ECM LAB Manual PDF

METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Experiment: 1 Date:
MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC GENERATOR
Aim:
To obtain the open circuit magnetization characteristics (OCC) of a DC shunt generator and to
find the following
a) Maximum Voltage built up
b) Critical field resistance
c) Critical speed
d) Residual magnetism
Apparatus:
S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter 0 300V MC 1 No
2 Ammeter 0 2A (MC) MC 1 No
3 Rheostat 600/1.7A Wire Wound 1 No
4 Tachometer Digital 1 No
Name Plate Details:

Parameter Motor Generator
Theory:
This characteristic is also called as no load characteristic through which the generator
performance parameters can be determined. This characteristic gives the value of maximum
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 1

voltage the generator can give and to avoid the failure of excitation, the field winding resistance
value which is called as critical field resistance can be determined. Also, the above parameters at
various speeds can be determined. The basic set up for determining the above parameters is that
the generator is run on separately excited condition. The basic requirement is that the prime
mover ,the motor, is run at its rated speed and by varying the generator excitation in steps, the
generator voltage is noted and the procedure is repeated in forward as well as reverse direction so
that an observation can be made such the both the induced values will not be same. If is increased
by suitable steps and the corresponding values of Eg are measured on plotting the relation
between If & Eg, a curve of the form is shown in fig.
Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some emf is generated even when If =0. Hence the curve
starts a little way up. The slight curve at the lower and is due to magnetic inertia. At low flux
densities, reluctance of iron path being negligible the first part of the curve is practically straight.
OCC for higher speed lie above the shown curve & low speed lie below it.
Circuit diagram:
MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPERATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Keep the field regulator in the generator
field circuit in the maximum resistance position.
2. Start the motor with the starter and note the speed at which the MG set runs.
3. Adjust the field regulator to run the motor at rated speed.
4. A small reading is observed in the voltmeter even though there is no current due to residual
magnetism.
5. Vary the field rheostat in the generator circuit and note down the readings of the armature-
induced voltage and field current.
6. Start decreasing the field current by controlling the field regulator from that point in same
steps of increasing and note all the voltmeter(Eg) and ammeter(If) readings.
7. Plot the graph between induced voltage & field current. Draw a tangent (resistance line) to
the lower part of the open circuit characteristics.
8. Find the slope of the resistance line, which is equal to the field resistance of the generator.
Readings and calculations:
Induced voltage
If
S.No Eg Eg
(increasing) ( decreasing)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Sample calculations:
Graph:
Plot the graph of generated voltage (Vg) (vs) Field Current(If) and (Vf) and If
Draw the field resistance line by Vf and If and the intersection of OCC with this curve is the
maximum voltage that is build by the generator
Draw the field resistance line from the origin such that it is tangent to the ascending curve.
The critical field resistance is given by the slope of this tangent.
Critical field resistance=Slope of the resistance line which is tangent to the ascending curve.
Expected Graph:
Precautions:
While changing the field current to and fro motion must be avoided, i.e. either increase or
decrease continuously.
Result:

Discussion Questions:
What are the merits of separate excitation?
If a generator does not built up voltage, what are the possible causes?
Under what conditions does the DC shunt generator fail to self-excite?
Define critical field resistance?
OCC is also known as magnetization characteristic, why?
How do you get the maximum voltage to which the generator builds up from OCC?
What does the flat portion of OCC indicate?
Why OCC does not start from origin?
Does the OCC change with speed?
Why Rsh > Ra in dc shunt machine?
How do you check the continuity of field winding and armature winding?
How do you make out that the generator is DC generator without observing the name
plate?
How do you create residual magnetism if it is wiped out?

