THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK

(2015 - 2025)

Going
Goingfor
forresults
resultsand
andimpacts
impacts

Sustaining CAADP Momentum

Going for results and impacts

 Table of Contents

Preamble...............................................................................................................................................3

Acronyms and abbreviations.................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................5

1.1 Sustaining CAADP momentum...................................................................................5

1.2 Time for bold decisions and action to deliver results and impacts..............................5

2. THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK...................................................................................8

2.1 Rationale and scope

2.2 Structure of the CAADP Results Framework

3. USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK .................................................................. 12

3.1 General.......................................................................................................................12

3.2 The Frontline Dashboard of key change and impacts desired by 2025...................13

3.3 Using the CAADP Results Framework at country level .........................................14

3.4 Using the CAADP Results Framework at regional and continental levels..................16

3.5 Monitoring, reporting and capacity development .......................................................16

3.6 Support to countries: roles, responsibilities and the CAADP Results Framework

reporting architecture......................................................................................................17

4. EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK TO

EXISTING REPORTING TOOLS AND SYSTEMS....................................................................18

5. ANNEXES................................................................................................................................19

ANNEX 1 Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators ................................................................................19

ANNEX 1 Table 1b: Level 2 production and productivity outcome indicators....................................20

ANNEX 1 Table 1c: Level 3 systemic capacity indicators..................................................................22

1 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
Preamble

The Sustaining CAADP Momentum exercise, undertaken in 2012-13 in order to look back at the 10 years of Comprehensive Af-
rican Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) implementation, concluded that the CAADP vision is just as valid as it was
in 2003 and that significant progress has been made in building systems and capacity for planning, prioritisation and formulation
of investment programmes. CAADP has also mobilised multi-institutional and multi-sectorial interest and commitment to agricul-
ture development. Looking ahead to the next decade of CAADP implementation, a key challenge is therefore HOW to acceler-
ate implementation with a view to achieving the CAADP vision and goals.

The first decade of CAADP implementation (2003-2013) was one of self-discovery, innovation and re-establishment. It produced
some critical achievements and lessons, which have enabled Africa to move into the second decade with the conviction and
ability to bring about sustainable CHANGE in African agriculture, and to ensure this change delivers tangible contributions to
economic growth and inclusive development, especially with regard to eliminating hunger and malnutrition, reducing poverty,
and making prosperity a reality for the people of the continent. To respond to the call for results and impacts, the Sustaining
CAADP Momentum exercise has led to the development of the CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK. This has brought in a strong
element of evidence-based accountability, learning and improved implementation models, which ensure value for money.

The CAADP Results Framework is an inherent part of CAADP implementation. It will provide all those involved with standard,
tangible parameters to benchmark progress in agricultural performance. This will reinforce the culture of results-based program-
ming and performance monitoring. Use of the results framework will improve the quality of planning and decision making at the
continental, regional and country levels.

The CAADP Results Framework provides Africa and its partners with a solid presentation of the goals and priority actions of the
agricultural development agenda. It gives the political and technical impetus to foster alignment in collaboration with partners.
It provides indicators with baseline data, as well as targets to be achieved over the next five to ten years. The adoption of the
Results Framework will also compel players and stakeholders at all levels to reflect on and respond to emerging issues, includ-
ing climate change, globalised food and energy systems, population growth and urban migration trends in Africa, nutrition, and
improvements in governance.

Implementation of the CAADP Results Framework is vital. In this respect, the framework is a living component of the efforts
to enhance capacity in order to effectively deliver the desired results and sustainable growth. This is why 2014, which is also
the African Union Year for Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition, is a crucial part of finalising the development of the CAADP
Results Framework through country and regional grounding, adaptation and putting the framework into operation within existing
CAADP implementation processes. For this purpose, the African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration
with the Regional Economic Communities, places this document in your hands country players and stakeholders and all those
working on or supporting change in African agriculture for improved performance.

H.E. Rhoda Peace Tumusiime, Dr Ibrahim Assane Mayaki,

Commissioner, Chief Executive Officer,
Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency

Going for results and impacts 2

 Acronyms and abbreviations

AfDB African Development Bank

AgPER Agriculture Public Expenditure Review
APRM Africa Peer Review Mechanism
AU African Union
CAADP Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme
CGIAR International Centre for Agricultural Research
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CSO Civil society organisation
EC European Commission
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDI Foreign direct investment
GDP Gross domestic product
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IMF International Monetary Fund
JSR Joint Sector Review
MDG Millennium Development Goals
M&E Monitoring and evaluation
MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework
NARS National Agricultural Research System
NEPAD New Partnership for African Development
NEPAD Agency NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
NGO Non-governmental organisation
NSB National Statistical Bureau
ODA Overseas development assistance
PPP Public-private partnership
ReSAKSS Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System
SACAU Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SLM Sustainable land management
S&T Science and technology
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USD (US$) United States dollar

