyed the same publicity. E) is richer in northern regions than in southern
Diversity (IV) ---- a central place in evolutionary ones
theory because it (V) ---- a species to survive in
different environments. Increasing uniformity 19. The point is made in the passage that the
holds dangers for the long-term survival of a survival of species in different environments ----.
species. The strongest ecosystems are those
(VI) ---- are most diverse. It has often been said A) is of no real importance except to biologists
that our success in colonizing the planet can be B) has been made possible by the continuous
accounted for by our ability to develop diverse efforts of man
cultures which suit different environments. C) has aroused very little interest in the general
public
12. I D) has been made possible by diversity
A) to E) bears no relation to the survival of languages
B) in and cultures
C) for
D) about 20. The author draws a strong parallel between ---
E) with
A) cultural and linguistic diversity
13. II B) plant and animal species
A) acquires C) linguistic and biological diversity
B) reduces D) environmental and cultural publicity
C) replaces E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that of
D) issues cultures
E) enhances

74
21. It is pointed out in the passage that man ----. 23. I
A) ever
A) has developed diverse cultures which are B) enough
appropriate for the environment he lives in C) then
B) has always been very much aware of the D) only
benefits of biodiversity E) less
C) has always valued cultural diversity well
above biodiversity 24. II
D) has always found it very hard to adapt A) backs up
himself to any new environment B) throws up
E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is C) builds in
desirable D) drops out
E) wipes out
22. According to the writer, diversity on earth ----
25. III
A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack A) in
of public interest in it B) at
B) consists not only of the diversity of species C) within
and plants but also of languages and cultures D) of
C) has only recently become a research concern E) over
among environmentalists
D) has encouraged man to exploit his
environment 26. IV
E) can best be maintained through the A) among
preservation of different languages B) under
C) around
D) upwards
E) back

27. V
A) lay out
B) pay off
C) pile up
D) go off
E) fall short

One of the greatest natural catastrophes the
world will (I) ---- see could be little more than a
decade away. The film Super volcano traces the
evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption - one
that not only (II) ---- several states of America
but that threatens the entire planet. But is such
an eruption really possible? Well, super volcanoes
certainly arent fiction. Theyre a normal part of
the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every
50, 000 years. Every statistic associated with a
super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated.
Molten magma is blasted out (III) ---- a rate 140
times greater than the flow of water over the
Victoria-Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than
50km (IV) ---- to the edge of space before falling
over one percent of the Earths surface. Enough
ash would (V) ---- on the ground to bury Britain
under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating
winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash
would scour the land surface over an area of 10,
000 square kilometres. Worst of all, a super-
eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global
temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter
cold known as a volcanic winter.
28. We understand from the passage that the film
Super volcano ----.
A) gives a convincing and credible account of an
imminent super-eruption
B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the
scientific world
C) has aroused little interest among the general
public
D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter
E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a
volcanic super-eruption
29. In this dramatic account of the film Super
volcano, the writer ----.
A) urges the general public to go and see the film
B) is primarily concerned with the measures
needed to contain a super-eruption
C) essentially deals with the causes of a super-
eruption
D) also includes certain specific details
E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the
world is very near

75
30. According to the passage, one of the The discovery (I) ---- an ancient tomb in modern
devastating consequences following a super- China is so commonplace that it often annoys as
eruption would be ----. much as excites, because it can delay construction
for months or even years. So when archaeologists
A) the complete destruction of America and were called in fast May to check structures
Britain discovered during the expansion of a bone meal
B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth factory in a southern suburb of Beijing, they werent
C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover expecting to find anything (II) ---- great interest.
the whole surface of the planet (III) ---- the archaeologists surprise, the structures
D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth were the remains of two traditional domed tombs,
E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the each over a thousand years old. One was flooded
result of burning gas and badly damaged, but the other contained
beautifully-preserved wall frescoes from the 10th
31. The writer seems convinced that ----. century. Its only recently that the Chinese have
been publishing artefacts (IV) ---- ancient tombs,
A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but and its unusual to see them (V) ---- the Western
fairly regular intervals press, says Dr Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental
B) no part of the US could possibly survive a Art and Archaeology at Oxford University.
super-eruption
C) Britain would be the first region of the 33. I
planet to be buried under the ashes of a super- A) at
eruption B) of
D) A volcanic winter, following a super-eruption, C) between
would wipe out life on earth D) over
E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption E) away
happening in the near future
34. II
32. According to the passage, the destruction A) of
caused by a volcanic super-eruption ----. B) for
C) from
A) could lead to the break-up of the entire D) at
planet E) by
B) could be contained, if not prevented
C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale 35. III
D) would result largely from the flow of molten A) To
magma B) By
E) can only be guessed at as one has never C) At
occurred D) For
E) From

36. IV
A) at
B) through
C) from
D) into
E) for

37. V
A) among
B) off
C) against
D) by
E) in

76
38. We learn from the passage that the Chinese
----.

A) show archaeologists a great deal of respect

B) are very proud of their ancient archaeological
heritage
C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes
D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient
tomb is discovered
E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those
with domes

39. It is clear from the passage that in China today

the progress of a construction work ----.

A) is very often hindered by the unexpected

discovery of ancient tombs
B) is frequently supervised by archaeologists
C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons
D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather
conditions
E) often runs parallel with archaeological
excavations

40. According to Professor Rawson in the

passage, China ----.

A) has only recently emerged as an area of

interest for archaeologists
B) has only just started to publish art objects for
the West
C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with
frescoes
D) continues to be very secretive about its
archaeological finds
E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world

41. We understand from the passage that only

one of the tombs unearthed during extension
work at a factory in Beijing ----.

A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson

B) had a domed roof which was undamaged
C) could be dated back to the 10th century
D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition
E) caused a delay in the project

42. The passage points out that the

archaeologists who were called in ----.

A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the

walls of one of the tombs
B) werent expecting to discover tombs of such
great value in a suburb of Beijing
C) made ancient tombs their specialty
D) had published extensively in the western
press
E) were annoyed by the discovery of two
ancient tombs in Beijing

77
By the early 19th century the eminent French 48. We learn from the passage that many scientists
zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he (I) ---- rock- ----.
solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While
studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier A) gave full support to Cuviers view that the great
found that fossils of sea creatures in one ancient flood had actually taken place
layer of chalk were overlaid by (II) ---- of land B) were not at all impressed by Cuviers
creatures. Then, just as abruptly, the layer above discoveries in the Paris area
contained sea creatures again, with the top layer C) followed up Cuviers excavations of marine
showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation fossils
around present-day Paris. Cuvier (III) ---- these D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for
sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence evidence of the great flood
for sudden catastrophes which devastated life on E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once
Earth, of which the great flood was just the most Sir James Hall had given his support to Cuvier
recent example. Cuviers discoveries, published
in 1812, won support from a large number of (IV) 49. It is pointed out in the passage that in the course
---- scientists such as the geologist Sir James of excavations near Paris Cuvier ----.
Hall. However, there were a few who were deeply
sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a A) slowly came to recognize the geological
global flood was far from (V) ----. Most sceptical significance of the biblical great flood
of all were the followers of the Scottish geologist B) was particularly surprised that there were chalk
James Hutton. In 1795, he had published a two- formations in the area
volume text based on the view that the slow, C) was slow to recognize the geological
steady processes that shape our planet today, importance of marine fossils
such as erosion, were also crucially important in D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures
the distant past. only after he came across a second layer
E) discovered alternating layers of fossils relating
43. I to sea and land creatures
A) was found
B) has found 50. It is clear from the passage that Cuvier ----.
C) had found
D) finds A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the
E) will find attacks of his critics
B) was greatly influenced by Huttons theory
44. II concerning the Earths formation
A) what C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and
B) that concentrated on them for research purposes
C) little D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications
D) those of major catastrophes similar to the great flood
E) much E) had devoted years of research to establishing
that the biblical great flood had actually occurred
45. III
A) regarded 51. According to the passage, Cuviers critics ----.
B) ordered
C) caused A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near
D) followed Paris
E) ceased B) felt that there was insufficient geological
evidence to confirm that the biblical great flood
46. IV ever had occurred
A) eminent C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological
B) vast process
C) abrupt D) were also equally opposed to the views
D) agreeable expressed by Hutton
E) extinct E) certainly believed there had been a global flood
but did not regard his discoveries as scientifically
47. V important
A) conflicting
B) exceptional
C) deniable
D) conclusive
E) excessive

78
52. As we learn from the passage, Huttons theory
was that ----.

