English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
1
POINT :
Review of Grammatical
Rule

Grammar is one of the important languages elements that becomes the branch
of a linguistics study. The English man says : Grammar is a science that will help
and teach us how to writeand speak properly.
Grammar explains us the forms of word and their position in the sentence. For
the learners who wants to deepen and master the English language used or
applied in communication both spoken and written is of course, learning or
knowing grammar is a must. And to know much about grammar widely and
specifically, there would be 3 (three) main parts of grammar, theyre
called :parts of speech, types of sentence meaning and sentence
structure, as well as tenses.

The Parts of Speech :

THE WORK THAT WORDS DO.

When you express your ideas to others, you group words into sentences to
make statetements, give orders, or ask questions. Each of the words you
choose has a definite function in your sentences, for each one is used as a
part of speech.

Have you ever stopped to think of how furtunate we are to have names for the
parts of speech ? By using such simple terms as ; noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, we can not only
talk intelligently about our language, but can also classify a half million
different words.

As you study this subjects title, learn to recognize the eigth ways that words
work for you in the communication of your ideas.

Lets focusto discuss it !

NOUN
(Kata Benda) A word is used to name a person, a place, thing, or an
idea.
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)

PERSON : George, Tom Scott, Lisarini, Romli

S :Indonesia, West Java, Cianjur, Pasir Gede
PLACES : computer, dictionary, sun, cloud, tractor
THINGS : education, agriculture, justice,courage,
IDEAS hope, love
To gain a clear illustration from the above definition, notice the following
sentences carefully:

Mr. Romli grows paddyandvegetables in a village.

Suryakancanais a famousuniversityinCianjur.
Citarumis an important river in West Java.

Analyzis of the detailed usages :

Notice !

NOUN
According to
the 5 approach to : Sentences and words to study

a. Concrete - My father lends me his boat to go fishing at the

Kata benda Konkrit sea.
1. Forms - I always eat good food and drink a lot of water
(Bentuk) everyday.
- Mr. Habibie designs a lot of aeroplanes.
b. Abstract - Thank you very much for your kindness.
Kata benda abstrak - He spent his childhood in a village.
- Many people live in poverty.
a. Proper
Kata benda nama diri - Indonesia, West Java, Bandung, Cianjur, Houston,
yang menunjukan nama
Texas,etc.
orang, tempat atau
2. Kinds benda. (dan harus - Sukmaya Oong, Widya, Robby, Steven, Hirohito,
(Macam) ditulis huruf besar) etc.
- Citarum, Pangrango, Cibodas, Toba, Sunda, etc.
b. Common - termometer, laboratory, computer, headset, book
Kata benda umum yang ,etc
menyatakan benda-
- man, woman, girl, boy, people, person, student,
benda dalam pengertian
umum lecturer,etc.
- mountain, river, valley, island, continent, sea,
lake, etc.
c. Collective
Kata benda kolektif - audience, committee, people, cattle, crowd, fleet,
yang menyatakan
etc.
suatukumpulan atau
kelompok.
d. Material - nickel, brass, copper, tin, silver, gold, diamond,
Kata benda material stone, sand,
yang menyatakan
rock, lime, steel, iron, etc.
bahan atau zat .
a. Countable - I use a mechanical device in the garden.
3. Types Kata benda yang dapat - The goverment builds many infrastructures for
dihitung
(Jenis) farmers.
b. Uncountable - The farmers need a lot of fertilizer for their
Kata benda yang tak plantation.
dapat dihitung
- He is spraying his rice field with so much
insecticide.
a. Singular - fruit, flower, farmer, expert, fly, turkey, leaf,
Kata benda tunggal potato, studio,
4. Numbers - box, bus, dress, brush, watch, thesis, theses,
(Jumlah) man, child,
- agendum, fish, etc.
b. Plural - fruits, flowers, farmers, experts, flies, turkeys,
Kata benda jamak leaves,
 - potatoes,studios, boxes, buses, dresses, brushes,
watches,
- theses, men, children, agenda, fish, etc.
a. Masculine
5. Gender Kata benda yang - father, daddy, uncle, husband, son, brother,
berjenis kelamin laki-laki
(Jenis nephew, etc.
Kelamin) b. Feminine
Kata benda yang - mother, mom, aunt, wife, daughter, sister, niece,
berjenis kelamin
etc.
perempuan
c. Common
Kata benda yang - baby, person, cousin, parent, teacher, singer,
berjenis kelamin umum
friend, etc.
d. Neuter - car, plane, mountain, valley, river, lake, shirt,
Kata benda tak berjenis jacket, coat
kelamin
- pen, paper etc.

Lectures Assignment

Enrich your vocabulary : 1

N Verb Nouns Meanin

o. s ( Verb + tion) g

1. acclaim ....................................................... ...................

A accomod .......................................................... ............. ............. .....
ate ............................................. .......................... ...................
act ........................................................................ ........ ..........
accelerat .................. ..................................................... ...................
e ..... .......................................................... ....... ... ...............
adapt ................................................... .................... ................. .
add ...................................... ................................. ...................
admire ...................... ............ ......
affiliate ...................
anticipat ....... ...........
e ...................
apply .. ................
................ ..
...................
........... .......
...................
.....
2. calculate .......................................................... ............. ...................
C cultivate ............................................. .......................... ............. .....
circulate ................................ ....................................... ...................
collect ................ ........ ..........
...................
... ...............
 ................

3. dedicate .......................................................... ............. ...................

D define ............................................. .......................... ............. .....
duplicate ................................ ....................................... ...................
destinate ................ ........ ..........
...................
... ...............
................

4. educate .......................................................... ............. ...................

E evaluate ............................................. .......................... ............. .....
estimate ................................ ....................................... ...................
evacuate ................ ........ ..........
...................
... ...............
................

5. fix .......................................................... ............. ...................

F fertilize ............................................. .......................... ............. .....
found ................................ ....................................... ...................
frustrate ................ ........ ..........
...................
... ...............
.................

Enrich your vocabulary : 2

ABSTRACT NOUN : What are the What part of

derivation of these speech is it
words ? called?
No
.
1. goodness good adjective
2. health
3. freedom
4. bravery
5. struggle
6. flight
7. hatred
8. honesty
9. death
10 movement
.
11 friendship
.
13 darkness
.
14 slavery
.
15 theft
.
16 boredom
.
17 cowardice
.
18 simplicity
.
19 wisdom
.
20 fortune
.
21 life
.
22 sleep
.
23 prosperity
24 brotherhood
.
25 greediness
.
26 truth
.
27 fishery
.
28 forestry
.
29 plantation
.
30 arrogance
.