Experiment: 2 Date:
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Aim:
To obtain the internal and external characteristics of a DC shunt generator
Apparatus:
S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1. Rheostat 290/1.2A Wire Wound 1 No
2. Rheostat 500/2A Wire Wound 1 No
3 Ammeter 0 1A MC 1 No
4 Ammeter 0 20A MC 1 No
5 Voltmeter 0 -300V MC 1 No
6. Resistive load 3KW 1 No
Name Plate Details:
Parameter Motor Generator
Theory:
When the generator is loaded, the terminal voltage drops as the load current increases. This
characteristic is called external characteristic. The graph is between the terminal voltage (V) and
the load current (IL). Ideally the characteristic should be horizontal line and the drop in terminal
voltage is not desirable and should remain constant and should be independent of load. This
situation is impossible unless the field current is automatically adjusted by an voltage regulator.
The reasons for the drop in terminal of voltage are due to a) armature resistance b) armature

reaction. The other characteristic is the graph between the induced emf (E) and the armature
current (Ia).These characteristics give the performance indication of the shunt generator used.
Also the characteristics give voltage regulation
Circuit Diagram:
Readings and Calculations:
Sno. V IL If Ia=IL+If Eg=V+IRa

(volts) (Amperes) (Amperes) (Amperes) (volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Procedure:
1. Note down the nameplate readings and give the connections as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Keep the field resistance of the motor minimum and generator maximum.
3. Start the DC motor and run the generator at the rated speed and keep it constant
throughout the experiment.
4. Keep the load switch in open condition adjusts the voltage of the generator to
rated voltage by adjusting the field regulator of the generator.
5. Switch on the loads one by one and note down the corresponding readings.
6. Measure the Armature Resistance.
7. Plot the graph between load voltage & load current to get external characteristics
and between generated emf Eg & armature current to get internal characteristics.
Precautions to be taken:
The load must be connected only after attaining rated voltage.
In the circuit for armature resistance the variable resistance must be kept in the
Maximum Resistance position before switching on the 30V DC supply
To find the armature resistance
S.No V IL Ra = V/I ()
(Volts) (Amperes)

Sample calculations:
Model Graph:
Result:
What should be the fuse rating for this test
What is the inference of we get from the internal and external characteristics
Compare the external characteristics of shunt, series and compound generators.
What is the effect of armature reaction in a DC machine?
Why is the generated e.m.f. not constant even though the field circuit resistance is
kept unaltered?
Differentiate between D. C. Shunt Motor and D. C. shunt Generator?
State the conditions required to put the D.C shunt generator on load.
Why the terminal voltage decreases when load is increased on the generator?
What happens if shunt field connections is reversed in the generator?
The E.M.F. induced in armature conductors of a D.C shut generator is A.C or
D.C?
Specify the applications of D. C. shunt Generators.

Experiment: 3 Date:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

Aim:
To determine the efficiency of a DC series motor by conducting brake test.
Apparatus:
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1. Voltmeter MC 0 300V 1 No
2. Ammeter MC 0 20 A 1 No
3. Tachometer Digital 1 No
Name Plate Details:

Parameter Motor
Theory:
In this motor, the field winding is in series with the armature .Due to this, the entire load current
passes through the series filed winding and hence the flux produced is proportional to the
armature current. Since the torque is proportional to the square of the Armature current, the
characteristic is hyperbola.
The conclusion is that at light loads, the series motors generates huge torque and runs at
dangerous speeds or if the motor is heavily loaded, the series motor generates required torque to
pull the load. Hence the series motor is used in traction purposes.
The other characteristics used are N (Vs) Ia, N (Vs) T and T (Vs) Ia.

Circuit diagram
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually
removed.
3. For various loads, Voltmeter, Ammeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted.
4. After bringing the load to initial position, DPST switch is opened

=
W= Output= Input
V IL N S1 S2 T= 9.81wr output/
Sno. S1-S2 2NT/60 VIL
(Volts) (Amp) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (Nwm) Input
(Kg) (watts) (Watts)
%
(r is the radius of the brake drum)

Expected graphs:
Sample Calculations:
Precaution:
1. The series motor must be started on load.
2. Before starting the experiment pour some water into the brake drum and also while doing
the experiment.
3. Stay away from the brake drum when switching off the motor. While operating, speed of the
motor must be below 2000
Result:
Discussion questions:
What are the other methods for finding the efficiency?
What are the applications of DC motors?
What are the difficulties in using the series motors?
What are the ohmic ranges of series winding?
What types of starters are used in series motors?