A) long-term geological change, such as erosion,

had been of paramount importance in the
Earths history
B) erosion was the single most important cause
of geological change on Earth
C) some geological processes, such as erosion,
were relatively recent in the history of the Earth
D) our planet had been subjected to countless
catastrophes in the distant past
E) the formation of our planet was the outcome
of different processes in different places

79
Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, 57. V
theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the A) when
more extreme forms of prejudice, (I) ---- when B) if
there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the C) because
last century, it was popular to consider prejudice D) whereas
to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain E) before
categories of person (e.g certain races) much
as animals would react in instinctive ways to 58. VI
one another. This sport of approach is no longer A) framework
popular, as it doesnt stand up well to scientific B) attachment
scrutiny. However there may be an innate (II) ---- C) warmth
to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher D) need
animals, including humans, have an inherent fear E) appeal
of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might set the
mould for negative attitudes towards groups that 59. According to the passage, at the beginning
are considered different in (III) ---- ways. There of the 20th century, Prejudice was generally
is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in regarded----.
which, peoples attitudes towards various stimuli
(e.g. other people) improve as a direct function A) in very much the same way as it is now
of repeated. Exposure or familiarity (IV) ---- the B) as a natural and intuitive response
stimulus, provided that initial reactions to the C) as something that had to be corrected
stimuli are not negative. Another perspective rests D) as inevitable and therefore acceptable
on the belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, E) as an outcome of parental conditioning
it has been argued that hatred and suspicion of
certain groups are learned early in life, (V) ---- the 60. It is clear from the passage that studies on
child even knows anything about the target group prejudice ----.
and that this provides an emotional (VI) ---- that
colours all subsequent information about, and A) often spring from animal behaviour
experience with, the group. B) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices
of their parents
C) have finally established that it is innate
53. I D) aim to discover how they can be overcome
A) no sooner E) have usually concentrated on the more
B) that is destructive expressions of it
C) also
D) in particular 61. One theory referred to in the passage suggests
E) to the contrary that mans innate fear of what is rarely encountered
or little known ----.
54. II
A) consequence A) may play a role in creating prejudices
B) detection B) prevents him from developing his social
C) component possibilities
D) glory C) is an aspect of his character that relates him
E) temper very closely to the rest of the animal world
D) is far less strong now than formerly
55. III E) has helped to make society more uniform
A) certain
B) alternative 62. We learn from the passage that the mere
C) final exposure effect occurs when ----.
D) wrong
E) similar A) opposing groups agree to meet each other
halfway
56. IV B) individuals start to copy the behaviour patterns
A) on of the people they are with
B) with C) people learn to face the fact that their
C) about prejudices are without foundation
D) to D) repeated contact with a particular group leads
E) in to a better understanding of that group
E) people can admit that their first reactions were
too extreme

80
63. According to the passage, certain studies
suggest that prejudice against various groups of
society ----.
A) is on the increase simply because it is
receiving too much attention
B) develops early in life, even before any real
contact has been made with them
C) could best be overcome by keeping children
unaware of it
D) is largely racial in character
E) has only resulted in violence on very rare
occasions
For two decades after World War II, mass
production reigned supreme. Mass-production
techniques pushed companies (I) ---- standardized
products, long product life cycles, and rigid
manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low
cost (II) ---- flexibility. Special orders cost more.
But todays consumers are very choosy. They want
quality, value and products specially tailored (III) ----
their needs, but always (IV) ---- the lowest possible
price. For now mass customization has come to
the fore. Mass customization uses information
technology to produce and deliver products and
services designed to fit the specifications of
individual customers. Companies can customize
products in quantities as small as one with the
same speed and low cost as mass-production
methods. Mass-customization systems use
information taken (V) ---- the customer to control
the flow of goods.

64. I
A) over
B) with
C) about
D) into
E) for

65. II
A) at
B) over
C) to
D) in
E) of

66. III
A) by
B) from
C) to
D) above
E) as

67. IV
A) at
B) by
C) from
D) of
E) like

68. V
A) from
B) around
C) to
D) at
E) of

81
69. We learn from the passage that mass
production ----.
A) has now regained its previous popularity
B) was the leading method of production in the
twenty years or so that followed World War II
C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of
individual customers
D) can be very profitable because of the wide
appeal of its goods
E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the
goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities
70. We learn from the passage that one of the
characteristics of mass production is ----.
A) the need to please every customer
B) a disregard for flexibility
C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness
D) to take into consideration the specifications
given by individual customers
E) the rescheduling of production as the need
arises
71. By the phrase mass customization, as it is
used in the passage, is meant the production of
goods ----.
A) in very large quantities and for general use
B) to meet standardized specifications which
will please everyone
C) at high speed regardless of cost
D) designed to have a long life
E) designed to meet the specific needs of
individual customers
No child is too young to play and therefore to
engage in engineering, even though it is of a (I) ----
kind. We all did so (II) ---- children ourselves when
we devised our own toys and games and sometimes
even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. The
idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering (III)
---- the concepts of invention and design. Not that
engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity
is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn
those dreams into reality. Children do experience
the essence of engineering in their earliest activities,
(IV) ---- there is seldom any recognition that this is
the case. They may hear the word engineer only
in connection with railroad locomotives and have
no idea that their playful activity could become
a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves
are understandably reluctant to equate their
professional activity (V) ---- mere childs play.
(VI) ---- , they studied long and hard to master
complicated knowledge of atoms and molecules,
stresses and strains, heat and power, current and
voltages, bits and bytes. They manipulate equations,
not blocks. They use computers for serious
modelling and calculation, not for fun and games.
They design and build real towers and bridges that
test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones
that totter and fall down with little consequence.
74. I
A) primitive
B) sophisticated
C) capable
D) brilliant
E) professional

72. According to the passage, present-day 75. II

customers ----. A) even
B) as
A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods C) only
available in the shops D) that
B) are pleased far more easily than customers E) such
were in the past
C) do not attach much importance to production 76. III
methods A) about
D) specify what they want and insist on getting it B) through
E) rarely distinguish between standardized and C) at
non-standardized goods D) of
E) between
73. The point is made in the passage that mass
customization ----. 77. IV
A) contrary
A) is no more costly and no more time- B) yet
consuming than mass production C) furthermore
B) is a system that dates back to the end of D) unless
World War 11 E) as
C) has actually never been as popular as mass
production
D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but
overlooks quality
E) does not attach much importance to flexibility

82
78. V 82. As we can see from the passage, the writer is
A) with careful ----.
B) in
C) over A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative
D) towards play to a child
E) along B) to list all areas that are of concern to an
engineer
79. VI C) to show how slowly a childs mental capacity
A) Since develops
B) Irrespective D) not to offend engineers by his comparison
C) No matter E) to avoid using technical terminology in the
D) After all passage
E) For example
83. It is suggested in the passage that children ----
80. The main point the writer is making in this
passage is that ----. A) are not aware of the fact that in their games
they are involved in some kind of engineering
A) man has practised engineering ever since activity
primitive times B) should be constantly encouraged to play
B) some children are born to be engineers games that involve engineering techniques
C) children and engineers both have the capacity C) love to imitate the activities that go on around
to imagine and create them
D) reliability and safety are minor details for the D) are incapable of imaginative thinking
professional engineer E) have a primitive perception of life
E) any engineering fault in design or calculation
does have serious consequences 84. According to the passage, what children and
engineers have in common are ----.
81. One point stressed in the passage is that
professional engineering ----. A) reliability and safety
B) experience and knowledge
A) is very different from all other scientific C) invention and design
activities D) modelling and calculation
B) requires more imagination than technical E) recognition and reality
knowledge and calculation
C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge
D) gives priority to design rather than to
invention
E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate
subjects of wide scope

83
Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy 90. VI
standards to any significant degree, (I) ----
instead rely principally on high taxes to reduce A) Whenever
gas consumption. Their average tax is more B) So
than $2 per gallon, (II) ---- in the US federal gas C) Without
taxes are only 18 Euro per gallon and average D) Even if
state taxes 22 Euro per gallon. Higher prices at E) Whereas
the pump resulting from higher taxes increase
consumer demand (III) ---- cars (IV) ---- better
fuel economy. They also encourage consumers to
reduce their driving. Research shows that federal 91.According to the passage, efforts have been
taxes on gasoline would have to increase by a made ----.
bit less than 50 euro per gallon to cut gasoline
consumption in the US. (V) ---- a 50 Euro increase A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as
is a lot compared with the present average total well as fuel prices in Europe
tax of 40 Euro, it would raise retail gas prices to B) to assess what price increases would lead to a
only a little more than $2 per gallon, tax included. significant reduction in fuel consumption in the US
This is far below prices in Europe and Japan. (VI) C) to give more appeal to public transport
---- federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail D) to establish what vehicle types consume less
gas prices would still be much below those in fuel
other developed nations. E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the
US
85. I
92. It is clear from the passage that Japans strategy
A) but to keep fuel consumption down ----.
B) after
C) when A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel
D) if B) has been greatly criticized by the public
E) thus C) has not been as effective as was originally
envisaged
86. II D) has set an example that Europe is now
adopting
A) whether E) has had no effect upon the countrys car
B) so that production technologies
C) while
D) just as 93. According to the passage, the combined federal
E) in case and state taxes on gas in the US ----.

87. III A) have exceeded those currently in use in Europe

B) are so high that they have forced Japanese
A) to car manufacturers to change their production
B) on strategies
C) with C) have become a major public concern
D) from D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise sharply
E) for E) amount to much less than the tax paid in Japan

88. IV

A) on
B) with
C) in
D) about
E) by

89. V
A) Lest
B) Although
C) Only If
D) Because
E) Unless

84
94. We learn from the passage that one effect of
higher taxes on fuel ----.

A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even

anger among consumers
B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales
everywhere
C) has been to draw attention to a much wider
range of energy sources
D) is an increased demand for vehicles which
consume less fuel
E) is that Europes production of fuel-economy
vehicles has increased remarkably

95. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel

prices in the US, ----.