Enrich your vocabulary : 3

NOUN
Learn by heart these Types of Noun :
words Countable Uncounta Meaning
ble
box of tissues ........................... ......................... ...........................
vaginal speculum ........................... .. ....
stethoscope ........................... ......................... ...........................
ophthalmoscope ........................... .. ....
scissors ........................... ......................... ...........................
sterile gloves ........................... .. ....
thermometer ........................... ......................... ...........................
small bowl ........................... .. ....
tape measure ........................... ......................... ...........................
percussion hammer ........................... .. ....
cotton balls ........................... ......................... ...........................
scalpel handle ........................... .. ....
tube of lubricant ........................... ......................... ...........................
scalpel blade ........................... .. ....
torch/flashlight ........................... ......................... ...........................
skin marking ........................... .. ....
paper towl ........................... ......................... ...........................
urinometer ........................... .. ....
kidneydishs ........................... ......................... ...........................
phygmomanometer ........................... .. ....
plain dissecting forcept ........................... ......................... ...........................
tongue depressor ........................... .. ....
otoscope ........................... ......................... ...........................
blood ........................... .. ....
flesh ........................... ......................... ...........................
skin ........................... .. ....
tears ........................... ......................... ...........................
sweat ........................... .. ....
phlegm ........................... ......................... ...........................
mucous ........................... .. ....
sperm ........................... ......................... ...........................
urine ........................... .. ....
saliva ........................... ......................... ...........................
feces ........................... .. ....
snot ........................... ......................... ...........................
germ ........................... .. ....
microbe ........................... ......................... ...........................
bacteria ........................... .. ....
virus ........................... ......................... ...........................
pus ........................... .. ....
syringe ......................... ...........................
measurer of blood .. ....
pressure ......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
 ......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....

One of the parts of speech that makes up a small class of a very high frequency.
And the traditional definition of a pronoun as : A word that takes place of a
noun.

PRONOUN
(KataGanti A word is used to name a person, a place, thing, or an
Benda) idea.
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)

Lets focus to discuss it !

To gain a clear illustration from the above definition, notice the following
sentences carefully :

Dani gave his ring to Dini, but she returned it to him on their wedding
day.
( The words like, HIS, SHE, IT, HIM and THEIR are Pronoun.)

KINDS OF PRONOUN

There are 6 (six) kinds of pronoun, they are called :

- Personal Pronoun : e.g. I, me, my, mine, myself, he, his, him,
their, etc.
- Demonstrative Pronoun : e.g. this, that, etc.
- Interrogative Pronoun : e.g. who, whom, what, which, whose, etc.
- Relative Pronoun : e.g. who, whom, what, which, whose, that, etc.
- Indefinite Pronoun : e.g. some, any, all, each, every, both, etc.
- Reciprocal Pronoun : e.g. each other, another, one another, etc.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUN

The main use of personal pronoun is to replace nouns. This happens when it is
alreadyclear who or that we are talking about.
e.g.
 POPP IS A FRUIT SELLER.
Y

1.She is a pretty girl.

2. Her house is on Jl. Impian no. 01.
3. Look ! That small house is hers.
4. Everyone loves her very much.
5. Poppy sells the fruits by herself.

Table of : Personal Pronoun.

See and learn by heart !

Subject Object Possessive Reflexive

Adjective Pronoun

I ME MY ................ MINE MYSELF

WE US OUR .............. OURS OURSELVES
YOU YOU YOUR ........... YOURS YOURSELF/VES
SHE HER HER .............. HERS HERSELF
HE HIM HIS ............... HIS HIMSELF
IT IT ITS ................ ITS ITSELF
THEY THEM THEIR .......... THEIRS THEMSELVES

In a sentence, verb is a very important part of speech, without verb we can not
make sentence,
The grammarian says : ENGLISH IS A LANGUAGE ACTION.

VERB
(Kata Kerja) A part of speech that expresses action, being or states
of being
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)

Lets focus to discuss it !

To gain a clear illustration from the above definition, notice the following
sentences carefully :
Bento runs.(1)
Bento is run to a hospital. (2)
Bento is sick. (3)
Bento can run very fast. (4)

No. 1 : answer the question : What does Bento do ?

No. 2 : answer the question : What is done to him ?
No. 3 : answer the question : How is Bento ?
No. 4 : answer the question : What can Bento do ?

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR
 SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
2
POINT :
Negatives

A. Review :
In learning any languages will not be probably able to ovoid a negative
sentence or statement, whether in spoken or written. The negative is a
kind of sentences typethat must be easily done.

Comprehend this explanation !

1.Sentences contain verb of be (to be), verb of have (to have) and
modal auxiliary, justadd NOT
Study the following sentences carefully !
- Nurse is nota light job.
- Some of the new wards are not comfortable for our patients.
- There was not a medical check this morning.
- A few doctors in that hospital were not sociable.
- I am not your servant.
- They have not worked in the surgical ward since 2014.
- The baby has not sucked her mother anymore for 2 days.
- Mr. Den had not been in his office for 2 hours when I came.
- Your friend may not be late.
- She could not give the patient an injection.
- A nurse need not reprimand patient.
- My aunt dare not go to the shore.

Notes :
The negative of :
1. MUST is NEED NOT (NEEDNT) means : tidak perlu.
2. MUST NOTmeans : jangan/dilarang
e.g. You must notplay fire. (Kamu jangan/dilarang bermain api)

2. Sentences doesnt contain verb of be (to be), verb of have (to have)
and modal auxiliary, just add : do not/ dont does not/ doesnt
did not/ didnt.
Study the following sentences carefully !
- They dont participate in this program.
- Education doesnt recognize age.
- That boy didnt think his sickness
3.Place DONT at the beginning of a sentence for all prohibition, but
for more politeone, use WONT or WOULDNT
 Study the following sentences carefully !
- Dont give patients drugs without being recomended by doctor.
- Dont let patients complain !
- Wont you lie down,please !

4.Exception :
1. In all Preference :

Study the following sentences carefully !

- I had better not take a rest.
- It is better for him not to delay his going.
- She prefers not refuse your invitation.
- My father would rather not write than read.
- Students would prefer not do school assignment.
Compare these !
- I have a job.
( I dont have a job.orI havent got a job. )
- I have worked for several years.)
( I havent worked for several years.)

