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~ = 0 q ~v r
B
4 r2 Capacitance:
A capacitor is any pair of conductors separated by an
Amp`
eres Law: (without displacement current) insulating material. When the conductors have equal and
I opposite charges Q and the potential difference between
~ d~l = 0 Iencl
B the two conductors is Vab , then the definition of the ca-
pacitance of the two conductors is
Faradays Law:
Q
The EMF produced in a closed loop depends on the C=
change of the magnetic flux through the loop Vab
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Current:
When current flows in a conductor, we define the cur- Force on a charge:
rent as the rate at which charge passes: ~ exerts a force F~ on a charge q given
An electric field E
dQ by:
I=
dt F~ = q E
~
We define the current density as the current per unit area,
and can relate it to the drift velocity of charge carriers
by Coulombs law:
A point charge q located at the coordinate origin gives
J~ = nq~vd ~ given by
rise to an electric field E
~ = q
where n is the number density of charges and q is the E r
charge of one charge carrier. 40 r2
where r is the distance from the origin (spherical coor-
dinate), r is the spherical unit vector, and 0 is the per-
Ohms Law and Resistance: mittivity of free space:
Ohms Law states that a current density J in a material
is proportional to the electric field E. The ratio = E/J 0 = 8.8542 1012 C2 /(N m2 )
is called the resistivity of the material. For a conductor
Superposition:
with cylindrical cross section, with area A and length L, The principle of superposition of electric fields states
the resistance R of the conductor is ~ of any combination of charges
that the electric field E
L is the vector sum of the fields caused by the individual
R= charges
A
X
A current I flowing through the resistor R produces a ~ =
E ~i
E
potential difference V given by i
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Electrostatics
Force on a point charge q inside a static elec- Electric field - scalar potential relationship
tric field
F = qE Z P2
E = V or V 2 V1 = E dl
P1
Gausss law
I Electric potential due to a point charge
D dS = Q or D= (with infinity chosen as the reference)
S
q
Electrostatic fields are conservative V =
40 |R Ri |
I
E=0 or E dl = 0 Poissons equation
C
Electric field produced by a point charge q 2 V =
in free space
Z 0
1 0 l dl
E= R D1n D2n = s or (D1 D2 ) = s
n
4 l0 R02
s Conductivity
E = z
2 = v
Electric field produced by an infinite line of where stands for charge mobility.
charge Joules law
D Dr l
Z
E= = r = r P = E J dv
2r
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Magnetostatics:
Force on a moving charge q inside a magnetic Magnetic field intensity produced by an in-
field finitesimally small current element (Biot-
F = qu B Savart law)
1
wm = H 2
2
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Constants
Differential operations:
Gradient of a scalar field: The vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the
maximum space rate of increase of a scalar as the gradient of that scalar.
Measures the rate and direction of change in a scalar field. Maps scalar fields to vector fields.
Divergence of the vector field: the divergence of a vector field A at a point, abbreviated div A, as
the net outward flux of A per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero:
Measures the scalar of a source or sink at a given point in a vector field. Maps vector fields to
scalar fields.
Curl of a vector field: The curl of u vector field A, denoted by Curl A , is a vector whose
magnitude is the maximum net circulation of A per unit urea as the area tends to zero and whose
direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented to make the net circulation
maximum.
Measures the tendency to rotate about a point in a vector field. Maps vector fields to
(pseudo)vector fields.
Divergence theorem: The volume integral of divergence of a vector field equals the total outward
flux of the vector through the surface that bounds the volume.
Stoke theorem: The surface integral of the curl of vector field over an open surface is equal to the
closed line integral of the vector along the contour bounding the surface.
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Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian Operators
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Electromagnetic wave propagation gradeup
H= J+ D= E
E = - =
B= H
.D= J= =
. =
=- = / ; E.H = 0 E H in UPW
= 1+ 1
= 1+ +1
E(z, t) = e cos(t z) ; = /.
= | | <
/
|| = / tan 2 = / .
= = ; u = 2/ ; = 2 / ; =
Skin depth = 1/
= 2e / =
Skin resistance R = =
.
R =
R = .
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Poynting Vector :-
( ) ds = - [ + ] dv dv
S v
(z) = e cos a
| |
Total time avge power crossing given area = (s) ds
S
Direction of propagation :- ( )
a a =a
a a =a
Both E & H are normal to direction of propagation
Means they form EM wave that has no E or H component along direction of propagation .
Reflection of plane wave :-
(a) Normal incidence
Reflection coefficient = =
coefficient = =
= n = =
min occurs when there is |t |max
| | | | | |
S=| | = | | = | |;||=
Since || < 1 1
Transmission Lines
Supports only TEM mode
LC = ; G/C = / .
-r =0; -r =0
= (R + )( + C) = + j
V(z, t) = e cos (t- z) + e cos (t + z)
= = = =
= R = = C = C
= = = 1/ C; u= = ;u = 1/C , u / = 1/L
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i/p impedance :-
= for lossless line = j tan hjl = j tan l
=
VSWR = =
CSWR = -
Transmission coefficient S = 1 +
| |
SWR = = = = =
| |
( > ) ( < )
| | = =S
| | = = /S
Matched line : ( = )
= = 0 ; s =1
No reflection . Total wave . So, max power transfer possible .
l = /2 : = impedance reflector @ l = /2
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Wave Guides
TM modes : ( = )
= sin x sin ye
h =k +k = + where k =
m no. of half cycle variation in X-direction
n no. of half cycle variation in Y- direction .
= k
=u/ =
( ) ( )
= =- = = 1
TE Modes :- ( = 0)
= cos cos e
= = / 1
>
Dominant mode
Antennas :
Hertzian Dipole :- = sin e =
= ; =
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