A) which include both federal and state taxes,

are expected to rise considerably
B) which have been increasing steadily for quite
some time now, have almost equalled those in
Japan and even Europe
C) even if the taxes were to be increased
considerably, would still be much lower than in
other industrialized countries
D) which have not risen for a long time, seem
likely to remain stable
E) where consumers go for cars with better
fuel economy, have caused no change in driving
habits

85
Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked
100. V
as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little
about his first years in London, For a few years
A) take over from
between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears
B) make sure of
altogether from the public records, and the most
C) look down on
(I) ---- reason for this is that, for at least some
D) keep in mind
of this time, he was working for one of the citys
E) get away with
acting companies; (II) ---- a junior member he
would not be listed among the troupes principal
players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in
London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch
and Southwark, districts of London. Shakespeare
101. According to the passage, in Shakespeares
could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch,
time, ----.
which would have been cheap and convenient,
is a likely (III) ---- for a young actor. In his early
A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a
career Shakespeare may have moved from
great many roles each week
troupe to troupe (IV) ---- survive. Whatever the
B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in
case, working conditions must have been similar.
England except for London
Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside,
C) leading actors would only agree to appear in
a company would perform a different play each
certain roles
afternoon of the week, though some plays would
D) an acting company usually staged a new play
be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually
each week
had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and
E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation
a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must
have (V) ---- nearly 5, 000 lines a week.
102. We learn from the passage that, in
Shakespeares London, theatres ----.
96. I
A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or
A) likely
Burbage in their troupe
B) complicated
B) were normally open to the public six afternoons
C) selfish
a week
D) compulsive
C) provided actors with a comfortable and
E) various
profitable way of life
D) were rather like drama schools and they trained
97. II
actors
E) all had their own leading players
A) as
B) between
103. It is clear from the passage that Shakespeare,
C) of
during his early years in London, ----.
D) throughout
E) in
A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a
huge variety of parts
98. III
B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and
Burbage
A) outcome
C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays
B) possibility
D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch
C) candidate
E) was little known as an actor though he was
D) duration
probably acting
E) demand

99. IV

A) in order to
B) in addition to
C) instead of
D) as a result of
E) with a view to

86
104. We understand from the passage that in the
late 16th century ----.

A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances

on religious days
B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily
populated commercial districts
C) there was apparently a great deal of public
interest in the theatres
D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was
already on the decline
E) working conditions in the theatres varied
enormously

105. It was clear from the passage that, for

Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ---.

A) were times of hardship and uncertainty

B) were a period of widespread public
recognition
C) marked a turning point in his life
D) brought many great changes and
opportunities
E) were the period during which he established a
lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage

87
Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her
colleagues have been studying the subtleties of
how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson
had been watching the birds at the beach (I) ----
they (II) ---- fish, clams and other small animals
in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow
had found a particularly large meal that couldnt
be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would
often come by and try to steal the food away.
Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, (III)
---- the crows thievery wasnt unexpected. What
really intrigued Atkinson was (IV) ---- the birds
employed two different tactics to take the food.
In some instances, the thieving bird would take
an aggressive approach - typically involving some
chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in
other exchanges, however, the thief would use
a more passive method: merely approaching the
other bird (V) ---- and stealing the food without
any commotion at all. What the team wanted to
know was: how did these tactics fit into the group
foraging practices of the crows?
111. According to the passage, the question that
interested the research team was ----.
A) whether the crows stealing practices were
instinctive or acquired
B) wry the crows chose to steal
C) related to the crows foraging practices
D) whether the nature of the food affected the
degree of attempted theft
E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed
from those of other birds
112. It is clear from the passage that the research
team was not surprised that the crows were trying to
steal from each other common ----.
A) because this is a practice among birds
B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time
C) though crows dont steal food as often as other
birds do
D) but it was surprised at their rate of success
E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise

106. I 113. According to the passage, when one crow plans

A) then to steal food from another one, ----
B) during
C) so far A) this is really a means of establishing its
D) even if superiority
E) as B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place
without being seen
107. II C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two
A) serve up D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really
B) pass out hungry
C) join in E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and
D) feed on boldly
E) send for
114. We understand from the passage that so long
108. III as a crow ----.
A) if
B) so A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will
C) but encounter no challenge
D) because B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another
E) such as crow
C) can get food by stealing, it wont look elsewhere
109. IV for it
A) that D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food
B) which E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the
C) those method it will favour
D) where
E) it 115. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson
and her colleagues ----.
110. V
A) secretively A) knew much more about crows than about any
B) candidly other type of bird.
C) remotely B) are specialist in bird behaviour
D) clearly C) are only interested in the eating habits of birds
E) noisily D) are particularly interested in the different types
of food that crows like to eat
E) are impressed by the similarity between stealing
practices of ail bird species

88
In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the
most joyless (I) ---- of capitalism. The industry,
as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic
ideas and images as commodities and then
values those commodities according to how
they penetrate markets. The systems worrying
inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know
what the public (II) ---- will want to buy. So films
are tested in front of preview audiences, revised
according to the audiences suggestions, tested
again, and then marketed with a vigour directly
proportionate (III) ---- the test scores. There are
two problems (IV) ---- this approach. The first
is that the test-sample size is minimal but can
determine a films fate. The second is that by the
time the test audience sees a film its too late
to change it very much anyway, particularly (V)
---- twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has
already been spent.
116. I profitable
A) commerce
B) insignificance
C) ignorance
D) aspects
E) examination
121. One point made in the passage about test
audiences is that they ----.
A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic
values
B) add to the expenses of film-making
C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make
D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of
filmmaking
E) are too small to be truly representative of the
general public
122. According to the passage, film-makers find it
difficult to ----.
A) carry out any market research to find out about
the wishes of film-goers
B) find volunteers for their preview audiences
C) raise the money needed for film- making
D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so
E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their
audiences
123. As we understand from the passage, the writer
----.

117. II A) is a great admirer of Hollywoods film-making

A) at large B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry
B) the same C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and
C) for fear wants it to be more successful
D) in excess D) attaches great importance to the suggestions
E) to the contrary of preview audiences
E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is
118. III usually in proportion to its success
A) to
B) among 124. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood
C) as regards its films as ----.
D) by
E) without A) commodities to be selectively marketed to
suitable audiences
119. IV B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated
A) from audiences
B) out C) goods to be dynamically marketed
C) along D) the most creative products of capitalism
D) with E) financial investments which are sure to make a
E) at profit

120. V 125. We understand from the passage that the

A) before making of a film ----.
B) unless
C) but A) is far more important than the marketing of it
D) even if B) usually involves a very large financial
E) when investment
C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on
show
D) usually follows the norms established by
Hollywood
E) is guided by a whole series of representative
preview audiences

89
Reading (I) ---- a real paradox to neurobiologists. 131. The passage makes the point that, until
It was only invented a few thousand years ago, recently, ----.
so there really has not been enough time for our
brain (II) ---- specialized ways to do it. How do A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted
brain circuits produced by millions of years of any attention
evolution in a world without written words adapt B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views
to the specific challenges of reading? We know of neurophysiologists concerning the brain
we have to learn the skill but how does our brain C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself
learn to read? In the social sciences, the majority easily to new cultural environments
of researchers do not see a problem. There is a D) the structure of the brain did not attract much
widespread view that the brain is a completely attention except from neurobiologists
adaptable organ, (III) ---- of absorbing any form E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the
of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging structural complexity of the brain
studies and neurophysiology throw new light (IV)
---- the organization of the reading circuits in the 132. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the
brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model brain, which evolved long before the written word
of a brain that merely absorbs everything from came into use, ----.
its cultural environment. And they suggest that
the architecture of our brain is limited by strong A) had already had the genetic capacity to form
genetic constraints (V) ---- it seems that it has words
still some degree of flexibility. B) had been able to communicate through images
C) had already developed certain reading circuits
126. I D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill
A) explores of reading
B) presents E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt
C) explains itself to new forms of culture
D) appears
E) interests 133. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is
that ----.
127. II
A) to evolve A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by
B) to have been evolved genetic heritage
C) evolving B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits
D) evolves C) it has developed various specialized skills over
E) evolved the last thousand years or so
D) its circuits have remained constant for millions
128. III of years
A) capable E) its creative powers are more apparent in some
B) accusative fields of learning
C) obvious
D) aware 134. According to the passage, although people
E) competitive have had the skill of reading for several thousand
years, ----.
129. IV
A) by A) the actual process of learning how to read has
B) of only just been discovered by neurophysiologists
C) about B) there has been no improvement in the speed at
D) under when people can read
E) on C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope
with different cultures
130. V D) from the angle of evolution, this has been
A) now that insufficient for the brain to develop particularized
B) though reading skills
C) besides E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill has
D) since been seriously studied
E) because

90
135. The purpose of the passage is to ----. 136. I
A) had been reported
A) explain how the brain has evolved towards B) are reporting
creativity over thousands of years C) will have reported
B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the D) have reported
reading abilities of the brain E) were reported
C) highlight recent developments and
controversies in the field of neurophysiology 137. II
D) emphasize the adverse effects of different A) at
cultural environments on the human brain way B) beneath
from C) through
E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs D) across
neurophysiology E) over

138. III
A) reportedly
B) fairly
C) enjoyably
D) generously
E) awfully

139. IV
A) continue
B) force
C) eliminate
D) fade
E) confirm

140. V
A) suffered
B) experienced
Throughout history, eyewitnesses (I) ---- orange C) unearthed
glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and D) struggled
during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, E) afflicted
that the first photographs of earthquake lights
were taken during a series of earthquakes in
Japan. Some showed red streaks (II) ---- the
sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a
distance. In 1999, floating bails of light in the
sky were broadcast on Turkish television, (III)
---- filmed the night before the devastating
earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed
many thousand people in the Marmara region of
Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of
earthquake lights (IV) ---- their existence. It has to
be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-
known phenomenon, but we dont know what
they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists
have (V) ---- for years to find a reliable earthquake
predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