B. Contraction
Learn by heart !

1. Verb of be (to be) 4. Modals Auxiliary Verb

is not isnt can not cant
are not arent could not couldnt
was not wasnt may not maynt
were not werent might not mightnt
2. Verb of do (to do) will not wont
do not dont would not wouldnt
does not doesnt shall not shant
did not didnt should not shouldnt
3. Verb of have (to must not musnt
have)
have not havent need not neednt
has not hasnt dare not darent
had not hadnt

C. Reinforcement :

1. State the following sentences into the negatives

 a.There were many patients in the madical ward last night.
b.I was so busy at the time.
c.The hospital closes all day.
d.All the hospital staffs stay at home.
e.My partners worked on early shift last week.
f.They prefer working alone.
g.Patients dare tell the truth to their private doctor.
h. Familys patients must visit the hospital together thier kids.
i. Let kids enter the ward.
j. Many patients have been examined by specialist.
k. One of my clients has family.

2. Translate into the English language.

a. Hari ini bukan hari libur.
b. Saya tidak akan berekreasi.
c. Saya dan semua staff rumah sakit tidak boleh datang terlambat.
d.Setiap orang jangan membuang sampah sembarangan.
e.Semua perawat tidak boleh bicara kasar atau tidak sopan.
f.Di rumah sakit ini masyarakat tidak bisa mengajukan biaya
kesehatan gratis.
g.Lebih baik pasen penderita paru-paru itu tidak masuk di ruang ini.
h.Kita tidak perlu mengambil tidakan medis tanpa rekomendasi
dokter
i.Pasen saya lebih suka berkomunikasi dengan saya.
j.Jangan paksa pasen itu pulang sekarang.

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR
 SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
3
POINT :
Verb-s/es form
A. Review :

Verb ending s/es is one of the verb forms that will be always found in
some English sentences in general. It appears or occurs as a predicat
used in present tense with the singular subject of the positive sentence.
For examples :
- A nurse always works energetically, honestly, resposibly, politely
and professionally.
- Nurse is a health care profession who handlesneed of health cares
patient and works together in a medical team.
- Sister Nurita goes to work on early shift.
- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

B. Spelling rule :
Learn by heart !
Verb ending in : Words like : Verb -forms
become :
a. consonants, just rob-spend-kill-talk- robs-spends-kills-
add : s dream talks
remember-put- dreams-
know,etc. remembers-puts
knows, etc
b. e, just add s come-make-write- comes-makes-
smile,etc writes-smiles,etc
c. o, just add es go-do,etc. goes,does, etc

d. ch,sh,ss,x just add teach-wash-pass-fix teaches-washes-

es identify ,etc. passes-
fixes-identifiesetc.
e.y, that is preceded by a study-try-fly ,etc. studies-tries-flies,
consonant,y is changed etc.
by i, then add es
f. y, that is preceded by play-say-pay-enjoy, plays,says,pays,e
a vowel, just add s etc njoys, etc.
g. exception : have has.
f
English language III
AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
4
POINT :
Verb of be (to be)
Look at this summary chart below !

VERB OF BE/ TO BE

This lesson will discuss about :

1. What

a. Verb of Tobe (Introduction)

b. Function

c. Sentence Pattern

d. Forms

e. Concord/ Agreement

f. Equivalent

2.Grammar Implementation

Introduction :
1. WHAT IS VERB OF BE (TO BE) ?

Be or To Beis one of the verb forms that often exists in most English
sentences, in
general.

Look at the following sentences and notice the bold type of be !

I have a friend whose name is Winarto. I am very happy if he is always
here with me. His ambition wants to be a doctor. He says
that being a doctor is not easy, in which we really must be active to
learn and work hard. Winarto has been studying at the faculty of
medicine of Gajah Mada University. Last night he was very busy to
prepare his work paper, and both of his friends were also in his study
 room to do the same things. At this moment they are attending a
lecture from Mr. Romli, as the dean.

2. FUNCTION
According to its function, verb of be is distinguished in two different
functions, namely :
a. As a main verb or linking verb
(sebagai predikat/ kata kerja utama atau penghubung )
Example :
Mr. Mamun is a senior pharmacist
He is very intelligent.
His office is the RSUD of Cianjur.
b. As an auxiliary verb or helping verb
( sebagai kata kerja bantu)
Example :
Mr. Mamunispreparing some drug.
He isaccompaniedby his 2 assistants.
His work isto guarantee the safety of peoples health.

3. SENTENCE PATTERNS
Study these patterns !
a. As a main verb/ linking verb :

SUBJE PREDICA COMPLIMENT :

CT TE
Noun (name/job/things/goods)
(S) (TO BE) Adjective
Adverb of place (location)
b. As an auxiliary verb/ helping verb :

SUBJECT TOBE PREDICATE

Verb-Ing Form (Present
(S) (TO BE) Participle)
Verb III (Past Participle)
Infinitive with to

4. FORMS OF BE (TO BE)

FORMS

Finite Non Finite

(Bentuk yang terbatas) (Bentuk yang tak terbatas)
 PRESENT PAST
TO BE BE BEING
IS AM ARE WAS - BEEN
WERE

5. CONCORD/ AGREEMENT

Concord means that any certain grammatical items agree with each
others both in number and person.

SUBJECTS FOR :

Singular Plural

Verb of To Be

Present Tense Past Tense Present Past Tense

Tense

I I We are ....... We were.......

am ........................ was ................. You are ...... You were ......
You .. They are .... They
are ................... You These are .. were .....
She/He/It were ............ Those are .. These
is ............ She/He/It There are .. were ...
This was .... Those were ...
is ..................... This There were ...
That was .............
is .................... That
There was ............
is .................. There
was ..........

( this/these : INI that/those : ITU there : ADA )

Addition :
OTHERS SUBJECTS

SUBJECTS

Singular + To Be Plular + To Be

Winarto is / Winarto and Wendi are /

was ............................... were ...............
The surgeon is / The surgeons are /
was .........................
 Your brother is / were ........................
was ....................... Your brothers are /
Much bacteria is / were .......................
was ..................... Many plants are /
Some/Any bacteria is / were .........................
was ............. Some/Any plants are /
One of the midwives is / were .................
was ........... Two of the midwives are /
All bacteria is / were ............
was .......................... All patients are /
Someone/Anyone/No one is were ...........................
/was ....
Everyone is /
was ............................. Has no plural forms
Each ward is /
was ....................
Either Winarto or Wendi is /
was .....
None of the dentists is /
was .......