3 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SUSTAINING CAADP MOMENTUM

Implementation of CAADP has over the last decade enabled countries to address some of the key transformational issues in
agricultural development. Additional to improving the development planning processes, countries are placing growing attention
to strengthening and aligning policy design processes, through, for instance, making the policy design processes transparent
and inclusive as well as linked to evidence-based analysis. There is also growing attention and action to strengthen and align
institutional and human capacity to achieve highest levels in planning and implementation efficiency and effectiveness

Looking forward into the next decade, African Union (AU) member states, through the
various Heads of State and Government platforms, have stressed that value addition Box 1: The Sustaining
from the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) will be CAADP Momentum exercise
required mostly in strengthening implementation capacity and delivering desired results provides resolute confirma-
and impacts. Impacts imply ensuring improved agricultural performance and how this tion that the CAADP vision is
translates into improvements in livelihood parameters, including wealth and job creation, just as valid and compelling
poverty alleviation, food and nutrition security and, ultimately, the resilience and prosper- now as it was in 2003
ity of the people of the continent.

The Sustaining CAADP momentum exercise carried out over several months in 2012-13 using highly consultative and analytical
tools and approaches, examined different levels of CAADP action and experience to identify major achievements and lessons
from the first decade of CAADP. The exercise also took into account changing or emerging issues, such as trends in global food
and energy prices and growing attention to climate change and nutrition. The Sustaining CAADP momentum has further noted
that ability, capacity and mechanism to design and plan programmes and projects, as well as tracking performance are integral
and essential parts to the capacity to deliver results.

The AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, held from 28 April to 2 May
2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, endorsed the Sustaining the CAADP Momentum Results Framework as a key tool for translating
Africas agricultural development goals into tangible targets: tracking, monitoring and reporting on progress as well as facilitat-
ing mutual learning and accountability. The Ministers further supported the Results Framework as a tool for: a) fostering align-
ment and coordination and rallying multi-sectorial efforts towards common goals; b) accompanying further planning and new
programmes; c) building Africas capacity for knowledge and data generation and management to support evidence-based plan-
ning and implementation; and d) strengthening multi-institutional platforms for regular peer reviews, mutual learning and mutual
accountability. The Ministers committed to an Agricultural Review Process to be conducted every two years, and a mid-term
review of the 2015-2025 CAADP key goals to be conducted after five years.

1.2 TIME FOR BOLD DECISIONS AND ACTION TO DELIVER RESULTS AND IMPACTS

For Africa to accelerate the pace for agriculture transformation, CAADP stakeholders have identified some of the key aspects in
terms of: a) what actions to continued doing; b) what should be stopped; and c) what should be started (new actions), as
follows:

Going for results and impacts 4

a) Examples of good things that are happening and should continue to happen, as identified by African stakehold-
ers include: sustaining their renewed attention to agriculture as a priority sector; increasing investment in the agricultural sector;
improving and sustaining an enabling environment for the private sector; mainstreaming gender, youth and nutrition issues into
agricultural programmes; sustaining regional integration efforts; developing and making use of African-owned country-led initia-
tives to unleash the continents development potential; and continuing to nurture the peer learning culture.

b) Examples of things Africa should stop doing include: playing beggar in the global food system; selling arable land
for fuel at the expense of agriculture and local peoples livelihoods; paying lip service to agricultural investment instead of acting
on pledged investments; public sector crowding out of other stakeholders; implementing policies that benefit urban consumers
at the expense of rural producers; unsustainable land use and selling land without due diligence; accepting donor financing re-
gardless of the agenda; and over-dependence on donors for agricultural investments instead of investing national budgets into
agriculture for the long-term sustainability of agricultural development.

c) Examples of things that are not happening that Africa should start doing include: more aggressive African agri-
business entrepreneurship on the domestic and global markets; governments should accurately value the natural resources
needed for agricultural production, such as land, water and labour; developing policies that promote value addition in agricultur-
al production through investment in agro-processing technologies, infrastructure and skills; agriculture should be more people-
centred and driven; CAADP should be more about empowering people to unleash their own potential; promoting transparency
and accountability at all levels; reviewing plans annually, monitoring results and factoring in improvements; and increasing
awareness about promoting nutrition and food security.

The CAADP Results Framework will help countries to internalize the drive to identify and address, within local circumstances,
the change in-the-way-we-do-business aware that delivering results and impact is a matter of not simply doing more of the
same things.

