Q1: The data shown in Table 3E.

2 are chemical process yield readings on successive days

(read own, then across). Construct a histogram for these data. Comment on the shape of the
histogram. Does it resemble any of the distributions that we have discussed in this chapter?
Ans: As we have 90 observations, we will choose the number of bins approximately equal to the square
root of the number of observations:

n=90 number of bins = 90 9 bins

Now by using the Minitab option that allows the user to specify the number of bins, the histogram has
been constructed as in figure 1.

Fig. 1 The Process Yield Histogram

To identify the distribution, well go to Stat > Quality Tools > Individual Distribution Identification in
Minitab. This handy tool will enable us to easily compare how well the data fit 16 different distributions.
In addition to using the probability plots to compare between the different types of distributions:

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 Fig. 2 The Goodness of Fit Test

Its generally valid to compare p-values between distributions and go with the highest. A low p-value
(e.g., < 0.05) indicates that the data dont follow that distribution [1]. Furthermore if the AD value is
small, that another indication of a better fit, and for 3-parameter distributions only a low value of LRT P
indicates that adding the third parameter is a significant improvement over the 2-Parameter version.
As we can see from the Goodness of Fit Test table above:
The very first line shows our data are definitely not normally distributed, because the p-value for Normal
is less than 0.05.
Which is the case of the other distributions except the 3-Parameter Weibull, which has the highest p-
value (0.109), with lower AD and, the LRT P is significant (0.000), which means that the third parameter
significantly improves the fit.
Thats why we can choose the 3-Parameter Weibull distribution as the best fit for our data.

Another evidence can be used by looking at the probability plots as follows:

(a) (b) (c)

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 (d) (e) (f)

Fig. 3 The Probability Plots of (a) Normal distribution (b) Weibull distribution (c) Exponential distribution
(d) Lognormal distribution (e) Gamma distribution (f) 3-Parameters Weibull distribution

Its very clear that the 3-Parameter Weibull distribution in fig. 3 (f) is the best fit for our data, while the
rest of the distributions dont fit the data.

Q2: a. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the viscosity data

Ans: By using Minitab: MTB > Graph > Stem-and-Leaf

Fig. 4 Stem and Leaf of Viscosity data

Minitab tells us that the leaf unit is 0.1, so that the stem (the second column) of 12 and leaf (the third
column) of 6 represents the number 12.6. The depths column (the first column) contains something a little
different here, namely the 15 with parentheses around it. It seems that Minitab's algorithm for calculating
the depths differs a bit here. It still accumulates the values from the top and the bottom, but it stops in
each direction when it reaches the row containing the middle value (median) of the sample. The frequency
of that row containing the median is simply placed in parentheses. That is, the median of the 80 numbers
is 14.9. Therefore, because the 14 stem contains 15 leaves, the depths column for that row contains a 15
in parentheses.

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b. Construct a frequency distribution and histogram

Ans: As we have 80 observations, we will choose the number of bins approximately equal to the square
root of the number of observations:

n=80 number of bins = 80 9 bins

Now by using the Minitab option that allows the user to specify the number of bins, the histogram has
been constructed as in figure 5.

Fig. 5 Histogram of Viscosity data

Comment: It can be clealy seen that the histogram has 8 bins. While we created it by selecting 9 bins
manually. However, if 9 bins are not specified, Minitab generates 10-bins histogram as in figure 6. As we
have mentioned that this formula is an approximation, and therefore either 8 or 10 bins should be enough
for assessing the distribution of the data.

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 Fig. 6 Histogram of Viscosity data with 10 bins

c. Convert the stem-and-leaf plot in part (a) into an ordered stem-and-leaf plot. Use this
graph to assist in locating the median and the upper and lower quartiles of the viscosity data.

Ans: By using Minitab: MTB > Graph > Stem-and-Leaf, because Minitab is automatically creating an
order stem and leaf

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Also we can find the same results by finding the observation rank and then the value associated
with that rank:

For Q1:

(0.25)(80) + 0.5 = 20.5 (halfway between the twentieth and twenty first observation) which is:
(14.3 + 14.3)
= 14.3
2
For Q3:

(0.75)(80) + 0.5 = 60.5 (halfway between the sixtieth and sixty first observation) which is:
(15.6 + 15.5)
= 15.5
2

For Median:
(0.5)(80) + 0.5 = 40.5 (halfway between the fortieth and forty-first observation) which is:
(14.9 + 14.9)
= 14.9
2

d. What are the ninetieth and tenth percentiles of viscosity?

The ninetieth percentile:

The observation rank = (0.90)(80) + 0.5 = 72.5 (halfway between the seventy- second and seventy- third
observation)
(16.4 + 16.1)
= 16.25
2

The tenth percentile:

The observation rank = (0.10)(80) + 0.5 = 8.5 (halfway between the eighth and ninth observation)
(13.7 + 13.7)
= 13.7
2

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Q3:Construct a normal probability plot of the chemical process yield data in Exercise 3.7. Does the
assumption that process yield is well modeled by a normal distribution seem reasonable?

Fig. 7 Probability Plot of Process Yield Data

From figure 7, the normal probability plot, we can clearly see that the data points do not fall along the
straight line, which means that the normal distribution does not reasonably describe process yield.

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Q4:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 8 Probability Plot of Viscosity Data (a) Normal (b) Lognormal (c) Weibull

Ans: From figure 8 we can see that both the normal and lognormal distributions suitable to be
reasonable models for the data; where the plot points fall along the straight line, without bends or
curves. While, the plot points on the Weibull probability plot are not straightparticularly in the tails
which means, it is not a reasonable model.

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Q5: a. If the lot contains two nonconforming components, what is the probability of lot
acceptance?
Ans: By using Minitab : Calc > Probability Distributions > Hypergeometric N=25, M=2, n=5 and
input constant =0.

Also we can calculate it, since we have hypergeometric distribution with N = 25 and n = 5, without
replacement: then:

For (a) D= 2 and x= 0

(20)(252
50 ) (1)(33649)
Pr{} = (0) = (25
= = 0.633
5) (53130)

--------------------------------------
b. Calculate the desired probability in (a) using the binomial approximation. Is this
approximation satisfactory? Why or why not?
Ans: The binomial approximation to the hypergeometric:

p = D/N = 2/25 = 0.08 and n = 5.

Pr{} = (0) = (50)(0.08)0 (1 0.08)5 = 0.659

To consider as a good approximation, the approximation has to satisfy the following condition:

The ratio n/N (often called the sampling fraction) is 0.1

In this case n/N = 5/25 = 0.20 which is greater than 0.1 as a result the binomial approximation is not
satisfactory.

----------------------------------------
c. Suppose the lot size was N = 150. Would the binomial approximation be satisfactory in this
case?
Ans: If N = 150, then, n/N = 5/150 = 0.033 0.1, As a result the binomial approximation would be a
satisfactory approximation to the hypergeometric in this case.

----------------------------------------
Q6:
Ans: Poisson distribution with = 0.01 errors/bill and x=1 :
e x e0.01 (0.01)1
p(x) = x!
Pr{ = 1} = (1) = 1!
= 0.0099

Then the probability that a customers bill selected at random will contain one error, is 0.99%

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Q7:
Ans: since { < 32} = 0.0228 and ~(, 42 ) Then : from the z- table

1 (0.0228) = 2
32
= -2 = 8 + 32 = 40
4

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