Experiment: 4 Date:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:
To determine the efficiency of a DC shunt motor by conducting brake test.
Apparatus:
2. Ammeter MC 0 20A 1 No
4. Rheostat Wire wound 290/1.2 A 1 No
5. Tachometer Digital 1 No
Name Plate Details:

Parameter Motor
Theory:
The precondition to be set for the load test on DC shunt motor is to run the motor at the rated
voltage and the rated speed. For Small motors the efficiency can be found directly by a brake
test. The loading arrangement done to the motor is that a brake drum is attached to the shaft of
the motor and spring balances are connected through which the brake drum is tightened so that
the shaft is loaded. This set is said to be called as applied mechanical load. The torque can be
determined and speed is measured from which the power output can be calculated. The input to
the motor is found by knowing the applied voltage and load current. Hence the efficiency can be
known.
Let S1 and S2 are the spring balance readings.

The pull on the brake drum = 9.81 (S1-S2) Newton

Torque on the drum Tsh = 9.81 (S1-S2) r N-m where r is the radius of the drum
Motor power output Psh=Tsh 2 N/60 watts; where N is the rpm of the motor.
Let input voltage and current be V and I, the power input to the motor is V*I
The efficiency = = output/ input
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the motor using the starter.
3. By varying the field rheostat run the motor at rated speed.
4. Increase the load by tightening the brake band and note the observations of the ammeter,
voltmeter, tachometer and the applied loads S1and S2 till rated current is attained. Take at
least six readings
5. Unload the motor by slackening the brake band.
6. Switch off the supply to the motor by opening the DPST switch. Find the radius of the
Brake drum.

S.No V IL If N S1 S2 W=S1-S2 T= 9.81 W r Output= Input= =

(Volt) (Amp) (Amp) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Nm) 2NT/60 VIL Output/ Input
(watts) (Watts) (%)

Expected graphs:
Precaution:
1. Before starting the experiment pour some water into the brake drum and also while doing
the experiment.
2. Stay away from the brake drum when switching off the motor.
Results:
What are the methods for finding the efficiency?
What are the basic requirements to conduct the load test?
Compare the load characteristics for different types of DC motors.
If two motors are required to drive a common load, how will they share the total load?
What are the functions of a DC motor Starter?
If starter is not available, how can you start a D.C motor?
What is the efficiency range of a D.C motor?
Where can you use the D.C shunt motor?
Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?

Experiment: 5 Date:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPOUND MOTOR
Aim:
To determine the efficiency of a DC compound motor by conducting brake test.
Apparatus:
3. Ammeter MC 0-1A 1No
4. Tachometer Digital 0-9999 rpm 1No
Name Plate Details:

Parameter Motor
Theory:
For small motors the efficiency can be found directly by a brake test. The apparatus used for
directly loading the motor is known as a brake drum. The torque can be determined and speed is
measured, from which the power output can be calculated. The input to the motor is found by
knowing the applied voltage and load current. Hence the efficiency can be known.
Let S1 and S2 are the spring balance readings.
The pull on the brake drum = 9.81 (S1-S2) Newton
Torque on the drum Tsh = 9.81 (S1-S2) r N-m where r is the radius of the drum
Motor power output Psh=Tsh 2 N/60 watts; where N is the rpm of the motor.
Let input voltage and current be V and I, the power input to the motor is V*I
The efficiency = = output/ input

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

2. Start the motor with the starter.
3. Increase the load by tightening the brake band and note the observations of the ammeter,
voltmeter ,tachometer and the applied loads S1 and S2 till rated current is attained. Take
at least 6 reading
4. Unload the motor by slackening the brake band.
5. Switch off the supply to the motor by opening the DPST switch. Find the radius of
the Brake drum

W= =
T= Output= I/P=
V IL If N S1 S2 S1-S2 output/
S.No 9.81wr 2NT/60 VIL
(volts) (amp) (amp) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) input
(Nm) (watts) (watts)
(%)

Expected Graphs:
Precaution:
1. Before starting the experiment pour some water into the brake drum and also while
doing the experiment
2. Stay away from the brake drum when switching off the motor
Results:
Discussion Qustions:
What are the different types of starters and where are they used?
How does a motor develop more torque when the load is increased?
If two motors are required to drive a common load, how will they share the total load?