5 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
2 THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK

2.1 RATIONALE AND SCOPE

The CAADP Results Framework is the instrument that establishes expected

Box 3: In the CAADP Re-
results and impacts, and is therefore a guide to developing, planning and imple-
menting investments programme in the 2nd decade of CAADP. It also ensures sults Framework, Africa is
the tracking, monitoring and ongoing formative evaluation of existing projects and setting priorities and deter-
programmes. Moreover, the CAADP Results Framework is about strengthening mining what to continue,
national systemic capacity in the long term for sustainable development (Box 2). what to abandon, and what
The Results Framework provides specific benchmarks and milestones for Africas to start doing with a focus
agricultural development agenda as well as the basis for aligning and harmonizing
on results and impacts
programmes and initiatives in agriculture.

The CAADP Results Framework will be useful in connecting within and across levels, sectors and thematic areas, as well as
for state and non-state institutions including civil society, private sector organisations and development partners. All of these
stakeholders will find the Results Framework to be a key tool in pursuing results-based planning and implementation. It will
provide an important basis for developing effective alliances and partnerships. The Results Framework is an integral part of
country CAADP implementation processes, and national level players and stakeholders therefore take central responsibility
for its implementation.
At the regional and continental levels, the internali-
Box 4: Through CAADP, there has been greater ap-
sation and use of the CAADP Results Framework
will be led by the Regional Economic Communities preciation of multi-sectorial aspects and cross-sectorial
(RECs), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating interdependences in African agriculture, and practical
Agency (NEPAD Agency) and the African Union ways of dealing with these aspects have been identi-
Commission (AUC). The Results Framework also fied. To deliver set agricultural performance goals and
provides key parameters and scope to enhance targets during the second decade of CAADP, it is clear
collaboration and partnerships with local and
that the following policy and change strategies and
international partners. ODA and FDI partnerships,
progress will be the key to success in agriculture:
as well as bilateral and multilateral initiatives such
as the New Alliance for Food Security, Grow Africa
and GAFSP, should align with the CAADP Results progress in industrialisation, especially with regard
Framework to agriculture-based value addition industry
functioning regional markets playing a key part as
The CAADP Results Framework is an integral optimal drivers of national agricultural and economic
part of the AU Agenda 2063 and is designed to
growth
help define the agricultural space in that Agenda.
increased purpose-built capacity (quality and quan
It indicates the level and rate of agricultural per-
formance and the policy, strategy, and capacity tity) for innovation, S&T and skills development
development actions that are required for the
sector to contribute to achieving the 2063 Agenda goals. The Framework is particularly important for the continents broad-
based economic growth and inclusive development aspirations.

Going for results and impacts 6

 The CAADP Results Framework helps countries to internalise and drive these issues and to change the way we do busi-
ness. Some of these bold actions will be embedded in sectorial and thematic programmes of action. In the next decade,
for instance, the burning thematic issues include: women and youth; nutrition and agriculture; food systems and value
chains; climate change and sustainable land and water management; and inclusive development. It is also recognised that
decentralised decision making processes that empower actors from sub-national right down to community levels will be key
to ensuring the impact of agricultural growth reaches wider and local communities, including smallholder farmers. In the
agricultural sector, this will be pursued under Level 3 (in the Results Framework) - institutional capacity development.

2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK

The Results Framework is relevant and applicable primarily at country level for the preparation and implementation of the
second decade of CAADP (2015-2025). The issues, priorities and strategies that define the CAADP Results Framework
are characterised by four main aspects, namely (a) the compelling desired at all level to see tangible results and impact
from agriculture on the socio-economic wellbeing of the continents populations, especially women and youth and rural
communities; (b) need to pursue a two-pronged approach which interactively facilitate interventions on systems and capac-
ity transformation, on one hand, and enhanced productivity and value addition, on the other; and (c) deliberate orientation
towards strategies and approaches for capacity development including human capital development, science and technol-
ogy and institutional development and (d) need to bring to the fore a regional integration (trade and markets) agenda as an
integral and essential component to sustainable national level solutions.

In this context, the CAADP Results Framework (see Figure 1) combines a logical flow of three levels of results setting out
the WHY (Level 1), WHAT (Level 2)and HOW (level 3) of consolidating and stepping up CAADP implementation.

