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AbstractCurrent wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applications such as smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, and
can only allow power transfer over a limited distance because, other portable devices. While wireless power transfer (WPT)
as the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) technology has numerous advantages, it can only transfer
coils increases, the power transfer efciency (PTE) decreases
with a steep slope, while the electromagnetic eld (EMF) leakage power over a limited distance because, as the distance between
increases. In order to increase the PTE and decrease the EMF the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils increases, the power
leakage simultaneously, we need to develop a method to concen- transfer efciency (PTE) decreases with a steep slope. Much
trate the magnetic elds between the Tx and Rx coils. In this research has been conducted to increase the coil-to-coil distance
paper, we proposed a novel metamaterial structure to realize high and, hence, the PTE for WPT systems [1][4]; however, as
efciency and low EMF leakage. Metamaterials can conne the
magnetic elds between the Tx and Rx coils by negative relative we increase the distance by increasing the Tx power, the total
permeability. We designed and fabricated a thin metamaterial magnetic eld leakage also increases inevitably.
using a 1.6-mm dual layer printed circuit board (PCB) with a Recently, electromagnetic eld (EMF) noise has been high-
high dielectric constant substrate and a ne pattern to achieve lighted as one of the most important issues in WPT systems in
a negative relative permeability with low loss at 6.78 MHz. The terms of the user safety [5], [6]. It is recommended that the EMF
thin PCB-type metamaterial has a wide range of applications
with low fabrication cost, light weight, and a simple fabrication level should be under 270 mG at 6.78 MHz, according to the in-
process. We demonstrated a 44.2% improvement in the PTE and ternational guidelines for human exposure safety set forth by
3.49-dBm reduction in the EMF leakage around the WPT system the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Pro-
at 20-cm distance. Furthermore, we rst analyzed metamaterials tection (ICNIRP) 2010 [7], [8]. Thus, when designing a WPT
from an EMF point of view using the 3-D magnetic eld scanner. system, both the efciency and EMF levels should be consid-
Finally, we discussed a combination of metamaterials and ferrites
to further improve the PTE and reduce the EMF leakage for ered.
long-distance mobile WPT systems. Therefore, in order to improve the PTE and reduce the EMF
leakage simultaneously, we need to develop a novel method to
Index TermsEfciency, electromagnetic eld (EMF), ferrite,
magnetic eld forming, magnetic eld scanner, metamaterials, rel- conne the magnetic eld mostly between the Tx and Rx coils in
ative permeability, wireless power transfer (WPT). WPT systems, while reducing the magnetic eld leakage around
the coils in WPT systems. Such objectives can be achieved using
materials such as ferrite or different coil structures such as a
I. INTRODUCTION solenoid. In this paper, we used metamaterials with a negative
relative permeability for magnetic eld forming. Ideally, meta-
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354 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 64, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2016
TABLE I from the simulation results, which can then be converted to the
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR THE PROPOSED METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE relative permeability [15][17]. The relative permeability ex-
tracted with 3-D simulation tools is more accurate when com-
pared to the result obtained from (1)(3), but the process of 3-D
modeling and analysis is time consuming. Therefore, an alter-
native approach to obtain the relative permeability is required.
Some methods have already been reported for basic metamate-
rial structures. Among the alternative methods, there are a few
equations for a split-ring resonator (SRR), a spiral resonator, and
a Swiss roll [18][21]. However, because they are targeted for a
single-layer structure only, they cannot be used to estimate the
relative permeability of other possible metamaterial structures
with more complex design.
Hence, in this section, [22, eq. (1)] is modied to estimate the
relative permeability of the dual-layer metamaterial structure.
Since we can obtain the relative permeability of the proposed
dual layer metamaterial structure in a short time using the equa-
tion, estimation of the relative permeability using the equation
can be very efcient in the initial stage of metamaterial structure
design,
(1)
(2)
(3)
Fig. 4. Calculation of the relative permeability (real) and resonance frequency A. Simulation of the PTE With the Proposed Metamaterials
depending on the: (a) number of turns, (b) dielectric constant of the PCB sub- The metamaterial cell, modeled in Section II, is used to fabri-
strate, (c) number of PCB layers, and (d) thickness of the metamaterial sub-
strates. cate 5 5 arrays shown in Fig. 6 to match the size of the Tx and
Rx coils. It is then placed in between the Tx and Rx coils and
simulated by increasing the distance at 5-cm intervals from 15
C. Application of the Proposed Metamaterial With Tx and Rx
to 30 cm.
Coils for a WPT System Using a Resonant Magnetic Field
The PTE is calculated according to (4) from the simulated
The Tx and Rx coils for the WPT system have identical de- transmission characteristics . Ports 1 and 2 for the simula-
signs. For both the Tx and Rx coils, the PCB size is 15 cm tion are placed Ctx and Crx in the Tx and Rx coils, accordingly.
CHO et al.: THIN PCB-TYPE METAMATERIALS FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND REDUCED EMF LEAKAGE IN WPT SYSTEMS 357
Fig. 6. Simulation model and ports denition of the WPT system with the meta-
material slab, which consists of 5 5 metamaterial unit cells. (a) Top view and
(b) side view of WPT system with metamaterial.
(5) TABLE II
SIMULATION RESULTS OF PARAMETER COMPARISONS WITH THE VARIATION
OF DISTANCE AND THE METAMATERIAL EXISTENCE
From the results, the increase in the PTE of the WPT system
with the proposed metamaterial structure can be estimated. Fur-
thermore, the proposed thin metamaterial structure can be con-
sidered as an applicable solution to increase the coil-to-coil dis-
tance for WPT systems.
(6)
Fig. 8. Simulation result of the magnetic eld vectors obtained for a WPT
system using a metamaterial with negative relative permeability (cross-sectional
view). The magnetic eld generated by the Tx coil is bent towards the opposite
direction in the metamaterial by the boundary condition of the magnetic eld.
(a) Magnetic eld distribution and eld vectors. (b) Magnetic eld vector plot
zoomed in around the metamaterial.
Tx and Rx coils, as shown in Fig. 9(a), the WPT system with the
metamaterial inserted in between the coils, shown in Fig. 9(b),
demonstrates more focused magnetic eld on the Rx coil by
magnetic boundary condition. For more accurate comparison,
the magnetic eld is calculated at point C. The calculation shows
a 74% increase, from 52.4 to 91.1 mG, in the magnetic eld
with the metamaterial, as listed in Table III. This implies that the
metamaterial increases the PTE of the WPT system. Since the
metamaterial connes the magnetic eld between the two coils,
the surrounding elds around the WPT system decreases. The
magnetic eld at points A and B shows that the magnetic eld is
approximately 18 19 less when the metamaterial is used
at points A and B. This implies that the proposed metamaterial
Fig. 9. Simulation results of the magnetic eld distribution at a 20-cm distance
decreases the EMF leakage noise around the WPT system as in WPT system. Points A and B are selected positions outside the coils of the
well. From the eld distribution analysis, it is veried that the system for EMF leakage noise analysis, point C is a position located in between
proposed material effectively increases the PTE and decreases the coils for efciency analysis. (a) Without metamaterial and (b) with metama-
terial.
the EMF leakage noise at the same time.
TABLE III
IV. FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE SIMULATION RESULT OF MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY FOR WPT SYSTEM WITH
PROPOSED METAMATERIAL FOR A WPT SYSTEM AND WITHOUT METAMATERIAL AT 20 cm DISTANCE
TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF PTE RESULTS (SIMULATION VERSUS MEASUREMENT)
Fig. 10. Fabricated thin dual-layer PCB-type metamaterial with 1.6-mm thick-
ness: (a) metamaterial unit cell (18 turn 2 layer, 35 m copper, dielectric
constant of 10, and 3.72 cm 3.72 cm in size, 7.2 g) and (b) metamaterial slab
with 5 5 cells (18.6 cm 18.6 cm in size, 180 g).
Fig. 13. Measurement results of the 3-D eld distribution for the WPT system
using 3-D-MFS: (a) without the metamaterial array slab and (b) with the meta-
material array slab. The distance between the Tx and Rx coils in this gure is
a 20-cm distance. Point C is positioned inside between the coils to analyze the
transfer power efciency. Points A and B are positioned outside the coils to an-
alyze the EMF leakage noise.
C. Discussion
Although we only analyzed the effect of the negative relative
permeability in this paper, we can also design various structures
to achieve different areas of the relative permeability, which are
CHO et al.: THIN PCB-TYPE METAMATERIALS FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND REDUCED EMF LEAKAGE IN WPT SYSTEMS 361
TABLE VI
SIMULATION OF PTE FOR FIG. 17
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the technical support
of ANSYS Korea.
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Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic Yeonje Cho (S15) received the B.S. degree in elec-
elds (1 Hz to 100 kHz), Health Phys., vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 818836, tronic engineering from Hanyang University, Ansan,
2010. Korea, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea, and
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is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in
electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic elds (up to 300 GHz) (Inter-
electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced
national Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection), Health Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST),
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[9] J. Choi and C. H. Seo, High-efciency wireless energy transmission He then joined Samsung Display, where he was
using magnetic resonance based on negative refractive index metama- involved with the Electromagnetic Compatibility
terial, Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 106, pp. 3347, 2010. (EMC) and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Group. In September 2013, he joined
[10] A. Alu and N. Engheta, Pairing an epsilon-negative slab with a the TERA Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
mu-negative slab: Resonance, tunneling and transparency, IEEE (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, as a Ph.D. Student. His research has concerned
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2003.
[11] R. Tseng, B. v. Novak, S. Shevde, and K. Grajski, Introduction to the Jonghoon J. Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
alliance for wireless power loosely-coupled wireless power transfer in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced
system specication version 1.0, in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Dae-
Transfer, May 1516, 2013, pp. 7983. jeon, Korea, in 2011 and 2013, respectively, and is
[12] T. Oh and B. Lee, Analysis of wireless power transfer using meta- currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in elec-
material slabs made of ring resonators at 13.56 MHz, J. Electromagn. trical engineering at KAIST.
Eng. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 259262, 2013. His current research interests include signal
[13] B. Wang, W. Yerazunis, and K. H. Teo, Wireless power transfer: Meta- integrity and power integrity design and verication
materials and array of coupled resonators, Proc. IEEE, vol. 101, no. of magnetic probing structure for current measure-
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6, pp. 13591368, Jun. 2013.
memory tests.
[14] Y. Cho et al., Ultra-thin printed circuit board metamaterial for high
efciency wireless power transfer, in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power
Transfer Conf., May 1315, 2015, pp. 13. Dong-Hyun Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
[15] D. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markos, and C. Soukoulis, Determination of in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Dae-
effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reec-
jeon, Korea, in 2012 and 2014, respectively, and is
tion and transmission coefcients, Phys. Rev. B, Condens. Matter, vol.
currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in elec-
65, no. 19, 2002, Art. ID 195104. trical engineering at KAIST.
[16] D. Smith, D. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. Soukoulis, Electromagnetic His current research interest includes through-sil-
parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials, Phys. Rev. icon-via (TSV) hysteresis modeling and analysis in
E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 71, no. 3, TSV-based 3-D integrated circuits.
2005, Art. ID 036617.
[17] X. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, B.-I. Wu, J. Pacheco, Jr., and J. A. Kong,
Robust method to retrieve the constitutive effective parameters of
metamaterials, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Inter- Seongsoo Lee received the B.S degree in mechan-
discip. Top., vol. 70, no. 1, 2004, Art. ID 016608. ical engineering and management science from the
[18] D. Ellstein, B. Wang, and K. H. Teo, Accurate models for spiral res- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, in 2014, and is currently
onators, in Proc. 42nd Eur. Microw. Conf., Oct. 29Nov. 1, 2012, pp.
working toward the M.S. degree at KAIST.
787790.
He is currently with the Division of Future
[19] F. Bilotti, A. Toscano, and L. Vegni, Design of spiral and multiple Vehicle, KAIST. His current research interests are
split-ring resonators for the realization of miniaturized metamate- the design of hybrid metamaterials for high-power
rial samples, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 8, pp. wireless power transfer systems and magnetic eld
22582267, Aug. 2007. connement using hybrid metamaterials.
[20] F. Bilotti, A. Toscano, L. Vegni, K. Aydin, K. B. Alici, and E. Ozbay,
Equivalent-circuit models for the design of metamaterials based on
articial magnetic inclusions, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., Hongseok Kim (S14) received the B.S. degree
vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 28652873, Dec. 2007. in electronic and electrical engineering from
[21] J. Baena et al., Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, in 2011,
vthe M.S. degree in division of future vehicle
and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmis-
from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
sion lines, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 53, no. 4, pp.
Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, in 2013, and
14511461, Apr. 2005. is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in
[22] J. Pendry, A. Holden, D. Robbins, and W. Stewart, Magnetism from electrical engineering (division of future vehicle) at
conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Trans. Microw. KAIST.
Theory Techn., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 20752084, Nov. 1999. His current research interests include the modeling
[23] C.-S. Wang, O. Stielau, and G. Covic, Design considerations for a con- and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) design
tactless electric vehicle battery charger, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., of automotive wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle/mobile
vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 13081314, Oct. 2005. phones and motor drive systems for electric vehicles.
364 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 64, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2016
Chiuk Song received the B.S. degree in electrical Seungyoung Ahn (M06SM15) received the B.S.,
and electronic engineering from Chungnam National M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
University, Daejeon, Korea, the M.S. degree (divi- from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
sion of future vehicle) from the Korea Advanced In- Technology (KAIST), Seoul, Korea, in 1998, 2000,
stitute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, and 2005, respectively.
Korea, in 2014, and is currently working toward the He is currently an Assistant Professor with the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering (division of fu- Cho Chun Shik Graduate School for Green Trans-
ture vehicle) at KAIST. portation, KAIST. His current research interests
His current research interests include electro- include wireless power transfer system design and
magnetic interference modeling of wireless power electromagnetic compatibility design for electric
transfer systems for electric vehicles and drones. vehicle and digital systems.
Sunkyu Kong (S14) received the B.S. degree Joungho Kim (SM14F16) received the B.S. and
in electrical and electronic engineering from M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul
Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, the National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1984 and
M.S. degree from the Korea Advanced Institute of 1986, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann
and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in Arbor, MI, USA, in 1993.
electrical engineering at KAIST. In 1994, he joined the Memory Division, Samsung
His research interest includes electromag- Electronics, Suwon, Korea, where he was involved
netic interference/electromagnetic compatibility in gigabit-scale DRAM design. In 1996, he joined
(EMI/EMC) issues in mixed-mode systems with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Tech-
chip-package-printed circuit board (PCB) hierar- nology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea. He is currently a
chical structures. Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST. He is also
the Director of the 3-D Integrated Circuit (IC) Research Center, supported by
Hyoungjun Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees SK Hynix Inc., and the Smart Automotive Electronics Research Center, sup-
in electronics engineering and Ph.D. degree in infor- ported by KET Inc. He has given more than 219 invited talks and tutorials in
mation telecommunication electronics engineering academia and related industries. He has authored or coauthored over 404 tech-
from Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, in 2005, nical papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings. He authored Elec-
2007, and 2014, respectively. trical Design of Through-Silicon-Via (Springer, 2014). In particular, his major
From 2014 to 2015, he was a Research Assistant research interests include chip-package-printed circuit board (PCB) co-design
with the School of Electronics Engineering, Soongsil and co-simulation for signal integrity, power integrity, ground integrity, timing
University. Since 2015, he has been an Assistant Pro- integrity, and radiated emission in 3-D integrated circuits (ICs), through sil-
fessor with the School of Electronics Engineering, icon-vias (TSVs), and interposers. His current research interests include elec-
Soongsil University. His research interest includes tromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling, design, and measurement method-
the development of RF components, power ampli- ologies of 3-D ICs, TSVs, interposer, system-in-package, multilayer PCBs, and
ers, antennas, and wireless power transfer techniques using metamaterials. wireless power transfer (WPT) technology for 3-D ICs, electric vehicles, and
mobile phones.
Dr. Kim was the Symposium Chair of the 2015 IEEE EDAPS, Seoul,
Chulhun Seo (M97SM14) received the B.S., Korea, and Joint Conference Chair of the JapanKorea Microwave Society in
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul University, 2015. He was also the Conference Chair of the 2014 IEEE Wireless Power
Seoul, Korea, in 1983, 1985, and 1993, respectively. Transfer Conference (WPTC), Jeju, Korea, and the Symposium Chair of the
From 1993 to 1995, he was with the Massachu- 2008 IEEE EDAPS and the Technical Program Committee (TPC) Chair of
setts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, the 2011 APEMC. He was an IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
MA, USA, as a Technical Staff Member. From 1993 Society Distinguished Lecturer from 2009 to 2011. He is a TPC Member of
to 1997, he was with Soongsil University, Seoul, Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and System. He is an Associate
Korea, as an Assistant Professor. From 1999 to 2001, Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY.
he was with MIT, as a Visiting Professor. From He served as a Guest Editor of a Special Issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
1997 to 2004, he was with Soongsil University, as ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY for PCB level signal integrity, power
an Associate Professor. Since 2004, he has been a integrity, and electromagnetic interference/compatibility in 2010, a Special
Professor of electronic engineering with Soongsil University. His research Issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCED PACKAGING on TSV in 2011,
interests include wireless technologies, RF power ampliers, and wireless and a Mini-Special Issue on the 2014 IEEE WPTC of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
power transfer using metamaterials. ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES in 2014. He was a recipient of the
Outstanding Academic Achievement Faculty Award of KAIST in 2006, the
KAIST Grand Research Award in 2008, the National 100 Best Project Award
in 2009, the KAIST International Collaboration Award in 2010, the KAIST
Grand Research Award in 2014, and the Technology Achievement Award from
the IEEE Electromagnetic Society in 2010.