Exercise 2

ACTIVITY 1: FIND THE GENERIC WORDS FROM THIS

PARAGRAPH!!!

In fact there is some cross-linguistic contrastive research to suggest that the foreigner
is at a disadvantage. Even where the grammar and vocabulary may be perfectly adequate, it
seems to be the case that a non-native may tend to transfer the discourse patterns of her native
language to English. It has been suggested, for example, that Asian languages such as
Chinese, Japanese and Korean have different patterns of argument to English [3]. Thus one
study found that those Korean academics trained in the United States wrote in an English
discourse style, while their colleague who had trained and worked only in Korea, with a
paper published in the same anthology, wrote in a Korean style with no statement of purpose
of the article and a very loose and unstructured pattern from the English point of view [4].
More generally Hinds has put forward a widely discussed position that Japanese has a
different expectation as to the degree of involvement of the reader compared to English, with
Japanese giving more responsibility to the reader, English to the writer [5]. It might be
objected though that this is relevant only to languages and cultures which differ greatly to
English. However, research on German has shown that German academic writing in the
social sciences has a much less linear structure than English, to the extent that the English
translation of a German textbook was criticized as haphazard or even chaotic by American
reviewers, whereas the original had received no such reviews on the European continent [6].
Academic respectability in English is evidenced by the appropriate discourse structure but in
German by the appropriate level of abstraction [7]. Similarly, academic Finnish texts have
been shown to differ in the way they use connectors and previews and are much less explicit
than English in their drawing of conclusions. Spanish also has a similar pattern [8]. English,
therefore, would seem to be a more writer-responsible language than at least some other
European languages.

ACTIVITY 2 PARAPHRASING STRATEGY

Which paraphrasing strategy that had been used in these paraphrases?

Paraphrase 1:

An overabundance of rainfall can also be a factor in spreading infectious diseases carried by

water, usually as a result of overflowing sewers and pollution from farm animals (Shuman,
2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was Change the voice

Reasons of your answer:

Use synonyms for all words that are not generic.
Words like : Overabundance = Excess, Spreading = Epidemics, Overflowing = runoff and
Pollution = Contamination.
Change the voice from passive to active :
Cause 1 : Excess Rainfall
Result : Epidemic disease
Cause 2 : Poor Sanitation
Paraphrase 2:

When there is an overabundance of rainfall, two situations can occur: sewers can overflow
and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock, both of which can lead
tooutbreaks of waterborne diseases (Shuman, 2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was Change the voice

Reasons of your answer:

Change the voice from active to passive :
sewers can overflow and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock

Paraphrase 3:

Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often
favored over health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food
production, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and
otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was Change part

Reasons of your answer:

Change part voice and speech strategy :
1. Political and Economic favor industry than healf
2. Incentive was higher for agriculture and food than incentive for rovenue of pollution and
illness cause of tobaco

Paraphrase 4:

The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that show these
diseases are responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in countries where the
population is primarily of low or middle income, the impact is greatest, often focusing on
those who are young or middle-aged (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was Change Clause to phrases

Reasons of your answer:

1. Non-communicable number and effect is growing
2. 60 % deaths worlduide -> 80 % from low-middle
3. Death occurs as young-middle age