Level 1: Summarises top-level results aimed at achieving real social and economic change in the continent. This level
highlight higher level socio-economic growth and inclusive development goals, namely (a) wealth creation and (b) poverty
alleviation; (c) improved food and nutrition security; (d) improvements in reach and quality of productive safety nets; and
(d) ecosystem and social system resilience. Related indicators as well as continental level targets are elaborated in Tables
2 to 4. It is the significance of agricultural contribution to these result areas which will demonstrate the phrase agriculture-
led growth and development. Improved agricultural performance is expected to contribute to achieving these goals, while
recognising that other sectors of the economy also contribute to these goals.
Level 2: concerns the intermediate-level results required in terms of agricultural productivity and competitiveness and inclu-
sive growth. It describe changes that would lead to the desired level of agricultural performance, both in terms of produc-
tion, productivity, competitiveness and regional integration, as well as effectiveness and efficiency in all related production
systems. This also means that it is the success and improved performances in the priority areas identified in this level
which will determine agricultural contribution to Level 1 results and impacts.
Level 3 results: describes the HOW as a combination of various capabilities needed to accelerate agricultural growth and to
broaden its impact; it present the key policy, institutional, and capacity outcomes required to trigger the changes in level 2,
thereby helping to achieve level 1 goals. It is at this level that CAADP implementation over the next 10 years is expected to
make the strongest contribution.

The three levels, together, reflect a Pan-African framework for transformational change, policy reforms and institutional de-
velopment. The set of specific, common and measurable indicators listed in Tables in Annex 1 allows country and regional
implementation entities, relevant stakeholders and their partners to individually and collectively rationalise and assess

7 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
 alignment of agricultural policy and strategic priorities and to monitor programme performance and progress in an evidence-
based and transparent manner.

The Results Framework therefore serves as the visionary beacon. At continental level, the CAADP Results Framework clari-
fies a collective vision and shared standards of practice, which are to be translated at the national and regional levels into lo-
calised priorities, goals and targets. The CAADP Results Framework serves as a set of benchmarks against which national and
regional level efforts will be pitched, by way of using the Results Framework as a guide to set targets, identify actions and define
indicators when (a) initiating planning of policies, strategies, programmes and budgets, and b) measuring performance in terms
of efficiency of execution, effectiveness of implementation and achievement of outcomes.

The overarching CAADP Results Framework is designed to provide guidance at the level of: a) planning (strategy, programme
design and budgeting); b) performance (efficiency in execution and implementation, largely accounting for change in agri-
culture policies and institutions, and strengthening and aligning capacity); and c) results (referring to the actual outcomes and
impacts of a development intervention, including goods, services and value addition underpinned by increases in agriculture
production, productivity, food and nutrition).

FigureFigure 1: CAADP
1: CAADP 2015-2025 Results
2015-2025 ResultsFramework
Framework

Impact to which Level 1 Contribution of agriculture to economic growth and inclusive development
CAADP Economic opportunities and
Increased contribution to Improved food security and Increased access to Increased ecosystem
prosperity jobs and
contributes wealth creation nutrition for all productive safety nets resilience and sustainability
poverty alleviation
(indirect link)
Assumption: Countries follow an agriculture-led, inclusive growth strategy for social and economic change.

Level 2 Agricultural change and sustained inclusive agricultural growth

Main assumptions: Systemic capacity for transforming agriculture as envisaged in Level 3 results is attained
Changes in African
agriculture 2.2 Increased intra-Africa
resulting from 2.4 Improved governance
regional trade and better 2.3 Expanded domestic
CAADP 2.1 Increased agricultural and management of natural
implementation functioning national and agro-industry and value
production and productivity resources for sustainable
regional agriculture and food chain development
agricultural production
markets

Level 3 Strengthening systemic capacity for effective execution and delivery of results
(Conducive policy environment; systemic capacity development; improved technologies and access to knowledge and information)
Assumptions: Leadership ensures a conducive and stable policy environment, including a sustained increase in agricultural investments
Added value of
CAADP support 3.6 Increased capacity
and interventions 3.1 Effective and 3.3 Strengthened 3.4 Improved multi- to generate, analyse
to institutional inclusive policy 3.2 Effective and capacity for sectorial and use data,
change and 3.5 Increased public
design, accountable evidence-based coordination, information and
CAADP and private
implementation institutions including programme partnerships and knowledge including
operational investments in
and evaluation human capital planning, accountability in the monitoring
effectiveness agriculture
capacity (policy development implementation agricultural performance, research
measured at this practice) and review institutions and innovations in
level agriculture

CAADP INPUTS: IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES; KNOWLEDGE POOLS; CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, PEER REVIEW MECHANISMS