Both are pharmacists/

were .....................
Both of them are /
were ..........................

- much/many : banyak
- some/any : sedikit,suatu,satu (if used with uncountable noun)
- some/any : beberapa (if used with countable noun)
- all : semua
- someone/anyone : seseorang
- every .... : setiap
- each .... : masing-masing
- either .... or ......... : baik ..... ataupun......
- none : tak seorangpun,tak satupun
- both : kedua,berdua,keduanya

6. STRUCTURE IN CONTEX
The following sentences that employ the verb of be/ to be by using a word
of :

researcher /n/

Study the sentences then translate them into Indonesian language !

- I ama researcher.
- Mr. Rachmat is also a researcher
- There was a researcher in my village last week.
- There weremany researchers in this town a year ago.
- My sister wants to bea researcher.
 - One of my brother will be a researcher.
- Bea researcher, please !
- Being a researcher is not easy.
- After beinga researcher, I will serve for my nation.
- The man has beena researcher in this country since 2001.

7. The Tense of Verb To Be

In English grammar, tense means an alteration of the verb forms that

caused by adverb of time.

Observe the following :

TENSES
Simple Simple Past Simple Future Present
Present Perfect
I I I will I have
am .................. was ................... be ................. been .............
... .. You will You have
You You be ............ been ........
are ................ were ............... He will He has
He He be .............. been ............
is .................... was .................. WILL =AKAN HAVE/HAS
=TELAH
Adverb of Time
all day just now tomorrow ....... since .......
everyday yesterday ..... next week for ..........
every .................... last Sunday two weeks later
... a week ago later
formerly the day after
long time ago tomorrow
the following day

Look at the following patterns inlcuding their sentences as the

examples below :

a. By using the predicate of non verb (adverb of place)

1. The nurseis at a national nursing conferenceevery month.

2. The nursewasin Balilast month.
3. The nursewill bein the out patients clinicnext month.
4. The nursehas beenin the maternity unitsince 9 oclock.

a. By using the verb Ing Form (continuous form)

1. The nurse is doing the round at present.

2. The nurse wastaking a pulse when I entered the ward
3. The nurse will betaking a rest if you come to her room at 1 p.m.
4. The nurse has beenhandling her patientfor 3 days
a. Using the predicate of non verb (adverb of place)
8. Sentence Transformation

Transformation of sentences in the basic tense will be emphasized

(ditekankan) in this lesson. There are two main reason for this. Firstly, in
conversations, people employ (menggunakan)different types of
sentences such as statements, questions and negation. Secondly, in
English these different types of sentences have different word order.
This word order can be learnt by consistent ( terus-menerus, tetap) usage
(penggunaan) and practice.

A sentence employing the verb to be (modal : will, to have : have-

has) are changed into a question by placing them in front of the
statement. A negative is formed by adding the negation not to the
sentence.

Observe the word order in the examples below :

General Hospitalis in Central Town. (Statement)

Isthe General hospital in Central (Interrogative)
Town ? (Negative)
The General hospital is not in (Question with Question Word)
Central Town.
Where is the General hospita ?

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
 5
POINT :
How to pronounce the
words ?

There are three different pronunciation ofthe final s/es and d/ed
forms :

1. THE FINAL - s/es forms

a.( s )

helps / crops / plants / roots / fruits / agronomists / horticulturalists

b.( z )

days / enjoys / pays / enables / memories / potatoes / studios / goes

c.( iz )

glasses / mixes / branches / visualizes / studies / washes / reaches

2. THE FINAL - d/ed forms

( t )( d ) ( id )

End of Present Form Past Form Explanation :

Verb Pronunciation
Voiceless (a). help helped help Final ed is pronounced
/t/ /t/ if a verb ends a
laugh laughed voiceless sound, as in (a).
laugh /t/
guess guessed
guess /t/

Voiced (b). rub rubbed rub /d/ Final ed is

live lived liv /d/ pronounced /d/ if averb
seem seemed ends a voiced sound, as
seem/d/ in (b).
 (c). need needed need Final ed is
/id/ pronounced /id/ if averb
want wanted want ends in the letter d or
/id/ t, as in (c).
add added
add/id/

participated distribute dedicated indicated

educated d adopted generated
cultivated created adapted promoted
planted edited circulated interacted
irrigate collected constructe interrogated
transplanted pointed d interrupted
harvested adjusted evaluated radiated
anticipated brodcaste painted assisted
corrected d substitute supported
converted presented d arrested
printed submitted selected erupted
trusted elected
activated stated
English language III
AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
6
POINT :
Concord/Agreement

The Relations of Sentences Subjects with Verb

TYPES OF VERB USED FOR PRESENT

TENSE AND
PAST TENSE
SUBJECTS OF SENTENCE TO BE TO DO TO HAVE
IS-AM-ARE- DO- DOES HAVE- HAS
WAS-WERE DID HAD
I saya , aku am - was do- did have - had
WE kami/ kita are were do- did have - had
YOU kamu, anda, saudara/i are - were do- did have - had
SHE dia, ia (perempuan) is - was does - did has - had
HE dia, ia (laki-laki) is - was does - did has - had
IT dia,ia,itu,ini (kata ganti is was does - did has had
benda)
THEY mereka are - were do- did have - had
THIS ini is was does - did has had
THES ini are - were do- did have - had
E
THAT itu is was does - did has had
THOS itu are - were do- did have - had
E
THER ada is/ are- does-do- have/
E was/were did has/had

Explanation :
1. Kebanyakan kalimat tanya dalam bahasa Inggris akan menggunakan
verb forms seperti yang ada dalam tabel diatas.
2. Jenis kalimat tanya dinamakan :
a. Positive Interrogative/ Yes or No - Question
b. Negative Interrogative
c. Alternative Interrogative
( letak verb forms selalu ditulis pada awal kalimat )
 3. Intonation (the music of language) akan terdengar naik pada ujung
kalimatnya, YANG kita kenal dengan : Raising Intonation
4. Bagi kita khususnya orang Indonesia perlu pemahaman makna dari
kalimat kalimat tanya yang terbentuk dengan menggunakan verb
forms (to be/ to do/ to have) tersebut dan tentunya bisa diartikan :
KAH atau APAKAH
5. To Be selalu diikuti dengan :
a. Kelompok Noun (nama orang, nama tempat/kota, jabatan,
barang/ benda )
b. Adjective
c. Adverb of place/ location
d. Verb Ing Form
Study the following sentences below :
1. Is that woman Ms. Heti ?
2. Is that her music studio ?
3. Is Ms. Heti an Art Director ?
4. Are there many musical instruments in the studio ?
5. Is Ms. Heti intimate ?
6. Is she now in her desk ?
7. Is she directing her staffs ?
6. To Do sebagai kata kerja bantu harus selalu menggunakan :
INFINITIVE ( Kata Kerja/ Verb 1/ Invinitive Verb without to )
Study the following sentences below :
1. Do you know that woman ?
2. Does the woman come from California ?
3. Does she often visit Indonesia ?
4. Does she stay in Jakarta
5. Does she need your help ?
6. Do many people like her very much ?

