OML HANDBOOK

SAFETY GUIDE

ORCHARD MARITIME LOGISTICS PTE LTD

ENGLISH
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

5
Chapter SAFETY, HEALTH AND

1 ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION POLICY

Goal

OML is to manage all operations in a manner that protects the

environment, the health and safety of employees, customers,
contractors and the public.

OBJECTIVE

1. OML most valuable resources is our people and nothing

has greater importance that our employees safety and
health.

2. Comply with all applicable laws, regulation and standards

to protect the safety and health of our personnel or
communities in which we are involved.

3. Implement management system to identify, control and

monitor environmental, safety and health risks associated
with its operations.

4. Improve its environment, safety and health management

performance continuously.

5. Recognize the importance of safety, health and

environmental protection.

6. Manager and supervisor have to show a safe example by

knowing and following the safety health and environmental
protection rules and standards.

6
1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES

Immediately report all injuries to area supervisor.

Immediately report unsafe conditions and practices to
area supervisor.
Immediately report fires to the area supervisor.
Immediately report any oil spill to the area supervisor.
Fighting, horseplay, and running are prohibited.
Equipment shall not be operate without proper training.
Work shall not start without the consent of supervisor
responsible for area.
Use handrails on stairs and take one step at a time.
Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning at pressures
above 30psi, except for abrasive blasting.
Only compressed air shall be used for pneumatic tools.
Footwear with metal exposed on soles is prohibited.
Conductive items (such as finger rings and metal-banded
wrist watches) shall not be worn around live electrical systems.
Loose clothing, accessories and long hair must be
controlled when working around rotating machinery.
Hard hats, hearing protection, safety glasses and safety
footwear are required in all designated areas.
Safety harness is required when potential for fall is more
than 6 feet.
Floor opening shall be guarded to prevent tripping and
falling.
Supervisors are responsible for job safety orientation.
All emergency equipment must be in good working order
and clear of obstructions.
All manned offshore platforms shall have an approved
Station Bill.
Smoking is allowed in designated areas only.
Strike anywhere matches or butane or other plastic-body
lighters are not allowed.
Operation of equipment having a warning tag is prohibited.

7
2. HOUSE KEEPING

All passageway, entry ways, aisles, stairs, storerooms,

service rooms and work areas shall be clean, unobstructed
and free of slipping, tripping and falling hazards.
All wastes and debris shall be removed and properly
disposed.
Non-hazardous spills should be cleaned up immediately.
Aisles shall be clear and unobstructed to allow for
immediate access to fire protection equipment.
Rags or waste containing combustible or flammable
materials shall be put into oily waste cans immediately
after use.
Oily waste cans shall be emptied nightly.
Waste food receptacles shall be emptied daily and kept
clean and sanitary.
Do not discard trash or debris (nothing can be discarded
overboard).

3. FIRE PROCTECTION

Areas with solvents are chemicals should be well

ventilated.
Report all hydrocarbon liquid or gas leaks immediately.
Extinguish fires, if properly trained, and remove other
source of ignition immediately.
Shut down engines and other potential sources of ignition,
such as pilot lights.
Use soap suds when testing for gas leaks on fittings.
Transport gasoline only in approved, clearly marked
containers.
Sources and receiving containers should be electrically
bounded to prevent ignition by static electricity.

8
FIRE EXTINGUISHER

The three basic types of fire extinguishers are as follows:

1. Form (soda acid) liquid, smothers flame with foam
blanket; use on class A (wood, paper, cloth) fires.
2. Carbon dioxide-vapor, controls fire with vapor blanket,
reduces oxygen to fires; used on class B (solvents) and C
(electric) fires and small class A fires.
3. Dry chemical-powder, reduces oxygen to fires; used on
class B, C and D fires and small class A fires.

Water hoses, fog nozzles, mud hoses, and fixed-nozzle

systems should be continually checked under pressure and
each member of crew trained in their used. Signs and marking
s should be prominently displayed so that instant recognition is
possible. All fire-fighting equipment must be readily accessible
in an open area.

Other extinguishing agents in common use in petroleum

operations are halogenated compounds, which may be used on
class B or C fires. Halon 1301 is an example of this. Aqueous
foams are useful in something a flammable-liquid fire. Mechanical
mixing of a liquid synthetic detergent and water and air forms a
foam blanket over the fire to seal off usable oxygen.

One person should be responsible for maintaining and inspecting

fire-extinguishing equipment. There should be a written record
of these procedures, which includes durable tags fastened to
the extinguishers to show inspections date (at least monthly)
and examinations for recharge (at least annually). A recharging
history of each extinguisher and other pertinent extinguisher
information should be maintained in the office.

Locations of the extinguishers should be made conspicuous by

the use of signs, banners, red paint, and other approved devices.

9
There should not be hidden or blocked by supplies or equipment,
and they should be suspended off the floor or working area.

4. TOOLS

Always use right tools for the job.

Tools must kept in good condition.
Inspect couplings, hoses and connections of pneumatic
tools before using.
Disconnect electric and air tools from power source when
using the chuck key or when not in use.
The gap between the grinding wheel and the tool rest
must never exceed 1/8.

5. ELECTRICAL

Only qualified and authorized personnel shall repair or

install electrical equipment.
Immediately lock and tag unsafe electrically-driven
equipment.
Never make adjustments on electrical equipment.
Consider all electrical conductors energized.
Only operate switches when qualified and authorized.
When in doubt, call an electrician or direct supervisor.
A permit is required to use non-classified, non-intrinsically
safe electrical power tools, temporary lighting or other
equipment in a classified area.
Inspect all extension cords or plugs for signs of damage
or missing parts.
Tag defective appliances and turn in for repair.
Maintain a minimum of 3 feet of clearance in front of all
switch-gear and motor control centers for emergency
access.