Going for results and impacts 8

 Table 1 provides a detailed explanation of the three levels and their interrelationships.
Table 1: Summary of the Results levels and general description
Results level
Level 1: WHY? (IMPACTS)
Defines ultimate IMPACTS in terms of socio-economic
and food and nutrition transformation changes in African
society.
These are high-level results reflecting medium- to long-
term changes in inclusive prosperity and ecosystem
resilience.
These IMPACT levels are not wholly attributed to
agriculture; moreover, most of the contributions of
agriculture are indirect. The question, therefore, is to
what extent and at what rate agriculture is contributing
to achieving these impacts.
Level 2: WHAT? (OUTCOMES)
Defines results in terms of agricultural production,
productivity, competitiveness and regional and global
integration.
Identifies the intended (priority) agriculture-specific
results (outcomes) that in turn contribute to IMPACTS
(Level 1).
Defines the goals of agricultural interventions.
Defines goals in terms of food systems and nutrition
outcomes.
Level 3: HOW?
Defines results in terms of systemic capacities to
effectively finance and implement agricultural policies
and programmes at the national level, including the
mainstreaming of nutrition.
This level also defines the priority results areas that
constitute CAADP implementation support.
Sets out the CAADP-specific results areas through
implementation, implementation support, and
interventions at the national, regional and continental
levels.
CAADP implementation support will pursue results in the
six results areas defined for this level. This can also be
interpreted as the CAADP-specific value addition to
agricultural change and improved performance.
Achieving the results in these seven areas will enable
countries to strengthen and align planning and
implementation capacity, i.e. improving the execution
and delivery (effectiveness, efficiency and
appropriateness) of results. It will also strengthen the
enabling environment (especially with regard to policies).
9 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
Description
Adapting and achieving Level 1 and Level 2 targets are
the responsibility of national and regional level
institutions. Achievement of Level 1 and Level 2 targets
by countries will indicate progress made in
strengthening the regional and international
competitiveness of African agriculture and its overall
impact on the continents socio-economic growth,
development, food systems and nutrition.
This directly concerns AGRICULTURAL SECTOR CHANGE
and PERFORMANCE.
The targets in Levels 1 and 2 are meant to serve as
continental level benchmarks. The issues involved
reflect priority areas and overarching principles and
values that also make defining and implementing trans-
boundary and regional programmes a feasible and
viable option. Countries will use these targets in
benchmarking the setting and evaluation of national
level goals and targets
CAADP implementation support will provide technical
guidance including historical and foresight analysis to
help countries determine feasible country-specific
growth levels and rates (financing, implementation,
etc.) to achieve the visionary targets in the time given.
Level 3 defines organisational and human ABILITY and
CAPACITY to plan and execute agricultural development
policies and programmes at the national level. Level 3
defines the interventions and results areas specific to
CAADP implementation support; CAADP
implementation will address one or a combination of
results areas defined in Level 3.
Delivering on the six results areas identified for this
level will enable and empower countries to achieve
appropriate, effective and efficient performance in the
agricultural sector (i.e. Level 2) and will thereby
contribute to impact issues (Level 1)
3. USING
3. THE CAADP
USING RESULTS
THE CAADP RESULTSFRAMEWORK
FRAMEWORK
3.1 GENERAL
3.1 GENERAL
The CAADP Results Framework is an integral part of country CAADP implementation. Implementing the Framework therefore
The CAADP Results Framework is an integral part of country CAADP implementation. Implementing the
implies integrating its features and principles into CAADP implementation exercises and processes at all levels. In this way,
Framework therefore implies integrating its features and principles into CAADP implementation exercises
the Results Framework helps
and processes at to
allcatalyse,
levels. In provide
this way,for,
theencourage and facilitate:
Results Framework helps to catalyse, provide for, encourage
and facilitate:
Formulation and design of strategies, programmes, and investments;
Formulation
Objectivity and clarityand
of purpose
design of in monitoring
strategies, performance
programmes, and and results;
investments;
Objectivity and clarity of purpose in monitoring
A sound and evidence-based system to pursue accountability;performance and results;
A sound
Alignment and evidence-based
and harmonisation, whichsystem to pursue
enhance accountability;
coherence in development efforts.
Alignment and harmonisation, which enhance coherence in development efforts.

The CAADP RF as an
integral part of
programme design and Integrating the
monitoring of execution CAADP RF
and delivery

Integrating the CAADP

RF

Figure 2: Entry points for the Results Framework in the country CAADP implementation process