91
141. In the passage, the writer wonders whether --- (I) ---- the past few decades four East Asian
economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore
A) earthquakes lights might help in the and Hong Kong - (II) ---- the fastest rates of
prediction of earthquakes economic growth the world has ever seen. In
B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo
an earthquake were actually seen on the global ranking of income per head: by
C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in 1986 its neighbours were Greece and Malta. In
Japan are of any scientific use 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by
D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the 1986 it was richer than Argentina. Today the four
lights cause the earthquakes dragons (III) ---- 10 per cent of manufactured
E) the devastation caused by the Marmara exports worldwide, not far short of Americas 12
earthquake could have been prevented per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most
urgent task in development economics. But most
142. We understand from the passage that the economists are content to cite the dragons (IV)
sighting of earthquake lights ----. ---- proof of their favourite theories - whatever
those theories may be. Free marketers point
A) has led to a great deal of confused and to the dragons (V) ---- on private enterprise,
contradictory reporting among seismologists markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes.
B) first occurred in Japan Interventionists point with equal assurance to
C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of
D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention resources and highly distorted trade regimes.
from seismologists
E) goes back a very long way in time 146. I
A) By
143. It is pointed out in the passage that the B) During
photographic recording of earthquake lights ----. C) Of
D) With
A) was made for the first time less than half a E) Since
century ago
B) was only done with great success during the 147. II
Marmara earthquake A) have achieved
C) is what finally convinced people of their B) to achieve
existence C) had achieved
D) is widely regarded as a visual deception D) achieving
E) has always been a major concern for E) will achieve
seismologists
148. III
144. The writer of the passage seems to be A) cast aside
confident that ----. B) account for
C) take off
A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the D) die out
study of earthquakes lights E) divide into
B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted
by means of earthquake lights 149. IV
C) earthquake lights have frequently been A) with
observed and even filmed B) to
D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be C) of
resolved D) as
E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes E) by
in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching
earthquake 150. V
A) attempt
145. The passage emphasizes the fact that the B) reliance
Marmara earthquake ----. C) nutrition
D) trial
A) was televised as it was happening E) fury
B) was followed by strange lights in the sky
C) was indeed a catastrophic one
D) greatly puzzled seismologists
E) took everyone, seismologists included, by
surprise

92
151. According to the passage, the so-called four
dragons of East Asia ----.
A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and
Malta in economic growth
B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free
trade policy
C) are presently developing their own free
market strategies
D) have experienced a staggering and
unprecedented economic growth rate over
recent decades
E) have finally managed to throw off
bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the
theories of many economists
155. It is clear from the passage that the factors
leading to the amazing economic growth of the East
Asian dragons ----.
A) have not yet been determined by economists
B) are closely related to distorted trade regimes
C) are in line with the theories of development
economics
D) should have contributed to the rise of Sudan
E) have confirmed the importance of political
stability

152. It is pointed out in the passage that South

Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.

A) export more to the US than to any other

country in the world
B) have been in fierce competition with each
other in the export of manufactured goods
C) have developed their economies in
accordance with the theory of development
economics
D) admit openly that they have made use of
various distorted trade regimes
E) export almost as many manufactured goods
between them, as does the US

153. We learn from the passage that, in just over

two decades, Taiwan ----.

A) became the economic model for the other

dragons on account of its economic success
B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth
among the four East Asian dragons
C) rose from a low-level per capita income
similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one
D) attached far more importance to private
enterprise than any other Asian country
E) was the only one among the dragons to
exploit its resources to the full

154. According to the passage, there is no

unanimous agreement among economists as to
----.

A) how far distorted trade regimes contributed

to the economic success of the four dragons
B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead
of Singapore and South Korea in economic
efficiency
C) whether the growth rate of the four dragons
will continue steadily
D) when the four East Asian dragons will catch
up with the US regarding manufactured exports
E) how the four East Asian dragons achieved
their miraculous growth rate

93
Although women have made huge strides in (I) 161. VI
---- men in the workplace, a gender gap still (II) A) to
---- both in wages and levels of advancement. B) as
Commonly cited explanations for this gap range C) about
from charges of sex discrimination (III) ---- D) by
claims that women are more sensitive than men E) with
to work versus family conflicts and thus less
inclined to make sacrifices (IV) ---- their careers. 162. VII
Now, however, two new studies suggest that A) in which
another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained B) that
difference in the way men and women react C) which
to competition that manifests itself even at an D) whom
early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less E) whether
responsive (V) ---- competition than males - a
tendency (VI) ---- important implications for 163. On the whole, according to the passage,
women and business. It may hurt women in highly women in the workplace ----.
competitive labor markets, for example, and
hamper efficient job placement - especially for A) are content to let the men compete among
positions (VII) ---- competitiveness is not a useful themselves
trait. B) inspire a competitive spirit in men
C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve
156. I D) have rapidly attained a position approaching
A) looking after that of men
B) putting on E) keep themselves up-to-date with
C) catching up with developments in the labor market
D) showing off
E) dropping out 164. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely
that women ----.
157. II
A) persists A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the
B) bridges workplace
C) leaves B) become seriously concerned, at a very early
D) opens age, about their future careers
E) fills C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the
workplace
158. III D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to
A) by get the promotion they deserve
B) in E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do
C) of
D) to 165. We understand from the passage that, when
E) at a choice has to be made between work and family,
----.
159. IV
A) from A) men are less likely, than women to risk their
B) with careers
C) on B) most career women naturally give precedence
D) for to work
E) of C) women expect men to give the priority to the
family
160. V D) it is the women, rather than the men, who find
A) from making that choice hard
B) over E) neither the men nor the women can readily
C) along makeup their minds
D) under
E) to

94
166. According to the passage, in working life The Sahara desert (I) ---- most of Egypts land, so
today, ----. overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two million
people live squeezed together into the six million
A) women are preferred for certain jobs that fertile acres (II) ---- the Nile delta and narrow
require sensitivity river valley - just five per cent of the total area of
B) there still exists considerable discrimination Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in
against women Cairo alone. Until recently, it (III) ---- impractical
C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and dangerous to even consider moving into the
and quicker advancement southern desert, (IV) ---- temperatures regularly
D) family concerns are what drive men to work rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only
harder and earn more be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells.
E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex But in the last 20 years a New Valley has slowly
discrimination is to be banned been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres,
tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks
167. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that are being constructed, factories are (V) ----. The
the reluctance of women to be competitive ----. main development making this possible is the
construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also
A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed
B) is the major factor contributing to the al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates,
persistence of sex discrimination in the which is financially backing the project, the canal
workplace is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the
C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their Egyptian government to make it possible for people
families to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle
D) only becomes apparent when they reach of Cairo. If a second Nile cuts through the desert
maturity and water is distributed to surrounding land, people
E) may prevent them from being appointed to and crops can (VI) ---- there as they do around the
the positions they deserve existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the
New Valley.

168. I
A) looks up
B) takes up
C) keeps up
D) uses up
E) sets up

169. II
A) among
B) towards
C) to
D) form
E) along

170. III
A) will be
B) was
C) may be
D) has been
E) would be

171. IV
A) which
B) whether
C) where
D) what
E) that

95
172. V 177. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost
A) closing down the whole of Egypts population ----.
B) cutting off
C) watching out A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta
D) springing up B) wants to move into the New Valley
E) settling down C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than
in industrial ones
173. VI D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem
A) thrive E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley
B) complain project
C) adopt
D) step 178. It is pointed out in the passage that the
E) change irrigation project for the New Valley ----.

174. We understand from the passage that the
canal under construction ----.
A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo
and other cities
B) constitutes just a portion of a massive
irrigation project
C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara
D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt
E) passes through an overcrowded part of the
country
A) has received a mixed reaction from the general
public
B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast
sums of money
C) has primarily been designed to case the
overcrowding in Cairo
D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic
economic recession
E) will make the inhospitable desert far more
easily accessible

175. As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the

benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.

A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country

into a fully industrial one
B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry
C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta
area will be reduced
D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be
rapidly modified
E) it will set an example for the developed world
to invest in desert projects
176. We can conclude from the passage that the
New Valley project, which has been underway for
roughly two decades, ----.
A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al
Nahya of the United Arab Emirates
B) has already started to transform the
economic potential of Egypt
C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial
activity is not provided for
D) is very near to completion and large numbers
of people have already moved in
E) is proving far more problematic than was
originally foreseen
When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency,
after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in
November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue
political capital he would initially need to champion
goals and policies that Kennedy (I) ---- . Not long
before his death Kennedy had scrawled the word
poverty on a piece of paper and circled it multiple
times; this note fell into the hands of his brother
Robert and became a symbolic justification (II) ----
Johnsons declaration of the War on Poverty, early
in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson
pushed through Congress in his first two years as
President, can readily be seen as (III) ---- of the
avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration. The
details might have been different, but historians
generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his
first term and won a second, America (IV) ----
something similar to the early years of Johnsons
Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first
strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And
some historians have argued that in this realm as
well, Johnson indeed pursued a course that Kennedy
had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived,
according to this line of thinking, he would have
continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba
and steady (V) ---- of US involvement in Vietnam.
Johnson certainly believed that this was (VI) ----
Kennedy intended to do.