10
 Keep spaces clear and do not use as a storage area.
Only qualified and authorized personnel shall be permitted in
electrical distribution switch-gear rooms and enclosures.
High voltage circuits that require hot stick for de-energizing
must be done by two qualified electrical personnel.
Power distribution switch-gear shall be operated by
electrical personnel during normal operations and
maintenance work.
In an emergency and authorized operator may de-energize
any piece of switch-gear required to control the emergency.
Circuits may not be manually re-energized until electrical
personnel determine equipment and circuits are safe.
Repetitive manual reclosing of circuit breakers or re-
energizing circuits through replacement of fuses is
prohibited.
Promptly address NEC required ground fault replay
indication.
Motor overloads may be reset once, after checking for
unusual conditions.
Any feeder and branch circuit trips must be brought to
the attention of the maintenance supervisor and facility
electrician.
Removal of fuses from switch gear shall only be done by
electrical personnel.
Work on circuits 480 volts or higher requires two qualified
electrical personnel.
Blown fuse shall be replaced only with proper type and
rating.
Use of metal ladders is prohibited
Electrical equipment should be approved by nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
No flammable/combustible bulk fluid transfers shall be
started prior to the proper bonding of both containers.
Employees authorized to work on electrical circuits should
be trained in CPR and First Aid.

11
6. POWER LINES

All Power lines should be considered energized.

Crane, boom, mast, gin poles or machinery is not
permitted within 10 feet of power lines rated 50 kilovolts
(KV) or below.

7. CLOTHING AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Dress suitable for work.

Hard hats.
Sleeved shirts and long pants, and appropriate head,
face, hand and foot protection are required in areas where
exposures to burns from fires, corrosives, hot substances,
hot lines or hot equipment is present.
Use protection equipment such as respirators, ear muffs or
plugs, special gloves, safety belts, etc. where required.
Be familiar with all protective devices and wearing apparel
required in job performance.
Supervisors shall make certain that safety equipment is
adequate and safe before use.

12
8. EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Protective eye and face devices.

Wear eye protection where required, when risk of flying
particles, chemical contact or other eye hazards are
present.
Eye protection must provide adequate protection.
Goggles and face shields should be worn over safety
glasses.
Tinted lenses are not to be used indoors unless required
for medical reasons.
Employees with prescription glasses should contact
supervisor for prescription safety glasses order form.
Wear appropriate safety eye wear over contact lenses.
Notify supervisor if wearing contact lenses.

9. FOOT PROTECTION

Protective footwear.
Use safety footwear where mandatory.
Supervisors will advise employees of jobs and location
where protective footwear is mandatory.
All employees are encouraged to wear safety footwear.
Safety footwear should provide both toe and sole
protection.

13
10. HEARING PROTECTION

Hearing protection is required in high noise areas.

Hearing protection may be required during special work
or process.
If raised voice is required at arms length, wear hearing
protection.
The company provides hearing protection such as ear
plugs and ear muffs.

11. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Protect yourself from airborne contaminants.

Personal respiratory protective equipment is available
from supervisor.
In emergencies use only self-contained breathing
apparatus.

12. MANUAL HANDLING OF MATERIALS

Observe basic principles of lifting:

a) Use leg muscles

b) Secure footing
c) Bend at the knees and get close to the object
d) Keep back straight and bend slightly at the hips
e) Take a firm, balanced grip
f) Lift gradually by straightening legs
g) Keep back straight, not arched
h) Shift feet and turn whole body; do not twist body

Ask for help in lifting heavy or bulky items

14
 Inspect areas and routes prior to transferring materials
Use caution when moving objects with sharp edges,
protruding nails or other hazards that may cause injury.

THE DIAGONAL LIFT

HEAD UP, BACK ARCHED, FEET SPREAD, ONE FOOT

AHEAD AS YOU LIFT

KEEP WEIGHT CLOSE TO BODY

15
13. STORING OF MATERIALS

Stack or pile material safety and out of aisles.

Shield lower bags against ripping.
Keep stacks or pile at least 18 inches from sprinkler heads.
Cross-tie bags and sacks.
Do not lean sheet metal against walls or columns; store
on edge in racks or on sleepers.
Provide access to equipment parts and stored materials.
Rack all reeled wire and cable; ends should not protrude.
Keep storage area clean.

14. HANDLING COMPRESSED GAS CYCLINDERS

Used cart, carrier or get help when moving cylinders.

Secure cylinders to prevent movement during transportation.
Secure in a basket or similar device if moving by crane.
Never drop cylinders or let them strike each other violently.
Never use as rollers, supports or other purposes.
Close valves tightly and install valve protection caps prior
to moving empty cylinders.

15. STORING COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

Store in safe, dry, well-ventilated place prepared and

reserved for purpose.
Do not store oxygen cylinders near combustible substances.
Store in upright position with valve protection caps installed.
Store securely fastened with a chain.
Smoking and other sources of ignition are prohibited.
Empty and full cylinders shall be store separately.
Mark empty cylinders with wired tag.
Do not mark with chalk or markers.

16
16. USING COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

Keep in upright position and secure to prevent

movement.
Except when in service, valve protection caps must be in
place.
Use only with intended gasses, make sure cylinders is
compatible with gas.
Close cylinders valve before attempting to stop leaks
between cylinders and regulator.
Never use cylinders when leaking.
Never use oil or grease as lubricant on valves or
attachments to oxygen cylinders.
Do not handle oxygen equipment with oily hands or
gloves.
Never use gas cylinders in confined spaces.