At the regional and continental levels, the CAADP Results Framework will, within the principle of
At the regionalsubsidiarity, help to
and continental betterthe
levels, organise
CAADP implementation supportwill,
Results Framework andwithin
ensurethe
theprinciple
relevanceof and effectiveness
subsidiarity, help to better
of this support. The Results Framework will also foster regional and continental agricultural development
organise implementation support and ensure the relevance and effectiveness of this support. The Results Framework will also
policies, strategies and programmes that support optimal national solutions. The Results Framework is
foster regionalapplicable
and continental
to all agricultural
institutions,development
programmespolicies, strategies
and projects and programmes
working that support
on and supporting optimal national
agricultural
solutions. Thedevelopment
Results Framework is applicable to all institutions, programmes and projects working on and
initiatives, from state through to non-state programmes and efforts. Once again, the Results supporting agri-
cultural development
Frameworkinitiatives,
can be from
used state throughin
both ex-ante, topreparing
non-statestrategies
programmes and efforts.
and plans, Once in
and ex-post, again, the Results
developing M&E Framework
and other
can be used both tools
ex-ante, in to measure strategies
preparing and enhance performance.
and plans, and ex-post, in developing M&E and other tools to measure and
enhance performance.
As with the CAADP vision, the four thematic priorities defined in the CAADP, commonly referred to as the
CAADP pillars, are just as relevant and valid now as they were in the circumstances leading up to 2003.
The CAADP pillar issues form the central thread of the CAADP Results Framework and therefore remain

11
Going for results and impacts 10
As with the CAADP vision, the four thematic priorities defined in the CAADP, commonly referred to as the CAADP pillars, are
just as relevant and valid now as they were in the circumstances leading up to 2003. The CAADP pillar issues form the central
thread of the CAADP Results Framework and therefore remain the pillars that guide and support efforts to deliver increased
production and productivity. The Sustaining CAADP Momentum Results Framework expands on the four CAADP pillars across
the three levels of the Results Framework. Pillar 1 focuses on land and water management, with results that are largely cap-
tured at Level 2 in relation to production, productivity and improved management of natural resources. Pillar 2 places the em-
phasis on market access, and has relevant results that are also captured at Level 2. The focus in Pillar 3 on food security, nutri-
tion and social protection relates to key Level 1 results, which now include wealth creation and resilience. Pillar 4 is basically
about effective science and technology systems, and is one of several thrusts required for sustainable and systemic capacities
for the effective delivery of results in Level 3.

3.2 THE FRONTLINE DASHBOARD OF KEY CHANGE AND IMPACTS DESIRED BY 2025

The dashboard comprises a small set of composite indicators that enable higher level monitoring of progress and performance
at both political and technical levels. Dashboard indicators provide a smaller set of data that show the status of a country, region
or continent, and can therefore be used for more regular management reporting purposes, such as cabinet meetings, ministe-
rial meetings, the AU Summit and other annual accountability reports. In this regard, at the AU Joint Conference of Ministers of
Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture held from 28 April to 2 May 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministers
were convinced that if there is the political will to do so, hunger can be eliminated by 2025. Factors that define political will were
identified as: i) adequate budget allocation combined with appropriate policies and plans to ensure efficient and effective use
of allocations; ii) inter-sectorial coordination, given the interconnections between agriculture and other sectors; iii) partnership
alignment/coordination; iv) access to land, credit and other inputs; v) programmes to bring youth and women into agriculture; vi)
technical innovations that are relevant and accessible to smallholder producers; vii) knowledge sharing; viii) dealing with corrup-
tion at border posts; and ix) a critical mass of trained human resources. Member States agreed to closely monitor progress on
the four dimensions as a way to gauge the extent to which stated commitments to support agriculture are being put into opera-
tion. On this basis, the ministers resolved to:

a) At least double the rate of inclusive growth in agricultural production and productivity, and to maintain annual sector growth
in agricultural GDP at a minimum of 6%. Ministers resolved to put in place measures and mechanisms for ensuring equal ac
cess to opportunities including land, productive assets, knowledge, information and skills for women, youth, pastoral groups
and other socially disadvantaged groups

b) Endorse the Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa (S3A) to increase the level of ATFP annual growth through technology
generation, dissemination and adoption, and skilled human resources

c) Endorse the Guiding Principles on Large-Scale Land-Based Investments (LSLBI) in Africa, prepared by the Joint AUC-AfDB-
ECA Land Policy Initiative, which is aimed at helping Member States to derive optimum benefits from such investments

d) Triple Intra-African Trade, fast-track the establishment of the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) and the transition to a
continental Common External Tariff (CET) scheme.

11 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
The AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture endorsed the Sustaining
the CAADP Momentum Results Framework and resolved to recommend that the AU Assembly should endorse the following
commitments on the Africa Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation Goals to be achieved by 2025 (3AGTGs 2025).
These targets therefore form the Dashboard Headline Indicators for governments, Heads of States, African institutions and
stakeholders, and development partners:

I. Commitment to the principles and values of the CAADP process

a) Participatory and evidence-based policy practice and planning
b) Effective partnerships between state and non-state actors
c) Commitment to assess country CAADP M&E and mutual accountability processes every two years

II. Commitment to enhancing investment financing in agriculture

a) Re-commitment to allocate at least 10% of public spending to agriculture
b) Create necessary conditions to attract increased private sector investments in agriculture