96
179. I 186. As we understand from the passage, one of
A) is pursuing the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----.
B) would have pursued
C) was pursued A) concerned the improvement of relations
D) had been pursuing between his administration and Congress
E) will be pursing B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism
towards Cuba
180. II C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam
A) at D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign
B) for policy
C) on E) was the elimination of poverty in the US
D) by
E) in 187. It is clear from the passage that initially
Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies
181. III ----.
A) extensions
B) determination A) as far as they were in keeping with the national
C) consciousness ideal of a Great Society
D) currents B) although in essence they clashed with his own
E) coherence C) since he hadnt formulated any of his own
D) because he sensed this would make him
182. IV politically popular
A) was witnessing E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable
B) witnessed
C) may witness 188. According to the passage, Johnsons pursuit of
D) would have witnessed the Kennedy goals and policies ----.
E) witnesses
A) has been condemned by several recent
historians
B) largely occurred during the first two years of his
183. V presidency
A) suspect C) actually undermined his image as president
B) wage D) brought him into conflict with Congress
C) invasion E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on
D) escalation Poverty
E) admiration
189. The passage makes the point that Johnson
184. VI became the president of the US ----.
A) which
B) whom A) because Kennedy was assassinated
C) that B) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty
D) what was extremely popular
E) it C) because he supported the war in Vietnam
D) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on
185. Its clear from the passage that, on assuming many national and international issues
the presidency, Johnson ----. E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers

A) maintained amiable relations with the

Kennedys
B) was determined to put his own policies into
effect, and leave his own mark
C) took great care not to antagonize Congress
D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedys
policies in international relations
E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy and
ignore domestic issues

97
The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 195. According to the passage, a new rocket engine
4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of is presently being developed to ----.
that weight is fuel. (I) ---- it is designed to work
in a vacuum, the shuttle (II) ---- not only fuel but A) reach previously unimagined speeds
the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient B) make space travel more comfortable and
way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested feasible
an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off
This should reduce take-off weights (III) ---- half. D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space
A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take exploration
off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere
would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. (IV) ---- on the shuttle
the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1, 500 miles
per hour - twice the speed of sound - the liquid 196. We learn from the passage that in the usual
oxygen would shut off completely and the engine space shuttle, the weight ----.
would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently
the craft would accelerate to about ten times A) makes high speeds impossible
the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for B) consists very largely of fuel
the engine to breathe, the ship would (V) ---- to C) does not pose any serious problem
rocket mode to punch its way into space. D) of the liquid oxygen is enormous
E) of the rockets is insignificant
190. I
A) Although 197. As the passage points out, a space shuttle
B) As though requires oxygen ----.
C) Since
D) By the time A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere
E) Even if B) if it is to attain very high speeds
C) but only in its liquid form
191. II D) in order to burn the fuel
A) carried E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off
B) would carry
C) must carry 198. The point is made in the passage that the
D) was carrying reason for developing the new engine is to ----.
E) will have carried
A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed
192. III the speed of sound
A) under B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels
B) during C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen
C) beyond D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus
D) by cut down on the shuttles weight
E) as E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum

193. IV 199. It is clear from the passage that, - once there is

A) Unless not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.
B) In addition
C) Despite A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten
D) Once times the speed of sound
E) As a result B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid
oxygen aboard the shuttle
194. V C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the
A) get along shuttle
B) force out D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any
C) make do further
D) set aside E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently
E) shift back

98
The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of 205. From this passage, we get the impression that
Wellington. He is not simply the famous British the book being reviewed ----.
general (I) ---- defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
He remains a great general but he is also shown A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington
to have had feet of clay inside his splendid boots. B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great
For example, the writer (II) ---- Wellingtons vanity general
and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to
the credit (III) ---- his victories. This is a splendid Wellington
book. Never less than interesting, but always D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington
trenchant. It redefines Wellington without (IV) ---- E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture of
his achievements and ends by reminding us (V) Wellington
---- it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated
a wish that there should be a European code of 206. In the book under review, Wellington is
laws, a European judiciary ... one people in Europe. criticized for ----.
The ogres dream is coming true.
A) not recognizing the role played by others in his
200. I victories
A) who B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo
B) whomsoever C) trying to buy peoples affection and support
C) whoever D) underestimating Napoleons strength
D) whomever E) failing to consult his subordinates
E) whom
207. It is clear from the passage that the book
201. II under review differs from traditional biographies of
A) breaks away Wellington ----.
B) wipes out
C) writes off A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more
D) dwells on than his share of praise
E) blows up B) as it questions his skills as a leader
C) because it shows up his human weaknesses
202. III D) in attitude, but not in content
A) for E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his
B) by virtues
C) into
D) around 208. We understand from the passage that in the
E) at book under review, Napoleon ----.

203. IV A) is simply presented as the big enemy

A) posing B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united Europe
B) convening C) is shown to have had greater military skills than
C) clearing Wellington
D) diminishing D) and Wellington each admired the military skills
E) summarizing of the other
E) knew from the beginning that he would never
204. V conquer Britain
A) which
B) who 209. In line 5, feet of clay stands for ----.
C) that
D) its A) disgraceful impulses
E) what B) unmilitary feelings
C) desires that have to be suppressed
D) basic human weakness or faults
E) an overwhelming desire to deceive

99
 Some people believe that meat consumption 214. V
contributes to famine and (I) ---- the Earths A) attempt
natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that B) expect
cows and sheep require pasturage that could be C) stabilize
better used to grow grain for starving millions D) lead
in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made E) suppose
that raising livestock requires more water than
raising plant foods. But both these arguments 215. One important point made in this passage is
are illogical. (II) ---- the pasturage argument, that ----.
this ignores (III) ---- a large portion of the Earths
dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, A) desert and mountainous regions should be
desert and mountainous areas are not suitable developed as arable land for cultivation
for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms
However, modern commercial farming methods involves various health hazards
prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space C) more encouragement should be given to the
feeding them on grains and soybeans. (IV) ---- the application of modern farming technologies
bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but D) meat production in the developed world needs
stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses to be increased to combat famine
and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an E) every measure must be taken to conserve the
unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which Earths natural resources
could be eaten by humans. The argument here,
then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earths 216. One argument that is clearly opposed in the
resources, but that commercial farming methods passage ----.
do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable
living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of
synthetic hormones are common. These all (V) healthy livestock
---- to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the
an unhealthy food product. basic feed for livestock
C) is related to the inadequate methods employed
210. I in the prevention of famine
A) identifies D) is that livestock need water as much as plants
B) depletes do
C) renews E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized
D) excels for the cultivation of crops
E) locates
217. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage
211. II points out that ----.
A) In spite of
B) No matter A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the
C) As for quality of meat
D) Even B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt
E) Only modern farming methods in order to overcome
famine
212. III C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be
A) how upgraded so as to increase meat production
B) those D) the famine in the world is not directly related to
C) which the consumption of meat
D) the fact that E) a very extensive part of the earths surface is
E) what ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

213. IV 218. The writer attacks present day commercial

A) Unfortunately farming methods ----.
B) Certainly
C) Responsively A) but admits that there is a higher production rate
D) Particularly than there was with earlier methods
E) Accordingly B) though the end product is extremely healthy
C) and claims that they are responsible for
depleting the natural resources of the world
D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food
for everyone

100
 E) because, among other things, it makes no 220. I
effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions A) obliged
219. By the pasturage argument (line 9) is B) enjoyed
meant the argument that ----. C) worried
D) compensated
219. By the pasturage argument (line 9) is meant E) assisted
the argument that ----.
221. II
A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be A) For
cultivated and used to grow grain B) Off
B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and C) Beyond
not allowed to graze freely D) With
C) cultivated land ought to be turned into E) Away
pasturage
D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely 222. III
produce good meat A) looked back on
E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and B) brought into
turned into good pasturage C) ended up
D) run down
E) took on

223. IV
A) that
B) when
C) whether
D) which
E) who

224. V
A) However
B) Moreover
C) Then
D) As
E) Yet

In modern times, it was perhaps the gentleman 225. According to the passage, the major difference
scientists of the nineteenth century who came between the gentleman scientists and present-day
closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific ones ----.
research. These privileged amateurs (I) ---- a
financial independence which most scientists A) has frequently been ignored by governments
today cannot have, and which enabled them to and universities
satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need B) is that the former were free to research as they
to please patrons. (II) ---- the growth of scientific chose, while the latter are not
research after World War II, science has become C) has become a highly controversial issue in
an expensive occupation. Many scientists today university circles
(III) ---- the 1960s as a golden age of modern- D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe
day science, (IV) ---- research was mainly funded it to be
by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen E) the former were less objective in their research
by governments to be part of the public good, methods than the latter are
and worth paying for. Today, the situation is
very different. Academic freedom is now often
little more than an illusion for most scientists
working at universities or in publicly-funded
research institutes. (V) ----, science is now largely
dominated by the interests of the industrial
world, and hence, hardly deserves the name
science.

101
226. The writer points out that in the 1960s -- Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question
that has been asked by countless people (I) ---- the
A) research activities were largely carried out ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain
under the sponsorship of industry constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing
B) scientists believed that they were entering a mix of natural chemicals (II) ---- rivers and thence
upon a golden age into the sea. The most water-soluble and abundant
C) academic freedom was already a thing of the of these just happen to taste salty. All very simple.
past Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for
D) scientists carried out their research activities millions of years, dumping ever more of these salty
at the public expense compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is
E) scientific research largely concentrated on still far (III) ---- the saturation level. So the real
meeting the needs of war mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it
isnt utterly packed (IV) ---- salt, and as lifeless as
227. The writer of the passage argues that the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about
contemporary scientific research ----. our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for billions of
years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive
A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the gases like oxygen and methane. Why havent they (V)
interests of industry ---- into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of
B) finds its best milieu within the universities Mars or Venus?
C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate
D) offers one of the most exciting and 230. I
stimulating of careers A) out
E) is far more concerned with theory than with B) among
any practical application C) down
D) away
228. The writer of the passage regards the E) off
gentleman scientists of the nineteenth century
as privileged because ----. 231. II
A) at
A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding B) for
B) there were plenty of patrons willing to C) from
finance them D) by
C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures E) into
D) scientific research was still in its early stages
and it was easy to discover something new 232. III
E) they were always well-rewarded for their A) at
efforts B) below
C) from
229. The phrase part of the public good (lines D) with
13-14) in effect means ----. E) above

A) deserving of a good public 233. IV

B) setting good standards for society A) as
C) ensuring a better future for society B) between
D) beneficial to society C) along
E) recognized by the general public as being D) with
good E) throughout

