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Indian Ocean

2004 Tsunami
Thitirat Pongprajuc (Nuch)
SLCC Geography 1000, Spring 2017
Outline
Tsunami is a natural disaster that causes tremendous negative
impacts on humans and the environment.

This signature assignment will explore the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami:
1) what caused tsunami
2) what effects it had on humans and environment
3) how we can prepare to avoid such damages
What is TSUNAMI?
Tsunami is a Japanese name for Ocean waves.

Tsunami is waves caused by sudden movements of the ocean


due to earthquakes, landslides on the sea floor, land slumping into
the ocean, large volcanic eruptions or meteorite impact in the
ocean.
Generally, the tsunami is generated as a result of a sudden rise
or fall of a section on the earths crust under the ocean.
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Earthquakes occurring in the Indian Ocean triggered powerful, huge
waves that moved through the Indian Ocean region at a rate of over
500km/hr. (310.69 miles/hr.). The 2004 tsunami was the fourth largest
earthquake in magnitude in the world since 1900, and it was the largest
since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake.

http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/hazards/tsunami/basics/causes
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42029974/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/top-deadliest-earthquakes-history/#.WPvt4Ijys2w
2004 Tsunami
This picture shows the
tsunami that occurred on
December 26, 2004.
A massive earthquake
with a magnitude of 9.1
struck Indonesia off the
west coast of northern
Sumatra. In the nine hours
that followed, there were
14 aftershocks with
magnitudes between 5.7
Image source: pibindia.wordpress.com
and 7.3.

http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/hazards/tsunami/capabilities/models, accessed 2/17/17


What
caused
Earthquakes
2004
Tsunami?
Earthquakes
The left picture illustrates the Indo-Australian Plate subducted beneath the
Eurasian Plate. The earthquake measured 9.1 magnitude.
The animated picture on the right simulates the large tsunami waves generated by
a magnitude 9.1 earthquake off the northwest coast of Indonesia's island of Sumatra
on December 26, 2004.

Image source: wcpltn.wordpress.com, accessed 2/17/17 Image source: epcupdates.org, accessed 2/17/17
How far did the
waves go?
The shifting of the earth's
plates in the Indian ocean
caused a rupture more than
600 kilometers (372.82 miles)
long, displacing the seafloor
above the rupture by about
10 meters (32.81 feet)
horizontally and several
meters vertically.
After the earthquake stuck,
the result of the tsunami
traveled across the Indian
Ocean, to Indonesia,
Thailand, Myanmar, India, Sri
Image source: https://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/01/, accessed 2/17/17
Lanka, Maldives, and Somalia.
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/world/tsunami-of-2004-fast-facts/, accessed 4/10/17
Results caused by
the 2004 Indian
Ocean Tsunami
The first tsunami wave
hit the coast at 7:58 AM
local time (00:58 GTM).
Waves of 10-15 meters (32-
49 feet) high first hit the
city, Sumatra in Banda Aceh
on the island of Sumatra,
Indonesia.
Banda Aceh was
reported to be hit the
worst. As shown in the
picture, the waves crushed
houses, infrastructures, and
Image source: coolgeography.co.uk, accessed 2/17/17 of course its people.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/11309215/How-the-Boxing-Day-tsunami-unfolded-hour-by-hour.html, accessed 4/12/17
Tsunami hit Thailand
The tsunami arrived at
the west coast of Thailand
approximately 112- 2 hours
after the earthquake in the
Indian ocean. More than
5,300 people were killed on
Boxing Day, a British holiday.
Many of them were tourists
who drowned in their hotel
rooms.
The waves that hit
Thailand swept over many
structures such as the hotel
swimming pool, which can
Image source: smh.com.au, accessed 2/17/17
be seen at the center of this
picture, in Phuket, Thailand.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/11309215/How-the-Boxing-Day-tsunami-unfolded-hour-by-hour.html, accessed 4/12/17
Tsunami hit
Sri Lanka
This picture shows
the wave hitting and
swallowing the
coastline of Kalutara,
Sri Lanka at 10:20
AM local time (4:50
GTM), less than 4
hours after the
waves hit Indonesia.
More than 30,000
people lost their
lives on the east
coast of Sri Lanka.
Image source: orgsites.com, accessed 2/17/17