III. Commitment to ending hunger in Africa

a) Increased food availability by:

At least, double productivity, through among other interventions, increased access to inputs, irrigation and mechanisa
tion
At least double the current level of annual growth in agricultural total factor productivity
At least halve post-harvest losses (PHL)

b) Improve nutrition by bring down stunting in children to 10% and underweight to 5%

IV. Commitment that agriculture contributes at least 50% to Africas overall poverty reduction target

a) Sustain annual agricultural GDP growth of at least 6%

b) Create job opportunities for at least 30% of youth in agricultural value chains

c) Increased number of women and youth entering accessing agri-business economic opportunities

V. Commitment to boost intra-African trade in agricultural commodities and services

a) Triple intra-Africa trade in agricultural commodities and services

VI. Commitment to enhancing resilience in livelihoods and production systems to climate variability and other related risks
a) At least 30% of farming/pastoral households are resilient to climate and weather relates risks

VII. Commitment to the CAADP Results Framework and to an agricultural review process to be conducted every two years.

Going for results and impacts 12

3.3 USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK AT COUNTRY LEVEL

3.3.1 National level actions to internalise and use the CAADP 10-Year Results Framework

The CAADP Results Framework has been designed recognising that various tools and processes exist at the national level for
monitoring and evaluating agricultural progress and performance. Furthermore, many countries are moving on with their Na-
tional Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plans (NAIPs). The CAADP Results Framework is expected to function as an
integral part of these existing systems and tools. Using the CAADP Results Framework will inherently involve strengthening and
aligning these systems and tools into systemic evidence-based accountability and capability in agriculture, including the linkag-
es between agriculture, food systems and nutrition. As already suggested, each CAADP country team will need to strengthen or
develop a results framework for their NAIP. In the next decade, the priority will be mobilising private sector investment, associ-
ated catalytic public sector finance, and requisite institutional and policy developments. The ex-ante applications of the country
Results Framework include consolidating and clarifying implementation aspects of the investment plans with theory of change
analysis and political economy analysis. Ex-post applications are in strengthening M&E and performance management tools.
The continental Results Framework and national Results Framework feed into one another as living documents. Specifically, the
CAADP Results Framework will serve as a guide and tool to:

Examine and align goals and targets (results and impacts) and associated performance indicators in the NAIPs;
Help countries to refine and focus NAIPs set performance targets;
Rally unity of purpose around a common national agenda and deliverables;
Examine, refine, strengthen and align existing national level tools and systems for monitoring, evaluating and facilitating
learning and for strengthening accountability.

This is not a re-planning exercise, but an integral part of fostering and consolidating implementation of the NAIPs in the follow-
ing aspects:

a) With regard to Level 1: Positioning agriculture in overall national social and economic growth, and the (inclusive) devel
opment trajectory i.e. agriculture-led social and economic development.

b) With regard to Level 2: Determining what level of performance is desirable and required to achieve the growth rate
needed to contribute appropriately to Level 1.

c) With regard to Level 3: Expressing the transformational change with requisite theory of change analyses essentially in
terms of systematic capabilities, action and policy reforms in order to unlock the potential of commercial agriculture.

Incorporating the following components will strengthen the Implementation Plan:

Specific policy and institutional reforms needed to address particular problems/opportunities

Financial analyses of investments that are separate from economic analyses
A NAIP Results Framework to guide implementation and performance management.

13 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
The functioning and use of the CAADP Results Framework will be defined around four main interrelated components, namely:
(a) data generation, which will also cover alignment and harmonisation of the indicators; (b) analysis, evaluation and learning;
(c) reporting; and (d) support for new planning and for accountability discussions and analysis. Implementation should therefore
be integrated into national statistics and agricultural performance monitoring systems, for instance:

a. Preparing, reviewing and rolling over NAIPs;

b. Designing strategies/programmes for implementation;

c. Establishing partnerships and coalitions for action;

d. Mobilising resources and structuring investment deals;
e. Monitoring and evaluating, assessing, learning from practice;
f. Adapting and re-planning for the next cycle.

3.3.2 The CAADP Results Framework in relation to existing national agriculture accountability and performance review sys-
tems

Within the context of NAIP implementation, key national tools and processes that are expected to provide the core basis for
implementation of the CAADP Results Framework include:

The Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (AgPER) and the Joint Sector Review (JSR);
National budget and associated instruments;
Agricultural performance monitoring systems;
The CAADP M&E and Mutual Accountability Framework;
The Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) review process and report, and the APRM National Programmes of Action
(NPoAs) designed to implement APRM recommendations.