A. Make good positive interrogative sentences

- You from America
- You speak English
Follow the models :

- Are you from America ?

- Do you speak English ?

Interrogative Sentence
1. a. I happy ..................................................
b. I laugh at you ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
 2. a. You Mr. Mamahit
b. You come from Thailand
3. a. We ready
b. We go to the park
4. a. She a secretary
b. She write a annual report
5. a. She a secretary
b. She write a annual report
6. a. He in Bandung
b. He work there
7. a. Mrs. Green an American
b. Mrs. Green visit Indonesia
8. a. The girls dancers
b. The girls dance beautifully
9. a. Her mother a house wife
b. Her mother always stay at
home
10 a. They busy all day
. b. They take a rest out of
town
11 a. That boy sad
. b. That boy cry
B. Change the below sentences to the positive interrogative
then answer them with : YES or NOorally.
That is a big house.
It is a convention room.
The house has many windows.
There are a lot of meeting participants.
They take a part in the national seminar
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
 Mr. Bill opens the seminar.
All participants applaud him.
The seminar finishes at 5 p.m.
We go back home all together.
The car takes me home.

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICALPOINT
7
POINT :
Verb of have (to have)

Look at the structures :

1. SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + OBJECT ...............

mempunyai/ punya

Study these examples !

+ : I have a watch.
Do you have a stop watch ? - Yes, I do.
Do you have a watch ? - No , I dont.
What do you have ? - I have a bracelet.

+ : He has a radio.
Does he have a radio ? Yes, he does.
Does he have a radio ? No , he doesnt.
What does he have ? He has a televison set.
 Addition : In British English

- I have got a watch.

Have you got a watch ?

- He has got a radio.

Has he got a radio ?

2. SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + TO + VERB I ......harus

Study these examples !

+ : I have to tell the time.
Do you have to tell the time ? Yes, I do.
Do you have to tell the time ? No , I dont.
What do you have to tell ? I have to tell a story.

+ : He has to listen to the song.

Does he have to listen to the song ? Yes, he does.
Does he have to listen to the song ? No , he doesnt.
What does he have to listen ? He has to listen to the
radio.

3. SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + VERB III ......

telah/ sudah

Study these examples !

+ : I have told the old story.

Have you told the old story ? Yes, I have
Have you told the love story ? No , I havent.
What have you told about ? I have told the legend.

+ : He has listened to the song.

Has he listened to the song ? Yes, he has.
Has he listened to the song ? No , he hasnt.
What has he listened to ? He has listened to the radio.

4. SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + OBJECT + VERB III...menyuruh

This strcuture is called : CAUSATIVE FORM

It means asking other persons to do something for ourselves
Examples :
My computer is not running well, so it needs reinstalling.
 Because I cant do it by myself, I will have my computer
installed.
( = I will ask someone to install mycomputer )

+ : I have my clothes washed.

Have you the clothes washed ? Yes, I have. / No, I
havent
I havent my clothes washed.
She always has her clothes washed every week.
She is now having her clothes washed.
She had her clothes washed last week.
She will have her clothes washed next week.
She has had her clothes washed since this week.
Addition :
1. In common word, the equivalent of have are :
- makan : I have breakfast .....
- minum : I have some tea ......
- belajar : I have biology .........
2. Used in some special expressions
- Please have a seat ! : duduklah !
- Please have some : tambah lagi ..... !
more ! : jam berapa ?
- Have you got a : semoga ber-
watch ? senang2
- Have a nice time ! : makanlah
- Have a patch up ! seadanya !
English language III
AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
8
POINT :
Continuous Forms
A. Review :
Continuous is one of the English tenses forms used to express a
progress of activity. There are the 8 forms of continuous that is to be
learned or known, they are called :
1 The Present Continuous Tense
. Structure :
SUBJECT + TO BE (IS/AM/ARE) + VERB-ING Form.
2 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO HAVE (HAVE/HAS) + BEEN + VERB-ING
Form.
 3 The Past Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS/WERE) + VERB-ING Form.
4 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO HAVE (HAD) + BEEN + VERB-ING Form.
5 The Future Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB-ING Form.
6 The Futuret Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ING
Form.
7 The Past Future Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE + VERB-ING Form.
8 The Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-
ING Form.

B. Explanation and usage :

1 The Present Continuous Tense
. The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the
moment of speaking. It began in the recent past, is continuing at present
and will probably end at some point in the future.

Examples :
The nurse is consulting with her medical team now.
Q : What is the nurse doing ?
Is she talking about the jobs now ?

2 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

. The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate the duration of an
activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense
has this meaning, it is used with time words such as : for, since, all morning,
all day, all week :

Examples :
The nurse has beenconsulting with her medical team for a few
minutes
Q : What has the nurse been doing for a few minutes ?
Has she been talking about the jobs ?

3 The Past Continuous Tense

. The past continuous tense is used when both action occurred at the same
time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other
action occurred.

Examples :
The nurse was consulting with her medical team when I entered the
 ward
Q : What was the nurse doing when I entered the ward ?
Was she talking about the jobs ?

4 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

. The past perfect continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an activity
that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

Examples :
The nurse had been consulting with her medical team for an
hourwhen I entered the ward
Q : What had the nurse been doingfor an hour when I entered the ward?
Had she been talking about the jobs ?

5 The Future Continuous Tense

. The future continuous tense is used to express an activity that will be
progress at a time in the future

Examples :
The nurse will be consulting with her medical team at 10 a.m if you
enter the ward
Q : What will the nurse be doingat 10 a.m if you enter the ward?
Will she be talking about the jobs ?

