ADVANCED SURVEYING

FIELD MANUAL

FIELD WORK NO. 5

LAYING OF A REVERSE CURVE USING
TRANSIT AND TAPE

COURSE AND SECTION: CE 121 / A2

SUBMITTED BY:

SN. NAME: Lopez, Allen King I. STUDENT NO.: 2013151850

GROUP NO. CHIEF OF PARTY: Santos, Patricia

DATE OF FIELD WORK: 11/10/2015 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 12/08/2015

SUBMITTED TO:

PROFESSOR: Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes GRADE

OBJECTIVES:

1. To be able to lay a reverse curve by incremental chords and deflection angle

method.
2. To master the skill in leveling, orienting and using the transit effectively.
3. To work cooperatively with ones group mates and efficiently perform the
required task.

INSTRUMENTS:

Range Poles - Ranging poles are used to mark areas and to set out
straight lines on the field which consists of a straight rod painted in
bands of alternate red and white each one foot wide. They are also
used to mark points which must be seen from a distance. Ranging
poles are straight round stalks, 3 to 4 cm thick and
about 2 m long. They are made of wood or metal.

Chalk - A chalk is a soft, white,

porous sedimentary carbonate rock,
a form of limestone composed of the
mineral calcite.

50 meter tape - A fifty meter long tape that are used to

measure distances on the field. This is used in surveying
for measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances.

Theodolite - This is a precision instrument having a

telescopic sight for establishing horizontal and
sometimes vertical angles.

PROCEDURE:

1. The professor gives the following data:

 st nd
1 Curve 2 Curve
D1=______; d1= ______; d2= ______ D2=______; d1= ______; d2= ______

Let I = d1 + 5D1 + d2 =___________ Let I=d1 + 7D1 +d2 =___________

Sta. PC =m;
st
Azimuth of backward tangent of 1 curve: m
Adopt Full chord length of m
2. Compute the elements of the reverse curve given the data above.
3. Set the transit at PC. Level and orient the transit at the magnetic south while
vernier A is at zero reading.
4. Sight the location of vertex V1 following the given direction of the back
tangent T1 and mark the location on the ground at a distance T1 from PC.
5. Set the horizontal vernier to zero again and start locating intermediate points
of the first curve until you reach PCC using the incremental chord lengths
and their deflection angle from the backward tangent.
6. Upon reaching PRC, transfer the instrument at PRC.
7. Again, level the instrument and with the telescope inverted position sight the
V1.
8. After locating V1, plunge the telescope into the normal position and locate
V2 which is along the line from V1 to PCC, and at a computed distance T2
from PCC.
9. Drive a pin directly on V2.
10. Once again, set the horizontal vernier A to zero reading while sighting the
position of V2.
11. Using the incremental chord lengths and their deflection angles, lay
intermediate points of the second curve on the ground until you reach PT.

PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK NO. 5 LAYING OF A REVERSE CURVE USING TRANSIT AND TAPE

DATE: 10 Nov. 2015 GROUP NO.: -

TIME: 12:00pm-4:30 LOCATION: Intramuros Walls
WEATHER: Sunny PROFESSOR: Engr. B.Cervantes

DATA SUPPLIED:
 1st Curve 2nd Curve
R1 = 250m R2 = 320m
I1 = 36 I2 = 42

Sta. PC = 30+006 (Preferably not a full station so there will be d1 and d2)
Azimuth of backward tangent of 1st curve: __N45E__
Adopt Full chord length of _20m scale 1:20 (Preferably 2m to 5m)