17. HANDLING/SAMPLING FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Use appropriate and necessary Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE).
Goggles and face shields shall be worn over safety
glasses.
Maintain a safe exit at all time.
Know locations of safety equipment prior to working.
Non-metal secondary containers used for the collection or
transfer of flammable/combustible liquids are prohibited.

17
18. LADDERS

Never use a defective ladder.

Side rail must extend 3 feet or more above top of the
landing platform.
Ladder must be strong enough for its intended use.
Ladder must be long enough to work safely.
Metal ladders are prohibited around electrical sources.
Locks spreaders in place.
Straight ladders must have safety feet.
Keep area around ladder base uncluttered.
Extend at least 3 feet beyond roof edge or other support
point.
Always hold onto ladder with at least one hand.
Center body between the ladder rails.
Only reach or lean so that belt buckle remains between
ladder rails.
Rest ladder only on solid, level surface.
The down straight ladders as close to support paint as
possible.
Climb and descend ladders cautiously using both hands.
Never climb higher than the second rung from the top of
a stepladder or the third rung from the top on a straight
ladder.

19. BARRICADES

Always have barricades erected around hazardous areas

Post a sign at the barricade identifying hazard.
Permission for entry into barricaded areas must be granted
by: Designated person in charge
Identify any opening or gate used for exit.
Appropriate lighting shall be provided at all times.
Mark open holes to adequately warn personnel.

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20. CRANES

Only qualified operators may use cranes.

Only one person shall be designed as the signalman.
Never start machine movement until communication with
the signalman is established and understood.
Obey an emergency stop signal given by anyone.
Crane operator shall ensure that the weight of any load
does not exceed the rated capacity of the crane during a
transfer.

21. HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Only qualified operators may use heavy equipment.

Manufacturers instructions must be observed.
Never use before completing a functional inspection.
Ensure the area is free from obstructions or hazards.
Cease questionable operation until resolved by supervisor.
Complete a daily inspection checklist for equipment.
Report defects to the appropriate person.

19
Chapter

2
SAFETY TIPS FOR THE
INJURED PERSON

A. FIRST AID

In the event of any accident you may be called upon to give first
aid to persons injured until a medical officer or doctor arrives.
Regardless of the nature of injuries, there are four priorities that
must followed in strict order.

1. SAFETY:

Preserve life that of any injured person(s) as well as your
own. Move the patient if there is danger of further injury.

2. PROMOTE RECOVERY:

Administer the ABC of Life and any other aid necessary.

A - AIRWAY, B - BREATHING, C- CIRCULATION

3. STOP BLEEDING:

Place pad or handkerchief directly over the wound and

apply pressure.

4. PROTECT THE UNCONSCIOUS:

Place the unconscious patient in the lateral recovery

position.

EMERGENCY FIRST AID

First aid is the immediate care given to a person who has

been injured or has suddenly become ill. It includes self-help
and home care if medical assistance is not readily available
or is delayed. It is also includes well-selected words of
encouragement, evidence by demonstration of competence.

20
Knowing how to give first aid on the job is importance, and
every employee should know what to do and what not to do. All
accident should be reported to the SUPERVISOR immediately.
Timely and proper care can mean the difference between life
and death, between temporary and permanent disability, or
between rapid recovery and long hospitalization.

To ensure prompt care and adequate handling of industrial

injuries, the SUPERVISOR should contact local physicians
and medical facilities as soon as possible after moving into a
new area or location. He should obtain current information on
names, locations, and helicopter or ambulance services. This
information should be kept posted in the CONTROL ROOM,
change rooms, recreation rooms or other specified location.

Frequent, prompt action is necessary to save a life in cases

of severe bleeding, stoppage of breathing, heart failure, and
poisoning. At other times there is so no need for haste,
and attention should be devoted to preventing further injury,
obtaining assistance, and reassuring the victim.

In case of serious injury or sudden illness, while help is being

summoned, immediately determine the best way to rescue the
victim, treating him according to the following procedure:

1. Keep an air passage open and the victim breathing.

2. Control severe bleeding.
3. Treat for shock.
4. Immobilize fractures

21
TRAINING

Because operations are often at remote locations where

medical aid is not readily available, it is desirable that every
crew member be qualified to administer first aid. At least one
qualified crew member or supervisor should be designated
to administer first aid on each tour. It should be clearly
understood that, unless an injury is of a very minor nature, the
services of a medical facility should be obtained in addition to
the administration of first aid.

Each crew member should be instructed and adequately trained

to rescue anyone overcome by toxic gas or other contaminated
air. It is important to remember that the rescuer himself must
be equipped with proper respiratory equipment and a lifeline
attached before entering the hazardous area. Crew training
can save a life.

First-aid training not only provides employees with the

knowledge and skill to give life support and other emergency
care, but it also helps them to develop safety awareness and
habits that promote safety at home, during recreation, and
while driving.

FIRST-AID SUPPLIES

Types of first-aid kit: the unit type. Unit kits have a complete
assortment of first-aid materials in standard packages of unit
size. The person trained in first aid should be familiar with the
contents of the first-aid kit. Breathing becomes more rapid,
possibly shallow, possibly deep and irregular, if there has been
injury to the chest or abdomen, breathing is almost certain to
be shallow because of pain caused by breathing deeply.

22
A person in shock from haemorrhage may be restless and
anxious (early signs of lack of oxygen), thrashing about, and
complaining of severe thirst. He may vomit or retch from
nausea.