6 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

. The future perfect continuous tense shows that will not have finished
happening when some other future action happens on some point of future
time arrives.

Examples :
The nurse will have been consulting with her medical team for an
hour by the time you enter the ward.
Q : What will the nurse have been doingfor an hour by the time you enter
the ward.?
Will she have beentalking about the jobs ?

7 The Past Future Continuous Tense

. The past future continuous tense shows that a statement as the reportwas
re-told by other about the action happens at the time in progress.

Examples :
Someone said that the nurse would be consulting with her medical
team at the usual time.
Q : What would the nurse be doingat the usual time?
Would she be talking about the jobs ?

8 The Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

. The pats future perfect continuous tense shows that a statement was
 reported or told by other at the same time.

Examples :
Someone said that the nurse would have been consulting with her
medical team for an hour by the end of that time.
Q : What would the nurse have been doing?
Would she have been talking about the jobs ?

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
9
POINT :
Gerund

A. Review :
A gerund is a word formed from a verb and used as a noun. Like a
nouns, gerunds are used as subjects, predicate compliment, or objects
 1 Gerund As Subject
. Examples:
Serving a health needs patients is my main job.
Studying will certainly keep low grade away.
2 Gerund As Predicate Compliment
. Examples:
My favorite pastime isswimming.
The nurses habbit isadvising.
3 Gerund As Object
. Examples:
Ms. Nita enjoys communicating.(direct object)
The stethoscope is used for examining the sound of the
heartbeats patient.(object of the preposition)

B. Explanation and usage :

1. When making a gerund with an adjective or a job, we must use the
word of : being
Examples :
- Being hungry is never fun.
- Being able to master English language doesnt make him proud.
- He stops being lazy.
- After being a professional nurse, Bento never forgets us.
2. A few certain verbs in English only can be followed by gerunds, never
by infinitive :

admit advise advocate appreciate

avoid begin begrudge cease
consider contemplate continue defend
defer deny describe discontinue
dislike enjoy entail excuse
face fancy finish forbid
forget grudge hate justify
imagine intend involve cant help
like necessiate propose remember
love prevent regret start
miss recommend risk undertsand
prefer resist try
recollect suggest mind
report mean postpone
stop neglect recall

3. A number of other may be followed by either gerunds or infinitives

with no different meaning :
advise agree allow attempt
leave mean permit propose
regret study start begin
 continue like neglect cease
love prefer intend

Study these examples :

I will continue travelling to many different countries.
( = I will continue to travel to many different countries.)
He has begun takingthe English course.
( =He has begun to take the English course.)

FORGET, REMEMBER, and STOP

Can be followed by either gerund or a to infinitive, but the meaning of
these two patterns are different:
He forgets saving much money.
( means : he saved much money, but he forgets that he has done it. )
He forgets to save much money.
( means : he forgets that he is expected to save much money. )
4. A few common gerunds construction are made after these certain
expressions :
Its no use = tak ada gunanya, Its worth = patut, cant help = tak
dapat menahan
Examples :
- Its no use telling him about it.
- This book is worth studying.
- The patients family cant help crying when hearing the news.
4. Gerunds are used after all prepositions :
Examples :
- You need more practice in speaking a foreign language.
- She is afraid of going alone.
- The patient left the ward after recoveringfrom his ilness.

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICALPOINT
10
POINT :
Present Participle
A. Review :
A present participle, which is also called active participle, is a form that
does the work of an adjective. The present participle can be used :
1 As Noun Modifier.
 .
2 As Clause Modifier.
.

Study the following sentences containing present participle !

A crying patient comes from Bogor.
The patient crying scremingly is my neighbor.
Crying screamingly, she spoke angrily.
Being late, I have to wait first.
Having drunka cup of coffee, I feel fresh now.

B. Explanation and usage :

1. A present participle or participle phrase is also used as a verb
modifier. It modifies the whole clause that comes after.
2. It indicatess that the action takes place at the same time as the
action expressed in the predicate.
e.g. Cryingscreamingly, she spoke angrily.
(It means : while she was crying, she spoke angrily.)
3. It denotes cause or reason.
e.g. Being late, I have to wait first.
(It means : because I am late, soI have to wait first.

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
11
POINT :
Infinitive
A. Review :
 Infinitive adalah salah satu bentuk dasar kata kerja (verb) dalam bahasa
Inggris yang sangat penting dan harus dipahami terutama apabila kita
ingin menyusun suatu kalimat.

Terdapat 2 (dua) bentuk infinitive verb, yaitu :

1. Infinitive with To ;
e.g. to see, to know, to go, to come, to understand or to
study, etc.
2. Infinitive without To :
e.g. see, know, go, come, understand or study, etc.

Structures and usages :

1. Infinitive With To

a. Setelah kata sifat (Adjective)

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- I am happyto see you.
- He is sure to know
- It is necessaryto go to school.

b. Setelah kata-kata ; How, What, When, Where, Which

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- I dont know how to do it.
- I remember where to buy the fruits cheaply.
- He asked me when to leave.
- I wander what to do the next.
- He advised me which to learn.

c. Setelah kata-kata ; The first, The second, The last, The only

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- He is always the first to come and the last to leave the office.
- I was the second to arrive the meeting last night.
- Devi was the only to fail the examination.
d. Setelah kata-kata benda (Noun)

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- I have some books to read.
- Would you like something to drink ?
- There is much work to do during this week.

e. Setelah kata-kata ; Too, So, Enough

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- The problem is too difficult to solve.
 - The lesson is too easy to understand.
- He is old enough to get married.

f. Dalam kalimat seru (Exclamatory Sentence)

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- How happy to go with her !
- How interesting to talk with him !
- What a pity to waste the time on it !

g. Sebagai pokok kalimat (Subject)

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- To obey the law is everyone duty.
- To hasitate will be fatal.
- To hear his talking, you will think he is very intelligence.

h. Setelah object pronoun ; me, you, him,her, us, them

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- He advised me to take a rest.
- We expect you to arrive on time.
- She forbade him to come to her house.
- They persuaded us to go with them.

i. Dapat digunakan secara beruntun dalam kalimat

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- I want to start to do it right now.
- We would like to try to study to practise our English.

j. Infinitive with to dalam bentuk negative

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- He advised me not to do it again.
- She asked me not to wait for her.
- It is better not to go.
- It is wrong not to help others.