STATION INCREMENTAL
CENTRAL SUMMATION OF
OCCUPIED OBSERVED INCREMENTAL
CHORD ANGLES DEFLECTION ANGLES
30+006.00 30+020 14.00 313' 136'
----- 30+040 20 435' 354'
----- 30+060 20 435' 611'
----- 30+080 20 435' 829'
----- 30+100 20 435' 1046'
----- 30+120 20 435' 1304'
----- 30+140 20 435' 1521'
----- 30+160 20 435' 1739'
----- 30+163.08 3.08 042' 180'
30+163.08 30+180 16.92 302' 131'
----- 30+200 20 335' 318'
----- 30+220 20 335' 506'
----- 30+240 20 335' 653'
----- 30+260 20 335' 841'
----- 30+280 20 335' 1028'
----- 30+300 20 335' 1215'
----- 30+320 20 335' 1403'
----- 30+340 20 335' 1550'
----- 30+360 20 335' 1738'
----- 30+380 20 335' 1925'
----- 30+397.65 17.65 310' 210'
COMPUTED LENGTH OF THE CHORD C1: 154.5085m ACTUAL: 154.6m

COMPUTED LENGTH OF THE CHORD C2: 229.3555m ACTUAL: 229.4m

COMPUTED DISTANCE FROM PC TO PT : 383.7374m ACTUAL: 382m .
Sample Computations:

Given:

PC: 30 + 006
1st Curve 2nd Curve
R1 = 250m R2 = 320m
I1 = 36 I2 = 42
 st
1 Curve:

Central Incremental
Chord (30 + 020) - (30
+ 006) = 14 m

Central Incremental Angle

14 2 (250) (14)(360) = 3 13

= ; =

360 (2 )(250)

Deflection Angle

3 13

= = 1 36

2 2

Point of Reverse Curve (Station)

1 = = (36 180) (250) = 157.079

PC + Lc1 = (30+006) + (00+157.08) =

30 + 163.08

nd
2 Curve:

Central Incremental Chord

(30 + 180) (30 + 163.08) = 16.92 m

Central Incremental Angle

16.92 2 (320) (16.92)(360) = 3 02

= ; =

360 (2 )(320)

Deflection
Angle
3 02

= = 1 31

2 2
DISCUSSION:

Reversed curve consists of two simple curves just like a compound curve
but of opposite direction that join at a common tangent point called the point of
parallel reverse curvature or PRC. They are used when the straights are parallel or
include a very small angle of intersection and are frequently encountered in
mountaineous countries, in cities, and in layout of railway spur tracks and cross-
over.
Elements of Reversed Curve

PC = point of curvature

PT = point of tangency

PRC = point of reversed curvature

T1 = length of tangent of the

first curve

T2 = length of tangent of the

second curve

V1 = vertex of the first curve

V2 = vertex of the second curve

I1 = central angle of the first curve

I2 = central angle of the second curve

Lc1 = length of first curve

Lc2 = length of second curve

L1 = length of first chord

L2 = length of second chord

T1 + T2 = length of common tangent measured from V1 to V2

CONCLUSION:

In this fieldwork, we were able to lay off a reverse curve using transit ant
tape (theodolite). In this case, we used two methods namely the incremental
chord method and the deflection angle method, similar to the first two fieldworks.

Reversed curve consists of two simple curves just like a compound curve
but of opposite direction that join at a common tangent point called the point of
parallel reverse curvature or PRC. As for possible sources of error, it could be
instrumental lie sagging of the tape. Precise readings and sightings on the
theodolite, however eradicated further error.

And as a recommendation, one must be good in practicing and applying the

tangent offset and the double deflection method in creating a compound curve.

Reversed curves may be used to advantage on close conduits such as

aqueducts and pipelines; on flumes and canals where erosion is no problem; and
on local roads, in railroad yards; or any similar location where speeds are low.
Reversed curves can be use in the geometric design of motorways, railways,
pipelines, etc., the design and setting out of curves is an important aspect of the
engineers work. Reversed curve, though pleasing to the eye, would bring
discomfort to motorist running at design speed. The instant change in direction at
the PRC brought some safety problems. Despite this fact, reversed curves are
being used with great success on park roads, formal paths, waterway channels, and
the like.