DEFINITION AND FORMULA LIST
Hat (for every non-gaseous reactant) + Hie! + Hea1 + Hlatt
(I) PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LATTICE ENERGY
DEFINITIONS
Lattice energy, Hlatt - the enthalpy change when 1 mole of an
ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions under standard
conditions (25, 1 a.t.m)
Standard enthalphy change of atomisation, Hat - enthalpy
change when 1 mole of gaseous atom is formed from its element
under standard conditions
Electron affinity, Hea - enthalpy change when 1 mole of electrons
is added to one mole of atoms or ions in the gaseous state under
standard conditions
Ionisation energy - the energy required to remove 1 mole of
electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms of an element to form 1
mole of unipositive (+1) ions
Polarising power - the ability of a cation to attract electrons and
distort the electron cloud of an anion
Standard enthalpy change of solution, Hsol - enthalpy change
when 1 mole of an ionic solid dissolves in sufficient water to form
an infinitely (very dilute) solution
Standard enthalpy change of hydration, Hhyd - enthalpy change
when 1 mole of a specified gaseous ion dissolves in sufficient
water to form a very dilute solution
FORMULA
= Hf
Hlatt + Hsol = Hhyd
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
DEFINITIONS
Electrolysis - decomposition of a compound into its elements
when an electric current passes through an electrolyte
Electrolyte - the compound that is decomposed
Electrode - a rod which conducts electricity to and from the
electrolyte
1 Faraday (F) - the quantity of electric charge carried by 1 mole of
single charged ions
Faraday's 1st Law of Electrolysis - the mass of substance
liberated at an electrode during electrolysis is directly
proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the
electrolyte
Faraday's 2nd Law of Electrolysis - the number of faradays
required to discharge one mole of an ion at an electrode equals
to the number of charges on the ion
Electrode potential, E - the difference in potential between
metal/metal ion system and another system
Standard electrode potential, E - potential difference between a
standard hydrogen electrode and a metal (the electrode) which is
immersed in a solution containing metal ions at 1.0 mol dm-3
concentration at 25 and at 1 atmospheric pressure
 Standard reduction potential - a measure of a half cell's Acid-base indicator - a dye or mixture of dyes that changes
tendency to accept electron with reference to the standard colour over a specific pH range
hydrogen electrode Buffer solution - solution which resists changes in pH when
Standard cell potential - the difference between the E values of small quantities of acid or alkali are added
the two half cells Solubility product, Ksp - the product of the concentrations of
Fuel cell - electrochemical cell in which a fuel gives up electrons each ion in a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt at
at one electrode and oxygen gains electrons at the other 298K, raised to the power of their relative concentrations
electrode Common ion effect - the reduction in the solubility of a
dissolved salt achieved by adding a solution of a compound
FORMULA which has an ion in common with the dissolved salt
Q = It
Q FORMULA
F=
-
= Le
n(e ) Kw = [H+][OH-], at 298K, Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

E cell = E cathode - E anode Generally, pX = -log X
The Nernst Equation pH + pOH = 14
RT [Oxidised form] [!! ][!! ] [!! ]!
E = E + ln In weak acid, Ka = =
zF [Reduced form] [!"] [!"]
0.059
At 298K, E = E +
log10 [Oxidised form] Kw = Ka x Kb
z
[H+][A-] [A-]
In buffer solution, Ka = , pH = pKa + log
[HA] [HA]
FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA y+ x x- y
For saturated solution, Ksp = [M (aq)] [X (aq)]
DEFINITIONS
For not saturated (can dissolve), Ksp > [My+(aq)]x[Xx-(aq)]y
Acid (BL Theory) - proton donor
Base (BL Theory) - proton acceptor Precipitation when Ksp < [My+(aq)]x[Xx-(aq)]y
Strong acid/base - strong electrolytes that dissociate completely [solute in solvent A]
Kpc =
in water [solute in solvent B]

Weak acid/base - weak electrolytes that dissociate partially in

water
 REACTION KINETICS Desorption - the bonds between molecules and atoms on the
DEFINITIONS surface of solid are broken off
Rate of reaction - the change in the concentration of a reactant or
product with time (unit: mol dm-3 s-1) FORMULA
Order of reaction wrt a particular reactant - the power to which [A]
Rate of reaction =
the concentration of that reactant is raised in the rate equation t
Overall order of reaction - the sum of the powers of the
concentration in the experimentally determined rate equation Rate = k [A]x[B]y
Half-life - time required for the concentration of a reactant to
decrease to half of its initial concentration For 1st order,
Reaction mechanism - a sequence of simple steps proposed in [A] = [A]0e-kt
the theory to account for the overall chemical reaction that takes ln 2 0.693
t1/2 = =
place and it must be consistent with the observed kinetics k k
Rate-determining step - the slowest step in the sequence of For 2nd order,
steps leading to product formation 1 1
Intermediate - species that appear in a reaction mechanism but - = kt
[A] [A]0
not in the overall balanced equation 1
Catalyst - substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction t1/2 =
k[A]0
without itself being consumed
Homogeneous catalyst - catalyst that is in the same phase as the For 0th order,
reaction mixture [A] - [A]0 = -kt
Heterogeneous catalyst - catalyst that is in a different phase to [A]0
t1/2 =
the reaction mixture 2k
Autocatalyst - product of a chemical reaction that acts as catalyst
-Ea
in the reaction
k = Ae RT
Adsorption - molecules become bonded to the atoms on the

surface of a solid

 ENTROPY AND GIBBS FREE ENERGY
DEFINITIONS
Entropy - measure of dispersal of energy at a specific
temperature/ measure of randomness or disorder of a
system

FORMULA
S system = S products - S reactants
H
S surroundings = -

T
S total = S system + S surroundings

G = H - TS system
G = Gf (products) - Gf (reactants)