Experiment: 6 Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:
To control the speed of a DC shunt motor by armature control method and field control method.
Apparatus:
2. Voltmeter MC 0 -15V 1 No
5. Rheostat Wire Wound 50 /5A 1 No
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 290/ 1.2A 1 No
Name Plate Details:
Parameter Motor
Theory:
Speed control methods
The basic speed control methods are flux control methods, and Armature control method. The
advantages of flux control method are that it provides smooth and easy control and above rated
speed is possible. As the field winding resistance is high, the field current is small and hence the
power loss in the external resistance is very small which makes the method more economical and
efficient. As filed current is small, the size of the resistance required is small. The disadvantages
of flux control method are that below the rated speed is not possible and at high speeds, the

commutation problems are severe.The advantages of armature control methods smooth speed
control below the normal speed is possible and the disadvantage is as the entire armature current
passes through the external resistance, there is huge power loss. The armature current is more
than the field current and the rheostat required is of large size and large power loss results. The
above rated speed is not possible by this method.
Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
Armature Voltage control Method
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram given.
2. Run the motor using starter.
3. Keep the field current constant and vary the terminal voltage by varying the resistance in
the armature circuit in steps of 5V
4. Note down the terminal voltage and speed.
Field Control Method
1. Keep the terminal voltage constant and vary the field current by changing the resistance
connected in the field circuit in steps.
2. Note the field current and speed

Armature control Method Field Control Method
Vg N If N
S.No. S.No.
(Volts) (Speed) (Amps) (Speed)
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4 4
5 5
6 6
Expected Graphs :
(a) Speed Vs armature voltage (b) Speed Vs Field current
Result:
Why is it not possible to get higher speeds with armature voltage method?
Can lower speeds be obtained by using field control method?
What are the disadvantages of armature and field control methods?
Explain why the graph of armature speed control of motor is linear?
What is the shape of the curve of field control of method motor speed? Explain why it is
so?
What are the disadvantages of using armature control of speed no load?
How do you change the direction of rotation of a D.C. motor?
What are the limitations of shunt field control?
What is meant by speed control?

Experiment: 7 Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON A 1-

TRANSFORMER
Aim: To predetermine the efficiency of a single phase transformer,

To obtain the equivalent circuit of the transformer and
To find the regulation of the transformer
Apparatus:

1 Voltmeter MI 0 150 V 2 No
2 Ammeter MI 0 1A 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 0 10A 1 No
4 Wattmeter LPF 150V/5A 1 No
5 Wattmeter UPF 150V/10A 1 No
6 Transformer Single phase 220/110V, 1.8KVA 1 No
Theory:
Open Circuit (or No-Load) Test: -

This test is conducted to determine the iron losses (core losses) and parameters R0 and X0 of the
transformer. In this test, the rated voltage applied to the primary (usually low voltage side) while
the secondary is left open circuited. The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the
voltmeter, the no load current I0 by ammeter and no- load input power W0 by wattmeter.
As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, therefore, normal Iron losses will occur in
the transformer core. Hence wattmeter will record the Iron losses.

Let V1 = applied rated voltage on L.t side,

I0 = exciting current (or no-load current).
W0 = core loss
Then W0 = V1I0cos 0
No Load p.f. = cos0 = W0/ V1I0 .
Iw= I0 cos0 and Im= I0 sin 0
R0 = V1/ Iw and X0 = V1/ Im
Short-Circuit Test: -
This test conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01(or X02) and full load copper losses of the
transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually Lv winding) is short circuited and variable low
voltage is applied to the primary. The low input voltage is gradually raised till at voltage Vsc ,full
load current I1 flows in the primary. Then I2 in the secondary also has full load value since I1/ I2=
N2/ N1 under such conditions copper loss in the windings is the same as that on full load. There is
no output from the transformer under short circuit conditions. Therefore, input power is all loss
and this loss is entirely copper loss. Hence the wattmeter practically registers the full load copper
losses in the tarnsformer windings.
Full load copper loss = Wc
Applied voltage= Vsc
Full load primary current = I1
Wc= I12 R01
R01= Wc / I12, where R01 is the total resistance of transformer referred to primary.
Total impedance referred to primary Z01= Vsc / I1
2 2
Total leakage reactance referred to primary 01 = 01 01
Thus short circuit test gives full load copper loss, R01 and X01