234. V
A) did away
B) depended on
C) tried on
D) settled down
E) turned out

102
235. According to the passage, the most Family-owned companies are bad for business, a
important and fascinating question about salt and new study argues - (I) ---- when they dominate a
the sea is ----? large portion of a countrys economy. Outside the
United States and Britain most major corporations
A) why do certain natural elements taste salty are in the hands of a few wealthy families, (II) ---- ,
B) how much salt is there in the sea as in the US and Britain, being owned by a wide
C) how does the salt get to the sea network of shareholders. The power of these small
D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation families often (III) ---- far beyond the companies
level they own directly, (IV) ---- a system of control
E) why isnt the sea more salty pyramids in which they exercise indirect control
over a large number of smaller companies. This
236. One point made in the passage is that concentration of corporate power doesnt merely
unanswered questions about the world and the leave a high percentage of wealth in the hands
universe ----. of billionaires -it also (V) ---- growth, diminishes
efficiency, and limits economic freedom. Moreover,
A) will, at some point in the future, be answered a tiny elite that cannot be sacked, as the study
in a satisfactory manner puts it, is likely to pursue economic entrenchment,
B) are now very few in number in which property rights and financial openness are
C) are unimportant and can be ignored restricted to protect a few families economic and
D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world political prerogatives or rights.
E) are only of interest to scientists
240. I
237. One aim of the writer in this passage is to A) by far
make people realize that ----. B) ever
C) as such
A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance D) upon
of nature E) at least
B) everything in the universe has an explanation
C) many of the facts about various planets are 241. II
exceedingly boring A) because
D) all the seas in the world will eventually be B) rather than
like the Dead Sea C) furthermore
E) what may seem simple and straightforward D) so
may actually not be so E) besides

238. It is clear from the passage that writer often 242. III
wonders about why ----. A) confers
B) assumes
A) certain gases are not highly reactive C) shares
B) there is no end to the chemicals that are D) extends
carried into the sea E) demonstrates
C) the world is as it is
D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea 243. IV
E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of A) thanks to
Venus B) with respect to
C) in addition to
239. The phrase just happen to supports the D) in spite of
writers view of the world as a place ----. E) at the same time

A) where many phenomena remain inexplicable

B) where everything goes according to a master 244. V
plan A) encourages
C) where most occurrences have a logical B) accelerates
explanation C) spurs
D) of continuous and relentless change D) generates
E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in E) retards
science

103
 245. The aim of the passage is to ----.
Recent activity in several US church communities
A) highlight the different ways in which business has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers have
is carried on in the US and in Britain gathered around huge fires and cheered (I) ---- they
B) compare small family businesses and large cast Harry Potter books into the flames. They fear
corporations that the incredibly popular series about a school for
C) present the findings of a research project into young wizards is spurring children and adolescents
the nature of large, family-owned corporations (II) ---- a life of witchcraft and onto the dangerous
D) discredit the practices of big business, path toward Satanism. For these congregations,
especially when shareholders are involved J.K. Rowlings books are none other than the work
E) contradict the conclusions of a study into the of the devil herself. To most people, however, the
practices of large, family-owned corporations Harry Potter books and films are merely compelling
adventure stories, not a threat (III) ---- childrens
246. We understand from the passage that in psyches. But what has been forgotten in the
Britain and the US, the larger companies ----. excitement of Pottermania is that boys and girls
have been fascinated by magic and sorcery (IV)
A) are constantly merging to create even larger ---- generations. Surveys about magical practices
companies among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate
B) frequently extend their control over smaller that as many as 44 per cent have shown some
corporations slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically
C) are characterized by much financial openness motivated violence occasionally makes headlines,
D) are usually owned by shareholders who may research shows that less than 5 percent of young
be many in number people (V) ---- more extensive witchcraft, and very
E) are highly competitive and growing fast few (VI) ---- in the kind of organized devil worship
that can lead to such acts (VII) ---- ritual murder.
247. We learn from the passage that the control
pyramids ----. 250. I
A) but
A) offer smaller companies a much-needed B) as well
guidance C) as if
B) are in general very beneficial D) so as
C) depict the system of management within a E) as
large corporation
D) characterize all family businesses whether 251. II
large or small A) among
E) tend to restrict growth and lower efficiency B) toward
C) under
248. By the tiny elite that cannot be sacked of D) between
the passage is meant ----. E) over

A) families running small businesses at the base 252. III

of the control pyramids A) as
B) the non-family share-holders B) of
C) the high-ranking employees of the big C) on
corporations D) to
D) the few billionaire families who own and rule E) about
the major corporations
E) families without economic and political 253. IV
prerogatives A) to
B) for
249. It is clear from the passage that a major aim C) with
of the big family companies is to ----. D) from
E) at
A) preserve the status quo that is, their own
wealth and power 254. V
B) increase their political power and play a role A) get off
in policy making B) set out
C) make the business world more competitive C) take part in
D) reduce the powers of their shareholders D) care for
E) encourage the growth of economic freedom E) come along
throughout the world

104
255. VI 260. In the passage, though the writer does
A) make over not want to make a big issue of the matter of
B) end up witchcraft, he ----.
C) keep on
D) rely on A) would like more surveys and studies to be
E) look into carried out on it
B) feels it should receive more public attention
256. VII C) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible
A) at events
B) as D) hopes that Pottermania will soon die out of its
C) to own accord
D) by E) believes that all cases of satanically motivated
E) like violence should make the headlines and so serve
as warnings
257.The attitude of the writer of the passage
towards the burning of the Harry Potter books by .
various church communities is ----. 261. According to the passage, those who burn the
Harry Potter books ----.
A) an understanding one, as many young people
have been led astray by these books A) have previously burned other popular books
B) one of deep anger B) are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft
C) sympathetic as basically he believes they are themselves
right about the ill-effects of the Harry Potter C) mostly do so without having first read the
books books
D) one of amazement at their response D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying
E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and extremist attitudes
fanaticism E) do so because they believe these books
encourage young people to turn to witchcraft
258. One point emphasized in the passage is that
the interest of young people in magic ----.

A) is no more dangerous than their love of

adventure
B) needs to be recognized by society and firm
action taken
C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter
stories
D) is by no means a new development
E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly
harmless

259. According to the passage, though a fair

number of young people have felt a vague,
temporary interest in magic, ----.

A) it has always been easy to convince them of

its dangers
B) few have become seriously involved
C) they have never, in any way, been harmed by
it
D) most do not even know the meaning of
Satanism
E) this never continues into adolescence

105
 267. VI
Therapists have to be very careful before they
A) at
make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great
B) from
many complaints are founded (I) ---- fact. It is
C) on
possible that a patient is really being harassed
D) above
at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or
E) with
that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed,
therapists must be careful not to (II) ---- facts
268.The passage draws attention to the fact that --
as delusions, a trap known as the Martha
Mitchell effect. Martha Mitchell was the wife
A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on
of former US attorney general John Mitchell.
several occasions
In October 1972, he was accused (III) ----
B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to
having ordered the break-in at the Democratic
distinguish between fact and delusion
campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel
C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney
in Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told
general
the press that her husband was being made a
D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to
scapegoat to protect the real culprit President
delusions
Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread
E) complaints always have a foundation in fact
disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she
had a drinking problem and implying (IV) ---- her
269. We understand from the passage that Mrs
statements were delusional. When the scandal
Mitchell ----.
was ultimately (V) ----, Mrs Mitchells statements
were proved true and she was shown to be
A) was often treated by therapists on account of
utterly sane and (VI) ---- no drinking problem.
her delusions
B) did indeed have a drinking problem
262. I
C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by
A) at
the White House
B) by
D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from
C) with
delusions
D) on
E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair
E) of
270. We learn from the passage that, in the
263. II
Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell --
A) mislabel
B) realize
A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the
C) prefer
Democratic campaign headquarters
D) check
B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer
E) convince
C) asked the press to interview his wife
D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure
264. III
E) was anxious that his wife should not get
A) of
involved with the press
B) as
C) over
271. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchells
D) by
statements about her husband ----.
E) from
A) were disregarded by the press
265. IV
B) were imaginary rather than factual
A) what
C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied
B) whether
D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney
C) which
general was innocent
D) who
E) were examined by therapists on a regular basis
E) that
272. It is clear from the passage that, by the
266. V
Martha Mitchell effect is meant ----.
A) interpreted
B) unravelled
A) the labelling of facts as delusions
C) gathered
B) Mrs Mitchells loyal support of her husband
D) caused
C) the use of a wifes evidence against her
E) failed
husband
D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal
E) the giving of false testimony at a trial

106
 278. It is clear from the passage that, before
Mandelbrots concepts attracted the attention of the
Before the Polish-born French-American scientific world, ----.
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark
on the world, scientists liked to forget (I) ---- the A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and
imperfections and irregularities of nature. The concentrated on regular shapes
study of perfect squares, triangles and planes B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was
(II) ---- their field for over 2, 000 years, since the inadequate
Greek geometer Euclid (III) ---- maths oldest C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to
treatise Elements and provided us with the tools measure trees and exotic noises
to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the
Any question about how to measure the real concept of roughness
shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his
rough edge could not be (IV) ---- by Euclidean studies into roughness
geometry and had therefore been ignored. But
Mandelbrot changed all this when he (V) ---- 279. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry
fractal geometry, which enables us to measure can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative
roughness. My whole career has been one long, effect upon the development of mathematics
ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness, he because it ----.
says. The roughness of clusters in the physics of
disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved
chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of B) is too involved with measurement
galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price charts and C) makes the investigation of roughness impossible
of mathematical constructions. D) is far too comprehensive
E) put forward the concept of roughness
273. I
A) for 280. It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot --
B) by
C) about A) only began to work on the concept of roughness
D) from at a later stage in his career
E) of B) finds the concept of roughness immensely
exciting, and apparent in widely different areas
274. II C) worked on the concept of roughness because
A) had dominated he wanted to prove that Euclids theories were
B) dominate contradictory
C) will dominate D) didnt discover fractal geometry but worked to
D) would dominate extend its uses
E) was dominating E) has still to convince the scientific world of the
value of fractal geometry
275. III
A) will write 281. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean
B) writes geometry ----.
C) had been written
D) wrote A) has led to a better appreciation of the
E) was writing irregularities in nature
B) has had to be modified in the light of new
276. IV discoveries
A) underestimated C) has been shown to be invalid
B) tackled D) is not universally applicable
C) extinguished E) doesnt deserve the respect it has enjoyed for
D) perplexed 2,000 years
E) added
282. According to the passage, fractal geometry ---
277. V
A) was inventing A) makes possible the measurement of anything
B) invents with a rough edge
C) might invent B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to
D) used to invent Euclidean geometry
E) invented C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry
D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean
geometry entirely
E) is just one of several remarkable innovations
propounded by Mandelbrot