Vocabulary :
Several verbs which is derectly followed by Infinitive with to :
to agree= setuju to happen = kebetulan
to choose = memilih to hesitate = ragu-ragu
to decide = memutuskan to hope =
to demand = menuntut mengharap,berharap
to fail= gagal to manage =
to forget = lupa mengatur,mengelola
to promise = berjanji
to refuse = menolak
2. Infinitive Without To

a. Digunakan dalam kalimat perintah (Imperative), permohonan

(Request) dan melarang (Prohibition) :
Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !
- Tell me the truth !
- Tellme the truth, please !
- Will you tell me the truth, please !

- Dont tell me a lie !

- Dont tellme a lie, please !
- Wont you tellme a lie, please !

b. Digunakan sebagai predikat pertama dari suatu kalimat dalam

tenses Simple Present Tense dengan pokok kalimat (subyek) : I, We,
You, They dan kata benda bentuk jamak (plural of noun) :
Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !
- I attend the course every afternoon.
- We attend the formal meeting every month.
Digunakan juga dalam kalimat negative dan interrogative baik dalam
Simple Present maupun Simple Past Tense :
- He doesnt attend the English course regularly.
- Does he attend the lecture irregularly ?
- Doesnt your fatherattend seminar ?
- Why did she never attendthe meeting ?

c. Digunakan sebagai predikat setelah modal auxiliary ; Can, May,

Must, Will, etc. :

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- Can you attendthe meeting to night ?

- You mayattend the wedding party.
- Why should I attend the examination ?
- I will attend the class on time.

d. Ditempatkan setelah beberapa kata kerja dibawah ini (exceptional

verbs) :

Learn by heart these verbs !

SEE = melihat WATCH =

FEEL = merasa DARE memperhatikan
LET = biarkan, ijinkan NEED = berani
 MAKE = menyuruh BEHOL = perlu
HEAR = mendengar D = memandang
BID = munyuruh

Notice and learn by heart the sentence models !

- I watch someone attend the meeting.

- Let me attend the meeting.

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
12
POINT :
Verb of do (to do)

A. Review :
 One of the important forms of the verb is DO/TO DO, this verb will have
a few different usage both in structure and equivalent meaning as well.
The use of :

TO DO

Verb of Do (To Do) may be used as follow :

1. The forms :
DO DOES (Present) As Auxiliary Verb
DID (Past) (Helping Verb) = Kata Kerja Bantu

Used in negative and interrogative sentences when sentence

contains main/ordinary verb as its predicate
a. Interrogative Sentence
Do you take English course every other day ?
Does she often attend the lecture ?
Did Mr. Brown leave for his country yesterday night ?
b. Negative Sentence
I donttake English course every day.
She doesnt often attend the meeting.
Mr. Brown didnt leave for Indonesia last week.
c. Question with Question Word
Where do you take the English course ?
Why does she never attend the lecture ?
What time did Mr. Brown leave for Indonesia ?

Verb of To Do As
Subjects Auxiliary
Present Past Tense
Tense
I, We, You,
They do did
(Plural of Noun)
eg. Tedi and
Tanti
My brothers did
She, He, It
(Singular of does
Noun)
eg. Tedi
My brother

2. The forms :
 DO DOES (Present)
DOING (Present Participle) As an Ordinary Verb
DID (Past) Kata kerja biasa
DONE (Past Participle) (yangmempunyai
arti/makna)

( MENGERJAKAN MELAKUKAN )

For examples :

I do my home work at school.

She seldom does anything for me.
James is doing his work alone.
They did all the best.
The man has already done many things.

3. The forms :
DO - DOESAs an Emphatic Word
(Kata penegas)
yang digunakan untuk menegaskan kalimat

For examples :

I do believe him.
He does agree with you.
Do come in !

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
13
POINT :
Making Questions

A. Review :
 One of the process of learning a language is to learn
communication, in which we can do it both speakingandwriting. In
doing communication, we are going to ask anything needed, it
means that we must be able to make questions.
Question is a form of sentence. In English language, how to
make up and arrange questioncan be easily classified into 2 main
types, and they are called :Information Questionsand Yes or No
Questions.

1. INFORMATION QUESTION
Information Question is a type of question that always needs its
answer with information. This type is always preceded by
question words. Be sure that almost all of these questions are
sounded or pronounced with falling intonation.
Study the following models :
Q : Who is that ? : He is Mr. Suryadin.
Q : What is his profession ? : He is a lecturer.
Q : Where does he give the : He gives his lecture in Cianjur
lecture ? Nursing Academy.
Q : What subject does he : He teaches pathology.
teach ? : He has been teaching for almost 7
Q : How long has he been years.
teaching ?

falling intonation : nada/ lagu kalimatnya turun

2. YES or NO QUESTION
Yes or No Question is a type of question that always needs its
answer with Yes or No whether short or long answer. This type is
always preceded by auxiliary or modal auxiliary verb.Be sure
that almost all of these questions are sounded or pronounced
with rising intonation.
Q : Is that Mr. Suryadin ? : Yes, he/it is. or No, he/it isnt.
Q : Is his profession a lecturer ? : Yes, it is. or No, it isnt.
Q : Does he teach Pathalogy ? : Yes, he does. or No, he doesnt.
Q : Did he attend the meeting : Yes, he did. or No, he didnt.
yesterday ? : Yes, he has. or No, he hasnt.
Q : Has he been guiding his
students ?

rising intonation : nada/ lagu kalimatnya naik

B. Detailed Explanation how to make question

1. INFORMATION QUESTION
 Follow the following steps and recognize these :

a. QUESTION WORDS
WHAT WHO WHEN
WHOSE WHOM WHY
WHICH WHERE HOW

b. AUXILIARY VERBS

TO BE TO DO TO HAVE
PRESE PAST PRESEN PAST PRESEN PAST
NT T T
AM WAS DO DID HAVE HAD
IS WAS DOES DID HAS HAD
ARE WERE

c. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

PRESENT PAST
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST HAD TO
WILL WOULD
SHALL SHOULD
NEED -
DARE -

English language III

AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMKAB CIANJUR

SUBJECT
 GRAMMATICAL RULE
14
POINT :
Preposition

toas a Preposition
It is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some
other words in the sentence :
For examples :

- Letsgo to the paediatric ward .

- We should agree to his advice.