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
a. OPENCIRCUIT TEST (O.C.TEST)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram, the 220V winding of the transformer is
kept open
2. Apply the rated voltage, i.e.110V through the auto transformer.
3. Note down the voltmeter Voc, ammeter Ioc and wattmeter Woc readings and tabulate
4. Now reduce the voltage given to the transformer to Zero and Switch off the supply.
5. Calculate the values of R0 and X0.
6. The wattmeter used in the OC test should be low power factor wattmeter, since it must be
able to measure power at low power factor at which the transformer works on no load.
b. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST (S.C TEST)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram and keep the 110V winding of the
transformer short circuited.
2. Apply the low voltage to the 220V side through the auto transformer and increase the
voltage gradually till the full load current (8A) flows in the 220V winding.
3. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings and tabulate as
4. Reduce the voltage given to the transformer to zero and switch off the supply
5. Calculate values of R01 or R02 and X01 or X02.
6. Draw the equivalent circuit diagram of the 1- transformer.
Readings:
OC Test:
Vo Io Po
(Volts) (amperes) (watts)
SC Test:
Vsc Isc Psc

(Volts) (amperes) (watts)

To draw Equivalent circuit:
P0 = Iron Loss = I0 V0 Cos 0

Cos 0 = P0/( V0 X I0), 0 = Cos-1 P0/( V0 X I0)
R0 = V0 /( I0 Cos 0) = V0 / Iw
X0 = V0 /( I0 Sin 0) = V0 /I
Psc = Copper Loss = I2sc X R01
R01= Psc/ I2sc

Z01 =Vsc/Isc
2 2
01 = 01 01
Sample Graph:
Load at which max efficiency occurs is the same whatever the power factor, However numerical
value of decreases with decrease in P.F

TO CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY AT U.P.F/0.8 PF/0.6 PF
Load Iron Copper Total Output Input = =

Current Loss Loss Loss KVA X Output Output
SI.No Load
IL P0 Psc P0+ Psc P.f +Losses /Input
(Amps) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
At U.P.F
Full Load
Load
Load
Load
At 0.8 P.F
Full Load
Load
Load
Load
At 0.6 P.F
Full Load
Load
Load
Load
Plot the graph Output Vs
1) Efficiency
2) Iron Loss
3) Cu Loss
And from the graph find the condition for efficiency to be maximum

To calculate the percentage regulation at UPF/0.8 lag/0.8 lead
I1 ( R01Cos X 01 sin )
% Regulation =
V1
(or)
I 2 ( R02Cos X 02 sin )
V2
Where V1 = Primary Rated voltage
I1 = Rated Primary Current
Positive sign for Lagging Power factor
Negative sign for Leading Power Factor
Result:
a) Explain why the wattmeter reading in O.C Test is taken as Iron Loss?
b) Explain why the wattmeter reading in S.C Test is taken as Copper Loss?
c) What re the uses of transformers, explain with example?
d) Why the efficiency of the transformer is high as compared to the electrical motor?
e) What are the materials used for making the core and winding of the transformer?
Explain why those materials are used?
f) What do you understand by an Auto-transformer?
g) Why transformer rating is in KVA not KW.
h)What is the all day efficiency of a transformer.

Experiment: 8 Date:
MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER BY
TWO WATTMETER METHOD
Aim:
To measure Power in a 3-Phase balanced star connected resistive circuit.
Apparatus:
MI
Auto transformer 0-440V, 10A 1 No.

Voltmeter 0 600V (MI) 1 No
Ammeter 0 15A (MI) 1 No
Wattmeter 10A, 600V,UPF 2 No
Loading Rheostat 5.75 KW, 415V 1 No.
Theory:
The total power in a 3-phase circuit (balanced and unbalanced) can be measured by 2-
wattmeters. It can be shown that 2 wattmeters connected in two lines with their voltage coils
connected in between two lines with one line common to both the voltage coils gives the total
power in the 3-phase circuit. Power can also be measured by 1 wattmeter and 3-wattmeter
methods.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 415V across the load by varying 3-phase Auto transformer.
3. Vary the load and note down the readings of various meters.
4. Calculate power factor angle = 1 (3 (1 2 )|(1 + 2 )
S.No V I P1 P2 Total Power Power =