107
Much has been said and written about the 288. VI
declining numbers of and (I) ---- lack of diversity A) between
among American college students majoring in B) among
engineering. Among the factors (II) ---- to explain C) throughout
this phenomenon are the lack of exposure (III) D) at
---- high school students (IV) ---- the very idea E) to
of engineering and the fact that many have
insufficient mathematics and science background 289. VII
to gain entrance to engineering school, (V) ---- A) that
they do identify the profession as a possible career. B) as
This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering C) whether
should be integrated into the curricula not only D) what
of high schools but also of middle and primary E) which
schools. Our children are being done a disservice
by not being exposed properly (VI) ---- their 290. VIII
education to engineering activities identified as A) but
such. After all, even pre-school children have the B) as
prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly C) therefore
what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is D) when
everywhere around them throughout their school E) because
day, even in their before-school and after-school
activities. It need only be pointed out to them (VII) 291.The writer of the passage feels strongly that
---- they are designing something, and (VIII) ---- ----.
being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything
that they do. A) children should be involved in engineering
activities at an early age
283. I B) many children are being unfairly directed into a
A) impressive career in engineering
B) available C) the mathematics and science courses in
C) affluent schools need to be modernized
D) disappointing D) university engineering courses ought to be
E) sincere upgraded
E) the education of pre-school children is being
284. II given too much importance
A) cited
B) cite 292. Among the reasons given in the passage for
C) to cite the decline in the numbers of engineering students
D) to have been cited is that ----.
E) citing
A) the American schools still follow out-dated
285. III curricula
A) of B) university entrance requirements are far too
B) at demanding
C) to C) it is generally recognized as one of the most
D) with difficult of all the courses
E) for D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a
286. IV competitive field of study
A) about E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate
B) of knowledge of mathematics and science at high
C) in schools
D) on
E) to

287. V
A) even if
B) because
C) when
D) after
E) unless

108
293. The writer recognizes the fact that (I) ---- there have been truly significant advances
engineering ----. in modern medicine, health problems still (II)
---- and cause untold misery. Although heart
A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of
study among university students the 20th century, today these two diseases (III)
B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students ---- with increasing frequency, in spite of billions
C) is a complicated subject only suitable for of dollars in research to combat them, and in
really mature students spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and
D) has become one of the most popular fields of surgical techniques. In America, one person in three
study at American universities suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and
E) requires many years of training prior to one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a quarter of
qualification a million infants are born with a birth defect and
(IV) ---- expensive surgery, or are hidden away in
294. The writer points out that children can, at a institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as
very early age, ----. arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic
fatigue (V) ---- a significant majority of Americans.
A) be encouraged to take part in after-school Further learning disabilities make life miserable for
activities seven million young people and their parents. These
B) develop an interest in scientific matters diseases were extremely rare only a generation or
C) make up their minds to study engineering at two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of
university all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in
D) learn something about the basis of the United States.
engineering, which is design
E) be influenced by their school environment 296. I
A) Even so
295. According to the passage, all school B) Before
programmes ----. C) Even though
D) Since
A) should be designed to make students aware E) Because
of the engineering practices and principles
B) ought to give priority to the sciences 297. II
C) must encourage children to make creative A) overcome
designs B) set
D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to C) solve
diversify learning D) accomplish
E) overlook the fact that all children are different E) abound

298. III
A) treat
B) strike
C) heat
D) prevent
E) insist

299. IV
A) undergo
B) enjoy
C) suffer
D) boast
E) heal

300. V
A) astound
B) afflict
C) impress
D) form
E) nourish

109
301. One point that is stressed in the passage Fast-food is such a (I) ---- part of American life
about the American people is that ----. that it has become synonymous with American
culture. Fast food was born in America and it
A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases has now swollen into a $106-billion industry.
than most other peoples America exports fast-food worldwide and its
B) the rate of infant mortality among them is attendant corporate culture, has probably been
rising rapidly more influential and done more to destroy local
C) there is an alarming lack of communication food economies and cultural diversity (II) ---- any
between parents and their children government propaganda programme could hope
D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from
being reduced due to medical advances its (III) ---- and no aspect of life is unaffected.
E) in one way or another, a very large proportion Fast-food is now found in shopping malls, airports,
of them have health problems hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains,
and increasingly, in schools. There are 23, 000
302. According to the passage, cancer and heart restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2, 000
diseases are on the increase ----. are being opened every year. Its effect has been
the same on the millions of people it feeds daily
A) and most of the cures have serious side and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has
effects changed (IV) ---- we work, from its assembly line
B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the
present seem insurmountable trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid
C) since research so far carried out in these part time workforce. In the United States, more than
fields has been quite inadequate 57 per cent of the population eat meals (V) ----
D) even though a great deal of money is being home on any given day and they spend more money
spent on research into them on fast-food than they do on higher education,
E) but very little is being done by the authorities personal computers, or (VI) ---- on new cars.
to combat them
306. I
303. The writer of this passage draws our A) envious
attention to ----. B) dull
C) latter
A) the fact that it is young people who are the D) omnipresent
most affected by degenerative diseases E) pervasive
B) the paradox that medicine today has
improved remarkably, but more and more 307. II
people are suffering from various diseases A) forth
C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a B) only
few decades, be completely eradicated C) even
D) the argument that good health depends upon D) than
a healthy diet and early diagnosis E) just
E) the possibility that it is mental rather than
physical health that is going to be the major 308. III
problem of the future in the US A) presence
B) malnutrition
304. The passage stresses that ill-health gives C) benefit
rise to a great deal of misery ----. D) diagnosis
E) incidence
A) which is not confined to the patient alone
B) which is largely associated with pain 309. IV
C) especially in the case of chronic illness A) what
D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been B) whom
made C) how
E) especially when the symptoms are severe D) in which
E) that
305. In line 15 of the passage the term significant
majority refers to ----. 310. V
A) about
A) an articulate majority B) out
B) a statistically small majority C) of
C) a large and important majority D) away from
D) a rapidly increasing majority E) around
E) an unexpected but continuing majority
110
311. VI 316. The assertion at the end of the passage that
A) else Americans spend more money on fast-food than
B) but they do on higher education ----.
C) only
D) by far A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent on
E) even fast-food by Americans
B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good
312. The word swollen in line 3 ----. food
C) means that 57 percent of the American
A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry population has very little money leftover when it
has grown has paid for its food
B) suggests that the growth is excessive and D) is an indication that higher education in the US
unhealthy is not expensive
C) has very positive connotations E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross
D) draws attention to the inevitability of the exaggeration
growth of the industry
E) implies that the industry will continue to grow
on steadily

313. This passage on Americans fast-food

industry ----.

A) shows convincingly that it is falling into

disfavour
B) is clearly written by someone who loves good
food
C) concentrates on negative aspects
D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast
E) reveals the support it received from
government propaganda

314. One point that receives a lot of attention in

the passage is ----.

A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular

outside the US than it is inside
B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary
needs
C) the consideration the fast-food companies
show to their employees
D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food
industry
E) the idea that in such places as gas stations
and trains fast-food is actually the only practical
kind of food

315. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the

fact that ----.

A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay

even their part-time workers adequate salaries
B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now
come to a halt
C) there are still more traditional restaurants
than fast-food ones
D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high
standards with which it started
E) local and traditional styles of food are being
pushed off the market

111
It may be that golf originated in Holland but certainly
Scotland fostered the game and is famous for it. In fact,
in 1457 the Scottish Parliament disturbed because
football and golf (I) ---- young Scots from the more
soldierly exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that
banned football and golf. James I and Charles I of the
royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, (II) ---- the
game came to be known as the royal and ancient
game of golf. The golf balls used in the early games
were leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. Clubs
of all kinds were fashioned by hand to suit individual
players. The great step in spreading the game came
with the change from the feather ball to the present-
day ball introduced in about 1850. In I860, formal
competitions began with the establishment of an annual
tournament for the British Open championship. There
are records of golf clubs in the United States as far back
as colonial days. (III) ---- , it remained a rather sedate
and almost aristocratic pastime (IV) ---- a 20-year-old
Francis Ouimet of Boston defeated two great British
professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the United
States Open championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913.
This feat put the game and Francis Ouimet (V) ---- the
front pages of the newspapers and stirred a wave of
enthusiasm for the sport.
322. As we understand from the passage, golf only
became a popular game ----.
A) after an unknown American beat two famous
British golf players in a US tournament
B) following the annual tournament organized in
1860
C) in the time of James I
D) after the introduction of annual formal
competitions in both England and America
E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial America
323. According to the passage, it was at one time
believed in Scotland that ----.
A) football was a better game than golf for young
people
B) annual tournaments made the game too
competitive
C) golf was having an adverse effect on young
peoples military skills
D) young people should be encouraged to take up
either golf or archery
E) the origins of archery were in some way
associated with Holland