In later stages of shock, the victim may become apathetic

and unresponsive. His eyes appear sunken, with a vacant
expression and the pupils widely dilated. If left untreated, the
victim eventually loses consciousness, him body temperature
falls, and he may die.

Treatment for shock should be given in all cases of injury or

sudden illness. The victim should lie down with his head low
and be covered with blankets or coated to maintain normal
temperature. The general treatment for shock is warmth, air,
rest and reassurance.

B. ELECTRIC SHOCK

Turn off current supply, where it is impractical or impossible to

turn off current, free casualty by using heavy duty insulating
gloves, rubber objects, dry cloth or dry wood. Touch the
injured persons clothing only if it is dry, never touch their bare
skin while the current is still turned on.

If the patient has stopped breathing, resuscitation must be

commenced as soon as the patient is free of the current.

23
C. EMERGENCY RESUSCITATION

AIRWAY. Ensure always is clear. Remove all foreign material,

vomitus, loose dentures etc. Ensure tongue has not dropped
back. Quickly turn casualty on side with face turned slightly
down to promote drainage of fluid from mouth.

BREATHING. Look, listen and feel for breathing. If breathing

is not evident, administer mouth to-mouth or mouth-to-nose
ventilation, after turning casualty onto his back. Tilt head back
and support jaw, begin resuscitation immediately. Give five full
breaths in first 10 seconds then feel for pulse. Continue at a rate
of 15 breaths per minute until spontaneous breathing returns.

CIRCULATION. Feel for carotid pulse with pads of your fingers

between windpipe and large muscle of the casualtys neck. If
the pulse is absent, continue resuscitation and apply External
Cardiac Compression.
One operator 2 ventilations & 15 compressions every 15 seconds
Two operators - 1 compression per second
- 1 ventilation after every 5 compressions

24
D. CONTROL OF BLEEDING

Cut clothing away from the wound:

Control flow of blood by applying direct pressure to wound

with fingers or palm of hand. Squeeze edges together if
wound is large.
Cover whole of wound with bulky, sterile un-medicated
pad. Press down and bandage firmly but not so tight as to
cut off circulation. Loosen bandage over the first.
If foreign objects or pieces of broken bone are in the
wound, apply pressure to the wound edges by placing
pads around it.

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E. TREATMENT OF BURNS

If the patients clothes are on fire, smother the flames by

wrapping a blanket or similar large non-synthetic article
around the patient and lay them flat.

Cool all burnt parts of the body with cold water for at least
10 minutes. NEVER put creams or lotions on the burns.

Cover the burns with clean cloth. NEVER remove burnt

clothing that is stuck to the skin.

26
BURNS

Burns are caused commonly by carelessness with matches and

cigarettes; scald from hot liquids; defective heating, cooking
and electrical equipment; open fires that produce flame burns,
especially when flammable clothing is worn; unsafe practices
in the home in using flammable liquids for starting fires and for
cleaning; immersion in overheated bath water; and use of such
chemicals as caustics; lye, strong acids, and detergents.

The usual signs of first-degree burns are redness or

discoloration, mild swelling, and pain. First-degree burns
result from overexposure to the sun, contact with hot objects,
and scalding hot water or steam.

Second-degree burns are deeper than first-degree burns and

appear red or mottled, with blister formation. These injuries
result from very deep sunburn, contact with hot liquids, and
flash burns from gasoline, kerosene, or other products. They
are usually more painful than deeper ones, since in third-degree
burns the nerve endings in the skin are destroyed.

Third-degree burns involve deeper destruction and may be

caused by flame, ignited clothing, immersion in hot water,
contact with hot objects, or electricity. Many burns are a
combination of first-, second-, and third-degree burns. Degree
burns are surrounded by areas of less involvement.

Immersing the burned area in cold water until the initial pain
dissipates is recommended for small first-degree and second-
degree burns. A dry sterile gauze or clean cloth should be
applied as a protective and medical attention obtained.

27
Third-degree burns and extensive second-degree burns should
be covered in a similar manner. Adhered particles of charred
clothing should not be removed. Burns should be covered with
thick, sterile dressings or a freshly ironed or laundered sheet. If
the hands are involved, they should be kept above the level of
the victims heart; burned feet or legs should be kept elevated.
(The victim should not be allowed to walk). An extensive
burned area must not be immersed in cold water, because
cold may intensify shock. However, a cold pack may be applied
to the face or to the hands or feet; immediate transportation to
adequate medical facilities must be arranged. In the event that
medical help is delayed, fluids may be administered, according
to the procedure for treating shock. Ointment, commercial
preparations, grease, or home remedies should never be
applied. Such substances may cause further complications
and interfere with treatment by the physician.

Chemical burns of the skin should be treated by washing

away the chemical with large amounts of water, using a shower
or hose, as quickly as possible and for at least 5 minutes.
Clothing should be obtained as soon as possible.

Acid burns of the eye should be treated by thoroughly washing

the face, eyelid, and eye with water for at least 5 minutes. The
chemical must be prevented from washing into the other eye.
The eyes should be recovered with a bandage, and medical
help obtained immediately, preferably from an eye specialist

28
F. DROWNING

Most drowning occurs within reach of safety, so it is possible to

rescue a victim even if the first-aider cannot swim. A swimming
rescue should not be attempted by anyone trained in lifesaving.

If the victim is near the dock or pool, a hand or foot extended

to him could save his life. If he is out too far to be reached by
a hand or foot, a towel, shirt, stick, pole, or any other object on
hand can be held out to him. If a life ring or line is available, this
should be the first choice.