(volts) (amperes) (Watts) (Watts) Power (Degrees) factor 3 V I Cos
(P1+P2) Cos (Watts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Results:
Discussion:
1. Explain how the two wattmeter readings will give total power consumed in the circuit.
2. What is the use of one wattmeter method? Is it used for measuring power in unbalanced
circuit?
3. With a pure inductive load or pure capacitive load what will be the wattmeter reading.
4. Is it possible to measure the reactive power in a 3-phase circuit by using a single wattmeter?
Explain the method.
5. What will be the wattmeter readings as power factor changes from 0-0.5-1?

Experiment: 9 Date:
VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM
1. Aim: To Verify 1) Thevenins theorem, 2) Nortons theorem
2. Apparatus: Circuit Board

Decade Resistance Box
Resistors
Connecting wires
Ammeter, Voltmeter
DC Regulated Power Supply.
3. Theory:
Thevenins Theorem:
This theorem is applied to find the correct values of Voltages and currents in a restricted portion
of networks rather than in all the branches of the network.
Statement:
Any linear, bilateral network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a single source of
e.m.f. Eth in series with a single resistance Rth
a) The e.m.f. Eth is the voltage obtained across terminals A and B with load, if any, removed
i.e., it is the open circuited voltage between terminals A and B.
b) The resistance Rth is the resistance of the network measured between A and B with laod
removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Ideal voltage sources
are replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced with open circuits.
4. Circuit Diagram:
Thevenins Theorem

5. Procedure:
Thevenins Theorem
1) To find Load Current without theorem (IL):
Apply the voltage in the circuit and find the load current (IL) through the load resistance
2) To find Thevenins Resistance (Rth):

Short circuit the source terminals if it is a voltage source and find out the Thevenins
resistance looking back in to the circuit from the terminals where the load resistance (RL) is to be
connected. (with out connecting the load resistance).
3) To find Thevenins Voltage (Vth):

Apply Voltage at the source terminals and keep the load resistance terminals open find
the voltage across the terminals where the load resistance is to connect (with out connecting the
load resistance). Note down the applied voltage and Thevenins voltage.

4) Verification:
Apply Thevenins voltage across the circuit where the load resistance and Thevenins
resistance are connected in series (i.e., the equivalent circuit).
6. Theoretical Calculations:
Thevenins Theorem
7.Readings and Calculations:

Thevenins Theorem
S.No V-applied (Volts) Vth (Volts) IL (Amps) Rth (Ohms) IL (Amps)
wi Verification
1 20
8. Result:
What is the ohms law
Define KCL & KVL
What is the difference between the current source and voltage source

What is the importance of Nortons theorem

What is the advantage of Thevenins theorem
What is the importance of maximum power transfer theorem in electronics circuits
If AC voltage is applied to the circuit, what is the parameter we get and if same amount
of DC voltage is applied want is the difference we can find
If two or more voltage sources are connected in series then what is the net voltage
applied to the circuit and voltage sources are connected in parallel what is the net voltage
applied to the circuit
What is the difference between the resistance, reactance and impedance of circuit element
and how they are measured?
Why voltage source should be short circuited and current source open circuited while
applying Super Position theorem Explain.

Experiment-10 Date:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
1.Aim: To perform load test on a Three Phase induction motor.
2. Apparatus:
Ammeter 0 10A (MI) 1No
Wattmeter 10A-20A, 600V, UPF 1 No
Tachometer 0-9999 rpm 1No
3 Variac 440 V, 15 A 1 No
3. Theory:
The efficiency of small induction motors can be found directly by loading the
machine by means of a brake drum. The efficiency with load and reaches a
maximum when the variable loss (copper loss) equals the constant loss(Friction
and windage loss+ Iron loss) and then decreases with further increase in load.
7. Circuit Diagram:

8. Procedure:
2. By using variac, gradually apply the rated voltage i.e 415 V to the motor.
3. Take no load readings of current and power.
4. Now by increasing load on the motor note down the corresponding current and power
readings.
5. Gradually increase the load until rated current flows.
6. Take at least six readings.
7. Calculate the efficiency at different loads.
9. Readings & Calculations:

Tabular Form:
SL V I W1 W2 S1-S2 N T=9.81.W.R O/P= I/P= =
.No N- M 2NT/60 W1+W2 O/P x100
I/P
10. Sample Calculations:
11. Sample graphs:

12. Result:
1. Why does an induction motor have poor Power factor at no-load?
2. Compare the Power factors of a high speed induction motor and a low speed
induction motor.
3. What is cogging and crawling?
4. Show the stable and unstable regions on the torque-slip curve of an induction
motor.
5. How can an induction motor be made to operate as a generator?
6. Compare the line currents and starting torque of induction motor when started by
auto transformer and by stator impedance.

Experiment: 11 Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. Aim: To control the speed of Three Phase slip ring Induction motor.
2. Apparatus:
3-phase Auto transformer 0-440V, 10A 1 No.

Ammeter 0 5A (MC) 1 No
Voltmeter 0 15V(MC) 1 No
Tachometer 0-9999 rpm 1 No.
Rheostat 40,5A 1 No
3. Theory:
The speed of a 3-phase induction motor can be changed by changing the applied
frequency, the numbers of poles and slip. The slip can be changed by changing the
applied stator voltage and by changing the external resistance in the rotor circuit (slip ring
motors only). The speed range obtained is small for the rotor resistance method and stator
voltage control method.
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per circuit diagram fig.1
2. Apply the rated voltage i.e 415 V to the stator of the motor by keeping the rheostat at
maximum position ie position number 3.
3. Vary the resistance connected in the rotor circuit and note down the speed at each step.
4. Switch Off the supply and connect the circuit as per Fig.2 to measure the rotor
Resistance.
5. Vary the resistance (50, 5A) and take the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
Ns Synchronous speed = 120f
P
Slip So = Ns No
Ns
No = Speed of motor without external resistance at rated voltage
S1 = Ns N 1
Ns
N1 = Speed with rotor resistance in position No 1 .
So = r20 S2 = r 22 where r 20 = Rotor resistance per phase
S1 r21 S1 r21
r21 r 22 ,r 23 .. stand for the total rotor circuit resistance when the external variable resistance is
kept in position 1,2,3 and so on.
7. Tabular Form:
NS= Total resistance

Position on Rotor Value of the
Speed 120f Slip in the Rotor
Sl.No The rotor Resistance resistance in a step
Rpm P p.u. Circuit
rheostat r20
Rpm

To calculate Rotor Resistance
Sl.No. V I D.C Rotor Resistance/ Phase r2 = V / 21

Rotor Resistance / Phase r20 = r2 (D.C Resistance of rotor winding /phase ) 1.25
9. Results:
10. Discussion questions:
1. Is it possible to control the speed of squirrel cage induction motor by same method?
2. Is there any similarity between transformer and induction motor?
3. What are the applications of 3 Phase Slip ring induction motor?
4. What are the other speed control methods?
5. What is Vector control of Induction Motor?

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METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

Name Plate Details:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 1

MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPERATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 2

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 3

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 4

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 5

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

Name Plate Details:

Parameter Motor Generator

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 6

Readings and Calculations:

Sno. V IL If Ia=IL+If Eg=V+IRa

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 7

To find the armature resistance

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 8

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 9

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

Name Plate Details:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 10

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 11

Readings and calculations:

(r is the radius of the brake drum)

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 12

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 13

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

Name Plate Details:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 14

The pull on the brake drum = 9.81 (S1-S2) Newton

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 15

Readings and calculations:

S.No V IL If N S1 S2 W=S1-S2 T= 9.81 W r Output= Input= =

(r is the radius of the brake drum)

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 16

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 17

Name Plate Details:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 18

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 19

Readings and calculations:

(r is the radius of the brake drum)

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 20

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 21

Name Plate Details:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 22

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 23

Readings and Calculations:

Armature control Method Field Control Method

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 24

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON A 1-

Aim: To predetermine the efficiency of a single phase transformer,

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

Open Circuit (or No-Load) Test: -

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 25

Let V1 = applied rated voltage on L.t side,

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 26

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 27

Vsc Isc Psc

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MACHINES LAB Page 28

To draw Equivalent circuit: