MEDICAL

APPLICATIONS OF
DSP

Made by-
13bec026
Digisha Singhal 13bec054
Kinjal Aggrawal

Guided by-
Dr. Mehul Naik
 Index

1.
Introduction
2.
Applications
3. Hearing
aid
4. Brain signals electroencephalogram
5. The acquisition of a blood
pressure signal 6. References
 Introduction

Most natural phenomena occur continuously in time,

such as the variations of temperature of the human
body, forces exerted by muscles, or electrical potentials
generated on the surface of the scalp.
By sampling these analog signal, digital signals are
formed.
Major applications of DSP in the field of medicine are
widely applied in patient monitoring, diagnosis, as well
as physiological investigation and in some therapeutic
settings (e.g. Muscle and sensory stimulation, hearing
aids).
 Applications

Hearing aid
Brain signals
electroencephalogram The
acquisition of a blood pressure
signal
Hearing Aid

The sound is picked up by the microphone, is

converted into an electric signal, and then digitized.
The digital signal is then filtered to selectively
amplify those frequency bands in which the patient
shows the most severe hearing loss.
Amplitude compression, in which the system gain is
reduced when the amplitude exceeds some pre-
defined threshold values, in order to avoid excessive
loudness to the ear is also used.
Finally the processed digital signal is converted back
to analog form in the digital-to-analog (D/A) converter,
and delivered to the ear via the earphone.
 Hearing Aid

In a further stage of signal processing in hearing aids, the

amplitude-range may be compressed. Hence, the gain of the
system is progressively reduced when the sound-volume
exceeds a specified level, as is the case near the end of this
recording. A small delay in adapting the gain to the signal-
levels may also be added, as the average of the most recent
amplitudes drives the gain control.
 Brain signals
Electroencephal
ogram

The two basic, non-invasive, brain signals are the EEG.

Both find use in routine neuro-physiological evaluation, for
e.g. diagnosis and following the development of brain
diseases, and in monitoring anaesthetised patients during
medical operations.
The EEG is the electrical activity of the brain and may
contain diagnostic information for a variety of neurological
conditions, such as sleep disorders, and coma.
They are often described by the frequency band in which
they lie ( e.g alpha rhythm, beta activity, delta waves), and
by their amplitude, and the pattern of distribution on the
scalp.
 Brain signals
electroencephal
ogram
4 second excerpt from as EEG
 Brain signals
electroencephal
ogram

The characteristics of the EEG vary considerably with

the state of the patient, e.g whether the patient's eyes
are open or closed, whether the patient is drowsy,
 soundly asleep, asleep and dreaming.
The EEG lends itself to time and frequency analysis.
 Brain signals
electroencephalogram

Segment of the original EEG signal (solid line), and the

same signal reconstructed from only its DFT components
in the frequency band (dotted line). The oscillation in
the frequency band of 8-13 Hz is enhanced. The slow
change during the artefact in the EEG signal around 29.5
s is eliminated, as are some of the faster variations
(higher frequency beta activity, and noise ) seen in the raw
data.
Brain signals
electroencephalogram

Spectral estimation: Spectral estimation helps in

finding the pulse rhythms present in the EEG signal.
The short segment of EEG data is analyzed for
spectral parameters such as location and amount of
spectral energy. Wave-shaping filters are extensively
used in this technique. Wave shaping filters produce
desired output signal for given input signal.

ARMA (autoregressive moving average)

method: This model is suggested for modelling
signals with sharp peaks and valleys in their frequency
content and also signals with severe background noise.
Brain signals
electroencephalogram

Frequency response |f(H)| of a second-order Butterworth

band-pass filter, with cut-of frequencies at 8 and 13 Hz.
This filter will preserve activity in the alpha frequency
band, while attenuating other frequency bands.
Brain signals
electroencephalogram

An IIR filter is used

to enhance the alpha
activity in an EEG
signal that contains
mains interference (50
Hz), and noise.

Using and IIR filter with coefficients a=[1 -7.43 24.44 -46.33
55.38 -42.75 20.82 -5.84 0.72] and b =10-4 [0.12 0 -0.48 0
0.720 -0.48 0 0.12], very rapid change and slow
variations are eliminated, and only the signal
components in the alpha frequency band are maintained.
 The acquisition of a blood
pressure signal

A blood pressure (BP) signal contains clinically

relevant components up to about 20 Hz.
The signal is contaminated by noise at the mains
frequency (50 Hz) and other noise (mainly below 50
Hz) may also be present
Thus the sampling rate has to be above 100Hz, as
the highest frequency present is 50 Hz.
If the noise (mains interference) is removed prior to
sampling, by a low-pass (anti-alias) filter with a cut-of
frequency at say 20 Hz, the sampling rate could be
reduced to a value above 40 Hz, without significant
aliasing occurring.
 The acquisition of a blood
pressure signal

The power spectrum of this signal, sampled at 67 Hz. Without the

anti-alias filter (dotted lines), the 50 Hz noise is aliased, and appears
as a very large peak at 17 Hz (67-50 Hz). With the anti-alias filter
(solid line), this peak is very much reduced (though not eliminated,
due to the imperfection of the filter), and can be considered
insignificant.
 References

H. Nyquist (1928) Certain Topics in Telegraph

Transmission Theory. Trans. AIEE, vol. 47, pp.
617-644.
A. Antoniou. (1993) Digital Filters: Analysis,
Design and Applications. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition.
L. B. Jackson. (1996) Digital Filters and Signal
Processing. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 3rd Edition.
A. V. Oppenheim, and R. W. Schafer (1989).
Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Englewood Clifs,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
S. K. Mitra. (2001) Digital Signal Processing: A
Computer-Based Approach. New York, NY: McGraw-
Hill, 2nd Edition.