If a victim is too far out to be reached by a line, ring, or other

objects, and a boat is present, it should be rowed out to him so
that he can grasp the stern or an aor until he can be taken back
to the rig or the shore. If he is not able to hold onto the stern or
oar, he can be pulled to the boat.

Most persons who drown die from lack of air, not from water in
the lungs or stomach. One should not try to get the water out
of the victim; he should start artificial resuscitation immediately!
As soon as the victim can breathe without help, treatment for
shock should be given and medical assistance obtained.

G. FOREIGN MATTER IN THE EYE

A foreign object lodged under the upper eyelid may be removed

by drawing the upper lid down over the lower lid and releasing.
Flushing the eye with water may remove the particle.

Should an object become lodged on the eyeball, removal

should not be attempted; it may be forced deep into the eye,
causing serious damage. A compress should be place over
both eyes, and medical attention obtained at once.

29
H. HEAT EXHAUSTION

In heat exhaustion the face is pale, the skin moist and cool
with profuse sweating. Subnormal temperature, weak and
rapid pulse, shallow breathing, dizziness, and often nausea
and vomiting occur.

The patient should be moved to a place with circulating air

and laid down with the head lowered. External heat should be
applied, and the victim wrapped in blankets. Frequent drinks
of warm salt water (approximately 1 teaspoon of salt per pint
of water) should be administered. The victim should be treated
for shock.

The occurrence of heat exhaustion and heatstroke can be

minimized be increasing the salt intake during exposure to hot
environments. Extra salt on food, salt in water, or salt tablets
can replace the body salt lost through perspiration.

I. HEATSTROKE

Heatstroke is the opposite of heat exhaustion. One of

its symptoms is a high temperature. The face is usually
red and the skin hot and dry with no sweating. Headache,
dizziness, and labored breathing often accompany heatstroke.
Unconsciousness is common.

The victim of heatstroke should be moved to a cool place and

laid down with his head raised. As much clothing as possible
should be removed and the body cooled with applications of
cold cloths or with a cold bath. It is very important to lower
the body temperature and keep it down. Stimulants must not
be given. As consciousness returns, signs of shock should be
looked for and treated accordingly.

30
J. COLD EXHAUSTION AND HYPOTHERMIA

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold, sometimes accompanied

by with and snow, can lead to cold exhaustion. Resistance to
cold is lowered when persons are overly fatigued. Shivering,
cramps, slowing down of movement irritability and a general
breakdown in normal behaviors are symptoms of exhaustion.

Hypothermia is a dangerous lowering of the body temperature.

It is commonly caused by exposure to low temperature (even
those above freezing) or prolonged immersion in cold water.

The object of first aid for all conditions caused by prolonged

exposure to cold is to prevent further heat loss and to increase
body heat and circulation. First aid for cold exhaustion and
hypothermia includes:-

1. removing the victim from the cold;

2. covering him with blankets and dressing him in warm
clothing or putting him in a pre-warmed sleeping bag;
3. in an open area, using a camp fire, as well as body heat
from other persons, for warmth;
4. giving the victim warm drinks if he is conscious; in all
cases of prolonged exposure, profession medical aid
must be obtained as soon as possible.

31
K. HEART ATTACK

A heart attack may or may not be accompanied by loss of

consciousness. If it is severe, the victim may die suddenly.
The symptoms include persistent chest pain, usually under
the breastbone, by sometimes affecting both the breastbone
area and the left shoulder and arm; gasping and shortness of
breath; extreme pallor or bluish discoloration of the lips, skin,
and finger nails, prostration; and shock.

If the pain is in the upper abdomen and is accompanied by

nausea and vomiting, the victim may mistakenly think he is
having an attack of acute indigestion.

If heart attack has occurred and the victim is not breathing,

artificial resuscitation should be started. Someone should call
an ambulance equipped with oxygen and have the victims
doctor notified. The victims own medication should be
administered, if he is under medical care. If there is doubt,
the physician should be contracted. Liquids should never be
given to an unconscious person. The victim should be put into
a comfortable position, usually sitting up, and propped up with
pillows, particularly if he has any difficulty breathing.

Taking a course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is invaluable

in learning to deal with heart attacks effectively.

Fractures may be two types, simple and compound. In the

simple fracture, the bone does not puncture the skin (pic. A); it
may be merely cracked. In the compound fracture, the bone is
completely broken and may protrude from the skin.

32
Some signs that indicate the possibility of a fractured bone
include hearing or feeling the bone snap, finding that moving
the injured part is difficult, feeling edges of the bone grating
against each other, feeling motion in the affected part when
there is none in reality, noting a difference in the shape or length
of bones on corresponding sides of the body, seeing obvious
deformity, noticing swelling or discoloration, and experiencing
pain or tenderness.

First aid for fractures required that the victim first be checked for
shock, and proper treatment given if necessary. He should be
protected from further injury, and medical assistance obtained.
Movement of the injured part and adjacent joints should be
prevented, and the involved extremity should be elevated
without disturbing the suspected fracture. If transportation to
medical help is delayed, splints should be applied to the injured
part, but an attempt to set the fracture should not be made. If
the victim is unconscious, he should be lifted as though his
spine or neck were broken.

If a bone is protruding from the skin, it should not be pushed

back. An attempt to replace bone fragments should not be
made. The wound should not be washed or probed. If should
be covered with a sterile bandage compress or a freshly
laundered sheet or towel. If there is hemorrhaging, pressure
can be applied through the dressing.

Splints are devices for immobilizing injured part when a

fracture is suspected. Even though there are may commercial
types made, satisfactory splints can be fashioned from any
still material. A splint should be long enough to extend past
the joints on either side of suspected fracture and should be
padded if possible.

