Sections of this lecture
Water on Earth
1 Global Distribution of Water
Water
Polar Water ice in Mars
Ice beneath the poles of the Moon
Ice in the moons of Jupiter: Europe and
Calypso.
Water on Earth: 71% of the planet
Properties: Colorless, odorless, tasteless.
It weights 1 g/cm3
It is a solvent: Pure water rarely occurs in
nature
Unique Properties of Water
Humidity
Clouds and Fog
Water on Earth
Hydrosphere
Origin in planetesimals, including comets
Outgassing: water coming from underneath the
crust 25km deep
Worldwide equilibrium
Eustasy: changes in the volume of water within the
ocean without affecting total water contain in Earth
Water bound up in glaciers or melt out from them.
Glacier times 18 - 40000 years ago vs warm times such
as today
Distribution of Earths water today
Ocean and Freshwater Distribution

Figure 7.3

Land and Water

Hemispheres
Water dominates Southern hemisphere
while land dominates Northern
Salty lakes: inland, not outlet to the ocean:
Dead sea, Caspian and Aral sea, Mono lake,
Salt lake

Figure 7.2
 Three States of Water
Unique Properties of Water
Three stages occurs naturally in Earth:
liquid, vapor, ice
Stable and very reactive
Oxygen negative, hydrogen is positive,
double bonding among molecules.
Bipolar molecule: + and - charges
Surface tension and capillarity

Figure 7.5

Uniqueness of Ice Forms

Unique Properties of Water
Surface tension: Force between water molecules
Capillarity: between water and surfaces
Heat properties
Three stages: heat exchange.
Thanks to earth-sun distance
Phase change: heat exchange. Melting, freezing,
evaporation, condensation, sublimation and
deposition
Water expansion up to 9%. Therefor it decreases in
density.

Figure 7.6
 Water Vapor in the Atmosphere
Humidity
Heat increase molecular motion breaking
hydrogen bonds
Latent heat: heat involve in phase change
Latent heat freezing-melting
Latent heat of vaporization- condensation
Change from ice to water vapor requires:
80 + 100 + 540 calories
Change to ice requires 720 calories

Figure 7.10

Water Vapor in the Atmosphere

Moisture Droplets

Figure 7.10 Figure 7.20

Cloud Types and Identification Cumulonimbus Development

Figure 7.23 Figure 7.24

Advection Fog
Fog
Visibility less than 1 km, always warm
Advection fog: migration
Evaporation fog: from lakes or pools, sea
Upslope fog:
Valley fog
Radiation fog; over moist ground, chills the
air layer above

Figure 7.25
 Water Resources Water Resources

1.75 million people died for lack of water

1.1 Billion people lack save drinking 5 million deaths by waterborne infections
water and diseases
80 Countries have water shortages Water related diseases cost 125 billions
2.4 billion lack sanitary facilities While new infrastructure cost 50 billions

Water Resources Water Withdrawal by Sector

Figure 9.21
Global Water Scarcity

Figure 9.23