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/11309215/How-the-Boxing-Day-tsunami-unfolded-hour-by-hour.html, accessed 4/12/17


Aftermath
Statistics report that the hazardous waves in 14 countries, from
Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka beyond to Somalia, caused about 230,000
deaths, and seriously injured about 650,000 people. Approximately, 1.7
million were made homeless. About 45,000 were reported missing. Many
buildings were destroyed. The Guardian estimated financial damage from
this tsunami to be about 8.71 billion dollars. It also caused many
environmental problems in South East Asia, South Asia, and Africa regions.

http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/Asiaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Asia17.htm, accessed 3/21/17


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami, accessed 4/18/17
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/ng-interactive/2014/dec/25/human-financial-cost-indian-ocean-tsunami-interactive, accessed 4/18/17
Environmental Problems of Tsunami
included:
1. Solid Waste, Disaster Debris, and Sewage
2. Contamination of soil and water
3. Loss of Natural Ecosystems
4. Impact to Biological Communities and Species Due to Factors Above
Environmental Problems of Tsunami
Solid Waste, Disaster Debris, and
Sewage
The tsunami left mountains of debris up to
4 miles inland at Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The
debris caused environmental concern for the
local people because it can cause further
environmental damage in the long term.
Hazardous materials, sewage, and toxic
substances may also be mixed with ordinary
debris. There are possibilities that they will
be disposed of in an environmentally
inappropriate manner such as open
dumping, air burning, or dumping in new
areas.
Image source: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/12/ten-years-since-the-2004-
indian-ocean-tsunami/100878/, accessed 4/12/17

http://www.deepseanews.com/2011/03/from-the-editors-desk-the-environmental-impacts-of-tsunamis/, accessed 3/21/17


https://weather.com/news/news/tsunami-debris-indonesia-10-year-anniversary, accessed 4/12/17
Environmental Problems of Tsunami
Contamination of soil and water
Salt-water intrusion, leaking septic tanks
and debris contaminated water wells quickly
impacted the groundwater that lies just below
the surface. Salination and debris
contamination may also lower soil fertility
because salts in soil will eventually possibly be
toxic to plants
The picture shows the layers of about 5 cm
thick of tsunami sand on buried soil. Sandy soil
contains such low levels of organic matter and
little water. When tsunami sand mixes with
buried soil, it will degrade soil quality in that
area.
Image source: https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/itst.html, accessed 3/21/17

http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/saliniz.htm, accessed 4/12/17


http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/nvswcd/youyourland/soil.htm, accessed 4/12/17
http://www.deepseanews.com/2011/03/from-the-editors-desk-the-environmental-impacts-of-tsunamis/, accessed 3/21/17
Environmental Problems of Tsunami
Loss of Natural Ecosystems
Coral reefs, mangroves, coastal areas,
wetlands, agricultural fields and forests, and
aquaculture areas can be badly damaged.
The picture shows the mangrove damage
at the Simeulue Island of Sumatra. The
tsunami flooded coastal mangroves, then
withdrew violently and flattened them. This
caused a long term effect in the environment
because mangroves protect shorelines from
erosion. Mangroves also serve as valuable
nursery area for fish and invertebrates.
Moreover, mangroves support the treated
and endangered species such as the
manatee.
Image source : http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/slideshows/sumatra-earthquake-
tsunami/?photo=mangrove-damage, accessed 3/21/17

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/southflorida/habitats/mangroves/importance-mangroves/, accessed 4/12/17


Environmental Problems of Tsunamis
Impact to Biological Communities and
Species Due to Factors Above
Inside forests, heavy deposition of sediments
on the forest floor may lead to changes in the
species composition of the organism living on or
in the soil.
For example, after the tsunami, Long-Tailed
Macaques (monkeys in the picture) displayed
fewer numbers near the coast. It is hypothesized
that this reflects the destruction of coastal fruit
trees consumed by the monkeys.
Image source: http://oknation.nationtv.tv/blog/Rodeefc/2013/02/17/entry-2,
accessed 3/21/17

http://www.deepseanews.com/2011/03/from-the-editors-desk-the-environmental-impacts-of-tsunamis/, accessed 3/21/17