33
If no stiff material is available, an emergency splinting technique
can be used. A leg with a suspected fracture can be strapped
or taped to the uninjured one, using padding is between (pic B).
an arm with a suspected fracture can be bound to the chest is
the elbow is bent, or to the side if the elbow is straight.

In fractures of the limbs, the fingers or toes should be checked

frequently for swelling or bluish discoloration, which indicates
that the bandages are too tight. If the victim cannot feet his
toes or fingers or feels a tingling sensation, the ties must be
loosened immediately.

If it is necessary to straighten and splint a deformed limb, one

hand is placed above and one below the fracture to support it;
care is given for shock; and, for a leg fracture, someone grasps
the end of the limb and pulls gently and steadily until splints are
applied. If a broken back or neck is suspected, the victim must
not be moved or allowed to move.

34
L. TRANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED

An injured person must not be moved until a through examination

has been made for all injuries, and they are properly protected
by dressings, splints, or other means. If a severely injured
person must be moved, he should always be transported lying
down.

When a seriously injured person is transported by helicopter,

boat, or road vehicle, someone should accompany him to a
medical facility. When an injured person is transported by road
vehicle other than ambulance, it is better to use a track that
jack-knife the person into a passenger car.

A back injury should always be suspected in a seriously injured

person and every attempt made to keep the back straight if he
must be moved. Tension on the victims neck and head should
be maintained and the entire body moved as a unit.

For an injury requiring transportation to a medical facility, the

most accessible means of transportation should be used.

Effective first aid requires ready reference to an up-to-date

first-aid manual when any doubt about proper procedures
exits. It also requires taking first-aid courses to refresh and
update skills in lifesaving techniques.

35
Chapter GENERAL CONCEPTS OF

3 RECORDABILITY VASED
FROM OSHA

A. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF RECORDABILITY

1. An injury or illness is considered work related if it results

from an even of exposure in the work environment. The
work environment is primarily composed or: (1) The
employers premises, and (2) other locations where
employees are engaged in work-related activities or
are present as a condition of their employment. When
an employee is off the employers premises, work
relationship must be established; when on the premises,
work relationship is presumed. The employers premises
encompass the total establishment. This includes not
only the primary facility, but also such areas as company
storage facilities, cafeterias, and restrooms. In addition
to physical locations, equipment or materials used in the
course of an employees work are also considered part of
the employees work environment.
2. All work-related facilities are recordable.
3. All recognized or diagnosed work-related illnesses are
recordable.
4. All work-related injuries requiring medical treatment or
involving loss of consciousness, restriction of work or
motion, or transfer to another job are recordable.

B. ANALYSIS OF INJURIES

Recordable and non-recordable injuries. Each case is

distinguished by the treatment provided; i.e., if the injury was
such that medical treatment was provided or should have been
provided, it is recordable; if only first aid was required, it is not
recordable. However, medical treatment is only one of several
criteria for determining record ability. Regardless of treatment,
if the injury involved loss of consciousness, restriction of work
or motion, or transfer to another job, the injury is recordable.

36
C. MEDICAL TREATMENT

The following procedures are generally considered medical

treatment. Injuries for which this type of treatment was provided
or should have been provided are almost always recordable if
the injury is work related:

Treatment of INFECTION
Application of ANTISEPTICS during second or subsequent
visit to medical personnel
Treatment of SECOND OR THIRD DEGREE BURN(S)
Application of SUTURES (stitches)
Application of BUTTERFLY ADHESIVE DRESSING(S) or
STERI STRIP(S) in lieu of sutures
Removal of FOREIGN BODIES EMBEDDED IN EYE
Removal of FOREGIN BODIES FROM WOULD; if procedure
is COMPLICATED because of depth of embedment, size,
or location
Use of PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION (except a single dose
administered on first visit for minor injury or discomfort)
Use of hot or cold SOAKING THERAPY during second or
subsequent visit to medical personnel
CUTTING AWAY DEAD SKIN (surgical debridement)
Application of HEAT THERAPY during second or
subsequent visit to medical personnel
Use of WHIRLPOOL BATH THERAPY during second or
subsequent visit to medical personnel
POSITIVE X-RAY DIAGNOSIS (fractures, broken bones,
etc)
ADMISSION TO A HOSPITAL or equivalent medical facility
FOR TREATMENT.

37
D. FIRST AID TREATMENT

The following procedures are generally considered first aid

treatment (e.g. one-time treatment and subsequent observation
of minor injuries) should not be involve loss of consciousness,
restriction of work or motion, or transfer to another job:

Application of ANTISEPTICS during first visit to medical

personnel
Treatment of FIRST DEGREE BURN(S)
Application of BANDAGE(S) during first visit to medical
personnel
Use of ELESTIC BANDAGE(S) during first visit to medical
personnel
Removal of FOREIGN BODIES NOT EMBEDDED IN EYE
if only irrigation is required
Removal of FOREIGN BODIES FROM WOUND; if
procedure is UNCOMPLICATED, and is, for example, by
tweezers or other simple technique
Use of NONPRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS AND
administration of single dose of PRESCRIPTION
MEDICATION on first visit for minor injury or discomfort
SOAKING THERAPY on initial visit to medical personnel
or removal of bandages by SOAKING
Application of hot or cold COMPRESS (ES) during first
visit to medical personnel
Application of OINTMENTS to abrasions to prevent drying
or cracking
Application of HEAT THERAPY during first visit to medical
personnel
Use of WHIRLPOOL BATH THERAPY during first visit to
medical personnel
NEGATIVE X-RAY DIAGNOSIS
OBSERVATION of injury during visit to medical personnel

38
Chapter

4 GLOSSARY OF ITEM

A. FIRST AID

Any one-line treatment and subsequent observation of minor

scratches, cuts, burns, splinters, and so forth, which do not
ordinarily require medical care. Such treatment and observation
are considered first aid even though provided by a physician or
registered professional personnel.