317. I 324. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ----.

A) was lured
B) had lured A) was to some extent practised in colonial America
C) will lure B) has been overshadowed by football in recent times
D) would be lured C) requires a great deal of expensive equipment
E) is luring D) receives less newspaper coverage than football
E) didnt arouse as much enthusiasm as archery did
318. II in medieval Scotland
A) that
B) who 325. The point is made in the passage that golf has
C) whereby been described as a royal game ----.
D) whether
E) of whom A)though for the last two centuries no kings have
participated in the game
319. III B)since the professionals of the game are treated
A) Thats why with so much respect
B) However C) as golf clubs are particular about who they
C) Likewise accept as members
D) Otherwise D) because two British kings were passionately
E) For example fond of it
E)which Americans find very annoying
320. IV
A) until 326. As we learn from the passage, it was around the
B) after mid-19th century that ----.
C) since
D) whereas A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish Parliament
E) following was repealed
B) the first formal golf competitions between
321. V America and Britain were held
A) at C) the newspapers began to cover major golf
B) to championships
C) with D) Scotland became the worlds leading country in
D) of golf
E) on E) important changes were introduced into golf

112
The economic news from Europe was particularly 333. We understand from the passage that the
disappointing in the second half of 2002. economic prospects in the current year for the
Moreover, recent surveys from the region imply European stock markets ----.
little (I) ---- of improvement in the near future.
Perhaps the most worrying aspect has been the A) are not foreseeable
sharp decline in conditions in Germany - the areas B) are certainly promising
(II) ---- and most important economy. Domestic C) are constantly under discussion
demand in Germany is very weak and, with D) seem most encouraging
the global economy also struggling, Germanys E) dont look hopeful
manufacturers have not been able to export
their way (III) ---- trouble as they have done in 334. It is pointed out in the passage that the present
the past. (IV) ---- the economy in such a weak economic recession in Germany ----.
state, it is no surprise then that European stock
markets (V) ---- the US stock markets downturn A) is actually not as serious as is being
over the past 6 months. (VI) ---- individual share experienced in several other European countries
prices may be lower and market valuations look B) is being overcome by means of increased
attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems exports
some way off and strong equity performance from C) is more persistent than previous ones have
Europes markets seems unlikely in 2003. been
D) should have been foreseen much earlier
327. I E) has been exaggerated in several surveys
A) structure recently
B) prospect
C) vitality 335. The passage points out that Germanys current
D) notice economic problems ----.
E) remark
A) have left the stock markets of Europe
328. II unaffected
A) larger B) have led to a worrying decline in the world
B) the larger economy
C) the largest C) are far less serious than those of any other
D) largest country in Europe
E) large D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales
E) are in fact not as alarming as they were once
329. III thought to be
A) away
B) in 336. According to the passage, the trend in
C) of European stock markets ----.
D) for
E) out of A) does not reflect the economic situation in
Germany
330. IV B) has been roughly the same as that in the US
A) Of stock markets
B) In C) improved greatly during the last six months
C) As of2002
D) By D) is related to the level of domestic demand in
E) With Germany
E) seems to change every six months
331. V
A) will follow 337. The phrase to export their way out of trouble
B) had followed means ----.
C) was following
D) is following A) to expand their market capacity through more
E) have followed exports
B) to find trouble-free markets for exports
332. VI C) to work extremely hard to increase their exports
A) Just as D) to put an end to the slump
B) Since E) to get out of the recession through increased
C) Because exports
D) After
E) While

113
Scientists who study Earths moon have two big 343. The point made in the passage is that it may be
regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed possible to ----.
a dozen astronauts (I) ---- the lunar surface
between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of A) come to a better understanding of comets
course, is that the missions ended so (II) ----, through the study of the moon
with so much of the moon still unexplored. But B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the
researchers also lament that the great triumph ice at the moons poles
of Apollo led to a popular (III) ----: because C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of
astronauts have visited the moon, there is no water on the moon
compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, D) identify the origin of the organic compounds
however, two probes that orbited the moon raised found on the moon
new questions about Earths airless satellite. E) have a full knowledge of the moon without
One stunning discovery was strong evidence of sending any more astronauts there
water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near
the moons poles. (IV) ---- scientists believe that 344. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant
comets deposited water and organic compounds outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.
on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at
the lunar poles could (VI) ---- clues to the origins A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on
of life. the moon
B) the focussing of scientific attention on the
338. I comets
A) of C) the resumption of lunar missions
B) on D) the realization that life is possible on the moon
C) towards E) the realization that there were great similarities
D) by between earth and moon
E) at
345. According to the passage, even though there
339. II were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty
A) foolishly years ago, ----.
B) expectedly
C) victoriously A) none of them could claim to be successful
D) abruptly B) mans knowledge of the moon has not increased
E) suitably at all
C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface
340. III remains to date unexamined
A) sympathy D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored
B) destination fully
C) sovereignty E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon
D) unrest seems even more farfetched than formerly
E) misconception
346. As we understand from the passage, a great
341. IV many people ----.
A) Though
B) Unless A) believe lunar missions should continue
C) Consequently indefinitely
D) So that B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific
E) Because breakthrough
C) are sure the moon cannot support life
342. V D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on
A) follow the moon is enough
B) search E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as
C) miss unfeasible
D) threaten
E) yield

114
347. A major point made in the passage is that 351. IV
----. A) looking down
B) turning into
A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life C) stepping down
in the universe D) drawing up
B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a E) trying out
great scientific success
C) the chances of finding water on the moon are 352. V
very slim A) would be weakened
D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that B) was weakened
the lunar landings should has continued C) will be weakened
E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing D) had weakened
further to learn about the moon E) weakened

353. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is

commonly recognized that the main cause for the
collapse of the twin towers ----.
The US National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a A) will only be understood after the release of a
controversial theory about the collapse of the detailed report by NIST
World Trade Center towers. (I) ---- an analysis (II) B) can never be established beyond doubt
---- a leading fire safety expert, had the fire- C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to
proofing insulation on the towers steel structures the heat of the fire
been thicker, the towers (III) ---- longer and D) was not f-o much due to the heat of the
might even have remained standing after they fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked
were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is planes
being seized on by lawyers representing victims E) is of special interest to insurance companies
families and insurance companies. If confirmed,
it could also lead to changes in building codes. 354. It is clear from the passage that ----.
NIST is responsible for (IV) ---- the final report on
the towers collapses and recommending if any A) the strength or the steel structure of the
changes are needed. It is widely accepted that towers had been questioned when the designs
the collapses were caused by the failure of the were drawn up
buildings steel structure as it (V) ---- by the heat B) NIST has already made a thorough study of the
of the fires. collapse of the towers
C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two
348. I towers is still under debate
A) As a result D) the structure of the twin towers was in many
B) In spite of respects well below standard
C) Similarly E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the
D) According to twin towers
E) However
355. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in
349. II fire safety ----.
A) at
B) under A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers
C) by on the thin fire-proofing insulation
D) off B) is to blame for negligence as regards the
E) in burning of the twin towers
C) has been cooperating with the victims lawyers
350. III to start legal procedures
A) would have survived D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on
B) will survive the collapse of the towers
C) may survive E) should have been aware of the structural
D) survive weakness of the towers and given due warning
E) survived

115
356. As is pointed out in the passage, the The long-expected decline in the dollar is now well
inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the under way. For years economists have predicted
towers ----. that Americas huge current-account deficit would
eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the
A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause dollars slide (I) ---- fairly gradual: it is down by
of the collapse 13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year,
B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention though it has dropped by almost twice as much
C) is less important than the weakness of the against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the decline
steel structure as the cause of the collapse seemed to (II) ---- speed this week, John Snow,
D) had long been recognized by fire-safety George Bushs Treasury Secretary, declared that
experts as the weakest point in their he favours a strong dollar policy. That was surely
construction the wrong answer even leaving aside the debatable
E) has never been considered by any serious issue of (III) ---- cabinet secretaries can influence
body the level of exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger
dollar, is what the world needs now - so long as
357. According to the passage, if the tower policymakers elsewhere respond (IV) ----. America
collapse theory concerning the fire-proofing promoted a strong dollar throughout the 1990s,
insulation proves to be true, ----. (V) ---- inflation was still thought to be the main
enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its
A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover,
the fight against terrorism with ample space capacity in America, deflation
B) the victims families will get no compensation looks a bigger risk than inflation.
C) this will free NIST from all blame
D) then lawyers will have no grounds for 358. I
objections A) had been
E) then NIST will probably introduce new B) will be
building regulations C) may be
D) was
E) has been

359. II
A) pick up
B) keep down
C) pull through
D) make up
E) put out

360. III
A) whether
B) which
C) what
D) whom
E) that

361. IV
A) appropriately
B) brutally
C) gradually
D) relatively
E) selfishly

362. V
A) which
B) those
C) although
D) when
E) even

116
363. It is pointed out in the passage that the
American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong dollar
----.
A) seems less rational now than it did then
B) has proved successful in boosting the
economy
C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary,
John Snow
D) has frequently been disregarded by American
economists
E) has been a major reason for the decline of the
euro
367. In the passage, with the phrase the wrong
answer is meant ----.
A) the American governments indifference to the
decline of the dollar
B) the policy of keeping the dollar in line with the
euro
C) keeping the dollar strong through trade
D) permitting the current-account deficit to
continue
E) the Treasury Secretarys preference for a strong
dollar policy

364. It is stressed in the passage that for the

American economy, ----.

A) John Snows policies promise a great deal of

hope
B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may
pose the more serious problem
C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes
a major threat
D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is
of vital importance
E) policy makers agree that deflation has been
responsible for many of the problems

365. According to the passage, what has brought

about the fall of the American dollar ----.

A) is the erratic global fluctuations in exchange

rates
B) is the enormous deficit experienced by the
American economy
C) has been a persistent recession in the global
economy
D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by
John Snow, Treasury Secretary
E) is the unexpected rise in the value of the euro

366. As we understand from the passage, the

decline in the value of the American dollar has
----.

A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the

euro
B) bolstered American trade
C) been foreseen by economists over a long
period of time
D) been a major headache for policy makers
E) followed an unpredictable pattern

117
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