Did the Indian Ocean coastline countries do all
they could have done to avoid this disaster?
The devastation that occurred in 2004 was enormous and unpredictable. The
negative impacts on human lives and the environment were result of an insufficient
warning system. Dr. Tad Murty, an expert on the regions tsunamis, stated that there
would have been time to alert more distant communities, if there had been an alert
system. Actually, phone calls came from Indonesia warning the coastal countries of
the powerful earthquakes, but that did not give other countries enough time to
establish an emergency response plan.

https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/01/warn-j03.html, accessed 3/21/17


http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/27/science/with-no-alert-system-indian-ocean-nations-were-vulnerable.html?_r=0, accessed 4/10/17
Learning from the Experience

The Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center (IOTIC) was formed including
members from 12 countries in response to the disaster which occurred on December
26, 2004. The organization created a protocol whose purpose is to provide early
warnings on potentially destructive tsunamis. The protocol will disseminate tsunami
advisory and warning messages to designated national and local authorities. Because
of the lack of tsunami specialization, IOTIC has been supported by other tsunami
professional detectors such as Japan.

http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/16/what-is-iotws, accessed 3/5/17


Who is the most earthquake-
prepared country?
Japan has the worlds most advanced
Japan would be earthquake early-warning system, with more
than 1,000 seismographs scattered over the
considered as the BEST country. They can forewarn of a quake about 80
seconds before the damaging quake occurs.
prepared country in the
Collectively, they detect tremors and allow for
world for earth quake brief advance warnings not only to vulnerable
sectors like railroads and utilities, which they can
preparedness, slow down high-speed trains and shut off gas
says Stephane Rondenay, lines, but also to the public via television, Internet
a geophysicist at MIT. and text-messaging.

https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423274/80-seconds-of-warning-for-tokyo/, accessed 3/21/17


How does this
3
warning system
4
work?
1) A sensor on the ocean floor
measures water pressure.
2
2) The measurements are sent
by acoustic signal to a buoy
on the surface.
3) The buoy sends the signal
further to a satellite.
4) The signal is then sent to
early-warning stations on
1 land.
Image source: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423279/how-japans-earthquake-
and-tsunami-warning-systems-work/, accessed 2/17/17

https://techocular.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/tsunami-early-warning-system/, accessed 3/21/17


How does this Tsunami Warning System work?

When an earthquake strikes on the floor of the ocean, millions of tons of water
are suddenly pushed upwards or sinks dramatically downwards, generating a
powerful wave. In deep water, the wave travels at extremely high rates of speed. The
wave can be identified by a tsunami detector, which then transmits a warning via
satellite.
With the help of data received from transmitter buoys and prediction models, it
is possible, even just 15 minutes after an earthquake strikes to determine the path
and the strength of a tsunami. Warnings can be sent to the endangered regions in
enough time to make a difference.

https://techocular.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/tsunami-early-warning-system/, accessed 3/21/17


Works Cited
http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/hazards/tsunami/basics/causes
http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml
https://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/disenvi/tsunami.html
http://www.deepseanews.com/2011/03/from-the-editors-desk-the-environmental-impacts-of-tsunamis/
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/dart_ms1.html
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423274/80-seconds-of-warning-for-tokyo/
http://geology.com/articles/tsunami-geology.shtml
http://www.livescience.com/49262-indian-ocean-tsunami-anniversary.html
https://techocular.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/tsunami-early-warning-system/
http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/16/what-is-iotws
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/world/tsunami-of-2004-fast-facts/
Works Cited (continued)
http://ndbc-load.nws.noaa.gov/dart/dart.shtml
http://research.lib.buffalo.edu/indian-ocean-tsunami
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/Asiaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Asia17.htm
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/ng-interactive/2014/dec/25/human-financial-cost-indian-
ocean-tsunami-interactive
https://weather.com/news/news/tsunami-debris-indonesia-10-year-anniversary
http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/saliniz.htm
http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/nvswcd/youyourland/soil.htm
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/27/science/with-no-alert-system-indian-ocean-nations-were-
vulnerable.html?_r=0

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