B. INCIDENCE RATE

The number of injuries, illness, or lost workdays related to a

common exposure base of 100 fulltime workers. The common
exposure base enables one to make accurate inter-industry
comparisons, trend analysis over time, or comparisons among
firms regardless of size. This rate is calculated as:

N/EH X 200,000
Where :
N = number of injuries and/or illness or lost workdays
EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar
year
20,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers
(working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year)

C. LOST WORKDAY CASES

Cases which involve days away from work or days of restricted

work activity, or both.

39
D. LOST WORKDAYS

The number of workdays (consecutive or not ), beyond the day

of injury or onset of illness, the employee was away from work
or limited to restricted work activity because of an occupational
injury or illness.

(1) Lost workdays-away from work

The number of workdays (consecutive or not ) on which

the employee would have worked but could not because of
occupational injury or illness.

(2) Lost workdays-restricted activity

The number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which,

because of injury or illness:

a) The employee was assigned to another job on a temporary

basis; or
b) The employee worked at a permanent job less than full
time; or
c) The employee worked at a permanently assigned job but
could not perform all duties normally connected with it.

The number of days away from work or days of restricted work
activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or
any days on which the employee would not have worked even
though able to work.

40
E. MEDICAL TREATMENT

Includes treatment of injuries administered by physicians,

registered professional personnel, or lay persons (i.e. non
medical personnel). Medical treatment does not include first
aid treatment (one-time treatment and subsequent observation
of minor scratches, cuts, burns, splinters, and so forth, which
do not ordinarily require medical care) even though provided by
a physician or registered professional personnel.

F. OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

Any abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting

from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to
environmental factors associated with employment. It includes
acute and chronic illnesses and diseases which may be caused
by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. The
following categories should be used by employers to classify
recordable occupational illness on the log in the columns
indicated.

Occupational skin diseases or disorders.

Examples: Contact dermatitis, eczema, or rash caused by
primary irritants and sensitizers or poisonous plants; oil acne;
chrome ulcers; chemical burns or inflammations; etc.

Dust diseases of the lungs (pneumoconiosis)

Examples; Silicosis, asbestosis, and other asbestos-related
diseases, coal workers pneumoconiosis, byssinosis, siderosis,
and other pneumoconiosis.

Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents.

Examples: Pneumonitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis or acute comgestion
due to chemicals, dust, gases, or fumes; farmers lung, etc.

41
Poisoning (systemic effects of toxic materials)
Examples: Poisoning by lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, or
other metals; poisoning by carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide,
or other gases; poisoning by benzol, carbon tetrachloride, or
other organic solvents; poisoning by insecticide sprays such as
parathion, lead arsenate; poisoning by other chemicals such as
formaldehyde, plastics, and resins; etc.

Disorders due physical agents (other than toxic materials).

Examples: Heatstroke, sunstroke, heat exhaustion, and other
effects of environmental heat; freezing, frostbite, and effects
of exposure to low temperatures; caisson disease; effects of
ionizing radiation (welding flash, ultra-violet rays, microwaves,
sunburn); etc.

Disorders associate with repeated trauma.

Examples: Noise-induced hearing loss; synovitis, tenosynovitis,
and bursitis, Raynauds phenomena; and other conditions due
to repeated motion, vibration, or pressure.

All other occupational illnesses.

Examples: Anthrax, brucellosis, infectious hepatitis, malignant
and benign tumors, food poisoning, histoplasmosis,
coccidioidomycosis, etc.

G. OCCUPATIONAL INJURY

Any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, etc., which

results from a work accident or from a single instantaneous
exposure in the work environment.

Note: Conditions resulting from animal bites, such as insect

or snake bites, and from one-time exposure to chemicals are
considered to be injuries.

42
H. OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESS, EXTENT
AND OUTCOME

All recordable occupational injuries or illness result in either:

1) Fatalities, regardless or the time between the injury, or the
length of illness, and death;
2) Lost workday cases, other than fatalities, that result in
lost workdays; or
3) Non fatal cases without lost workdays.

I. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)

OSHA is responsible for developing, implementing and

enforcing safety and health standards and regulations. OSHA
works with employers and employee to foster effective safety
and health programs which reduce workplace hazards.

J. RECORDABLE CASES

All work-related deaths and illness, and those work-related with

result in: Loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion,
transfers to another job, or require medical treatment beyond
first aid.

K. RESTRICTION OF WORK OR MOTION

Occurs when the employee, because of the result of a job-

related injury or illness, is physically or mentally unable to
perform all or any part of his or her normal assignment during
all or any part of the workday or shift.

43
Chapter

5
THE PHILOSOPHIC OF
ACCIDENT PREVENTION

The statistic showed which based from past experiences

always told us:

A. Fatality Accident always preceded by several cases

of serious accidents which resulted in a Lost Time
Accidents
B. And Lost Time Accidents also resulted from a several
cases of Medical Treatment (MT)
C. Medical Treatment case happened from a previous cases
of First Aid (FA)

All accidents/incidents originally came from the unsafe

condition and unsafe act which did not corrected and adjusted.
To simplify the cases we can see the pictures below:

44
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS

OML has five categories for statistical purposes:

1. Near Miss (NM)

2. Fist Aid Cases (FAC)
3. Medical Treatment (MT)
4. Lost Time Accident (LTA)
5. Fatality (FAT)

All incidents are also to be classified according to severity

Any incident will appear in one and only, category at any
time
The classification for OML performance will be independent
of other reporting requirements by Government, Industry etc.