Study the meaning approach :

In some sentences the tohas many different equivalence of meaning :
- KE ........................... e.g. Many guests will go to Indonesia.

- DI ........................... e.g. Welcome to Jakarta.

- PADA/KEPADA .........e.g. They would speak to you.

- UNTUK.......................... e.g. The visitors come here to

consult.

- HINGGA/SAMPAI .....e.g. Mr. Brown and his wife stay in Bali from 7
to 11 a.m

- DARI PADA ................. e.g. They like diving to swimming.

TO has also no meaning :

It is nice tosee you here.
I wantto solve my problem.

foras a Preposition
Study the meaning approach :
In some sentences the word of for has many different equivalence of
meaning :

- UNTUK ............................ e.g. Are all these forme ?

She made some coffee for us.
The girl comes here for giving me a
letter.

- SELAMA ......................... e.g. We have been waiting here

for an hour.

- DI/PADA ...................... e.g. Ms. Anita works forBMW

- ATAS .............................. e.g. Thanks for your visit.

Special meaning :

- for the sake of ............................... = demi .....................................

- for this reason .............................. = sebagai alasan inilah ...
- for a while ...................................... = sesaat,sebentar.... ...........
- for the time being ....................... = sementaraini ...................
- stand for ......................................... = singkatandari .................
- a short for ...................................... = kependekandari .............

Study these examples !

He always works hard for the sake of his family.

For this reason I come to discuss a big problem.
May I speak to you for a while ?
We should stop talking for the time being.
The letters of MP stand for Member of Parliament.
 byas a Preposition& Adverb
Study the meaning approach :
In some sentences the byhas many different equivalence of meaning :

- OLEH ......................................... eg. All guests are led by the

hotel staff.

- DENGAN/NAIK .................... eg. Many of visitors will go to Bali

by boat.

- DENGAN/DENGAN CARA eg. We can improve our English by

reading much.

- MENJELANG ........................... eg. My father will have come home by

the end of this week.

DEKAT .............................. eg. The son is waving to his father

by the gate

Special meaning :

- by and by ........................................ = sebentarlagi

- by the way ......................................= ungkapanuntukmengalihkan
topic bicara
- by chance ...................................... = kebetulan
- let by gone be by gone ........... = yang
lalusudahlahberlalu
- stand by ........................................= bersiapsedia
- go by ...................................... = lewat
- learn by heart ............................. = menghapal
 that

It will be used :

1. As a demonstrative pronoun to point a thing of singular away

from the speaker
(means :ITU)

- What is that over there ?

- Look at that man !
- What was that noise ?
- Is that what you really think ?
- Thats what he always tell me.
- That book is much better than this one.

2. As a conjunction in introducing noun clause

(means :BAHWA)

- You know that I am not loser.

- Are you sure that my English gets a good moving ?
- She said that she would come soon.
- I am so pleased that you could attend the seminar.
- Does the boy often pretend that he never eats ?
- Tell him that Im ready to have an interview !

3. As a relative pronoun in introducing adjective clause

(means :YANG)

- The dictionary that I show you is Webster.

- It so happens that I know.
- You are the only person that can help me.
- It is you that I want to speak.
- Is this the best that you can do ?
- The man that I was talking had just arrived from Canada.
when

It will be used :

1. As an interrogative adverb
(means :KAPAN)

- When can you come ?

- I dont know when that happened
- Tell me when you will marry me !

2. As a conjunction
a. (means : KETIKA)

- It was raining when we arrived.

- He waved when he saw here.
- When I was in Bali he phoned me.

b. (means : JIKA/BILA)

- How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me.
- English is not so difficult when you always learn hard.
- The whole family feel so comfort when their parents are always at
home.

LIST OF COMPLETE PREPOSTION

(Single-Word Preposition)

No Prepostio Meaning Sentences

. n
1. aboard naik,diatas The victim went aboard the ship.
2. about tentang,sekitar He is talking about pneumonia.
3. above di atas The lamp above your head is broken.
4. across di sebrang The blood bank is across the street.
5. after sesudah,setela She slept after being drugged.
6. againts h You may lean againts the bed.
7. along mengenai,terha All visitors are walking along the pavement.
8. among dap Nurse is the most busy amongother health care
9. around di sepanjang personels.
10 at di anatara The pharmacy is located around the hospital.
. before (banyak) They often arrive at home early.
11 behind di sekitar Lets pray before doing the round.
. below di,pada Long- stay ward is behind the physiotherapy
12 beneath sebelum,di department.
. beside depan It is 5 degree C below the freezing point.
13 between di belakang, di Your thermometer is beneaththe megazine.
. beyond balik The critical patients were removed beside the ICU.
14 by di bawah I am standing between two doctors.
. down di bawah His recovery is beyond my power.
15 during di samping Both new patients are intensively observed
. except diantara (dua) byaninternist.
16 for di luar He goes down the street.
. from oleh,dengan She falls asleep during anaesthesia.
17 in ke bawah,ke No one knows the disease except psychiatrist.
. inside selama Sport is good for health.
18 into kecuali,selain He comes from a village.
. near selama,untuk,b They are in the E.N.T. ward.
19 of agi I put my syringe and needle inside the drawer.
. off dari You should throw away garbage intogarbage can.
20 on di,di dalam We all work near laboratory.
. opposite di sebelah She is the owner of that company.
21 out dalam I push the trolleys off the room.
. outside ke dalam She puts plain dissecting forcepson a dressing
22 over dekat trolley.
. past dari The ambulance is parked opposite the office.
23 since lepas,keluar She glanced out the window.
. through dari I saw he outside the building.
24 throughou di atas,pada He flies over an island.
. t berhadapan My driver drove a car past a forest.
25 toward luar She gets fatter since her marriage.
. to di sebelah luar We go to Jakarta through Puncak.
26 till lebih, di atas He is famous throughout Indonesia.
. until melewati She walked toward the station.
27 under sejak,sebab I accompany her to a party.
. underneat melalui,melewa She waited till 5 oclock.
28 h ti I shall stay here until next week.
. up di seluruh She hides under the table.
29 upon ke arah,menuju The cat runs underneath a bed.
. with ke He climbs up the tree.
30 without hingga,sampai It depends upon the weather.
. within hingga,sampai She goes together with me.
31 di bawah We cannot live without water.
. di bawah Please finished within two days.
32 atas,ke atas
. di atas,pada
33 dengan
. tanpa
34 di dalam
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