1. NEAR MISS (NM) DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE

A Near Miss (NM) or Dangerous Occurrence is where an
incident has taken place which had no direct effect on people
or property but could, in slightly different circumstances, have
been far more serious.

A Near Miss or Dangerous Occurrence does not affect the

annual SHEP performance statistics as such. However, they
provide a means of highlighting potential problems which
could have lead to more serious incidents. The report should
trigger preventative actions to be taken in the future.

45
2. FIRST AID CASES (FAC)

Accident/injuries are generally considered First Aid Cases

(FAC) if they typically result in only one visit to the Medic and
the follow up is observation only. The person is typically able
to return to normal duties in less than one hour. The medic is
to use own judgment in regard to classification between FAC,
MT and LTA.

3. MEDICAL TREATMENT (MT)

Example of where accidents/injuries are generally considered

Medical Treatment for completing the Accident/incident Form
are:-

Loss of consciousness due to an injuries or exposure in

the work environment
All diagnosed occupational illnesses
Greater than one dose of prescription medication to treat
an injury.
All rashes, contact dermatitis, or other skin disorders
Abrasions-Full skin depth, embedded foreign material
Antiseptics-Application of antiseptics during second/
subsequent visit.
Bruises-extended care beyond observation
Burn. Thermal/chemical (resulting in destruction of tissues
by direct contact)
Second degree burns greater that 1 square inch with
medical treatment
All third degree burns
Casts-Application of cast or other means of immobilizing
(e.g. finger splints)
Cuts and Lacerations-butterfly closures, steri-strips,
suture(s) (stitches)

46
 Dead or damaged skin-Surgical removal of
Eye Injuries-foreign objects/lacerations/abrasions and
chemical burns
Food Related Poisoning/Foreign objects in food
Fractures-all fractures (including teeth)
Infection arising out of an injury
Inhalation of Toxic/Corrosive Gases-Professional treatment
beyond first aid
Reactions-Reaction to preventive shot
Splinters and puncture wounds-Removal of foreign
objects
Sprains and strains

Medic to use their judgment for classification between FAC/MT

and LTA.

4. LOST TIME ACCIDENT (LTA)

A Lost Time Accident (LTA) occurs when an employee cannot

return to work the next regularly scheduled shift due to an
injury or illness. One exception is where the employee was
physically/mentally capable of returning to work based on
medical opinion but missed work for another legitimate reason.
Vacations cannot be used to defer an LTA classification.

5. FATALITY (FAT)

An Incident occurs when causing an employee due to his/her

injury become fatal or death

47
Chapter

6
ACCIDENTS / INCIDENT
TERMINOLOGY

1. ACCIDENT: an undesired event that result in harm to

people, damage of property or loss to process.

2. NEAR-MISS: an undesired event which, under slightly

different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to
people, damage to property or loss to process.

3. Both accident and nearmiss in modern term are defined

as INCIDENT

4. MINOR ACCIDENT: injuries requiring first aid, or for

example small equipment damage or loss production
of US$2,500 to $10,000, or resulted in environmental
damage/ecological effects that need less than one month
to resolve. The number of dollar and day to resolve
the problem is subject to management discussion and
approval.

5. UNSAFE ACT is any act that resulted in or causing

hazard(s) that if not br reported and corrected immediately
could have resulted in an incident.

6. UNSAFE CONDITION is any condition that resulted in or

causing hazard(s) that if not be reported and corrected
immediately could have resulted in incident.

7. Both unsafe act and condition in modern term are defined

as SUBSTANDARD ACTS AND CONDITIONS which are:
any deviation from an accepted standard or practice.

48
Chapter

7 TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES

TEAMS

WHAT ARE TEAMS

Two or more people working together
Work teams have a common goal
Team members develop earned trust through accountability
Team are self-motivated
Teams are performance motivated

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL

TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS

Technical expertise
Functional experience
Problem solving capability
Decision making skills
Inter-personal skills

PROBLEM SOLVING

HOW TO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS

Define the problem
Identify primary cause(s)
Develop alternative solution(s)
Implement action plans
Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan

WORKING STYLES

TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES

COMMAND Decision is made by leader
CONSULTATIVE Decision is made by leader with team input
CONSENSUS Decision is made by as a team
DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of
command

49
 RESULTS

WHAT TEAMS DO

IMPROVE WORK QUALITY

- More expertise/skills are available

FLEXIBLE
- Respond quickly to change

CREATIVE
- Continuously improve work processes

DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS

- Better communications

REDUCE PROJECT COST

50
 BAHASA
INDONESIAN
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PENDAHULUAN

55
 KEBIJAKAN MENGENAI
Chapter PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP

1 KESELAMATAN, KESEHATAN
DAN LINGKUNGAN

56
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Chapter PROSEDUR SAFETY UNTUK

2 ORANG YANG
TERLUKA/KECELAKAAN

74
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Chapter

3
KONSEP UMUM PENCATATAN
BERDASAR PADA OSHA

92
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Chapter

4 DAFTAR ISTILAH

96
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Chapter

5
FILOSOFI PENCEGAHAN
KECELAKAAN

102
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Chapter

6
TERMINOLOGI
KECELAKAAN/PERISTIWA

106
Chapter

7
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
PEMBENTUKAN TIM KERJA

107
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NOTES