3.4 USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK AT THE REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL LEVELS

At the regional and continental levels, under the leadership of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), the NEPAD Plan-
ning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) and the African Union Commission (AUC) and their cooperating partners, the
CAADP Results Framework will:

a) Provide priority areas, targets and indicators that define CAADP implementation support at Level 3 in the Results Frame
work;

b) Serve as the central yardstick to standardise and benchmark as well as facilitate, guide and compel alignment and har
monisation of strategies and programmes by all players and stakeholders, including regional farmers organisations, the pri-

Going for results and impacts 14

vate sector, civil society, knowledge-research institutions and multilateral and donor partners. Reporting will include the annual
CAADP Outlook Report, currently prepared through ReSAKSS, and will rationalise various technical reports on CAADP and
African agriculture, including the CAADP Trends and Outlook Report.

Tables 3.1 to 3.6 provide results areas that will be tracked through monitoring systems and tools. The Results Framework will
also provide alignment and performance guidance for various initiatives, including:

Africas international agricultural development initiatives: partnerships and alliances, such as Grow Africa, New Alliance and
CGIAR Initiatives, the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN), and REACH, etc.
A Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa: CAADP investments at the regional and continental levels (e.g. CAADP Knowledge
and Information Support (KIS) Systems, ReSAKSS, tertiary and vocational training initiatives) will have their Results Frame
works and M&E tools based on the CAADP continental Results Framework. It is expected that the Science Agenda for Agri
culture in Africa (S3A) effort will help and guide countries to review the priorities and plans in agriculture research
Land policy and governance: The country NAIPs and associated investments may have to address land issues in more depth
in terms of strengthening land rights in accordance with the AU Framework and Guidelines, the AU Principles and Guidelines
for Large-Scale Land-Based Investments, and the voluntary guidelines for responsible large-scale investments.

3.5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Many of these M&E systems exist in one form or another at the national level. However, in most countries these aspects are
grossly under-capacitated, fragmented, under-funded and often not aligned to providing long-term comprehensive monitoring
and analysis. At the regional level, the CAADP Results Framework will enhance and guide the Regional Economic Communi-
ties reports to Member States through the Council of Ministers Meetings and Regional Heads of State and Government Sum-
mits. At the continental level, reporting will include alignment of the current Annual Trend and Outlook Report (ATOR), which is
produced under the auspices of IFPRI (ReSAKSS). The first consolidated technical Continental Annual Report based on this
CAADP Results Framework will be produced at the end of 2015. Various technical and political platforms and forums will be an
integral part of the reporting and accountability system. These include the African Union Heads of State and Government Sum-
mit, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee, the CAADP Partnership Platform Meetings, and farmer
and other non-state organised forums.

3.6 SUPPORT TO COUNTRIES: ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND THE CAADP RESULTS FRAME
WORK REPORTING ARCHITECTURE

Effective implementation of the Results Framework at the national, regional, continental and global levels calls for action by
several groups of actors. It thus requires a roadmap that ensures inclusiveness, clarity of roles and a shared understanding of
key tasks and outputs, all for the sake of coherence, consistency and coordination. This section therefore outlines roles and
responsibilities at the continental, regional and country levels and describes how the different actors can contribute to achieving
impacts, outcomes and results associated with the RF. More specifically, the purpose of the roadmap is to guide the AUC and
the NPCA in their roles as facilitators and coordinators, the RECs in mobilising and supporting their member states, and national
governments and their civil society and private sector partners in fostering collective action and mutual accountability.

15 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
3.6.1 The Role of the AUC and the NPCA in RF implementation

The AUC will, as per its mandate, convene the policy platforms and processes to facilitate continental level dialogue and policy
decisions. It will foster appropriate inputs into these platforms and processes based on products from the NPCA and RECs. It
will facilitate desired continental political leadership and action to adopt the CAADP principles in general, and accountability in
particular, as desired for implementation of the CAADP Results Framework.

The NPCA, as an implementation agency of the African Union, will facilitate expert technical support to member states and
RECs to help them to internalise and use the CAADP Results Framework to guide the development of country-/region-specific
targets and indicators. The NPCA will facilitate coordination in the implementation of the Framework at all levels.

The NPCA will use the CAADP Results Framework to guide work on the Joint Sector Reviews (JSR) at the national level. The
CAADP Results Framework will also serve as a guide for the report on CAADP implementation for Ministerial meetings and
Heads of State and Government Summits.

3.6.2 The role of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs)

Within the context of fostering regional and transnational collaboration and partnerships (technical, financial, markets, trade),
the RECs will adopt and use the CAADP results framework in benchmarking goals and targets and identifying and programming
regional integration priorities and goals. The RECs will internalise and own the Results Framework as a means of enhancing
their own programming and implementation performance as well as promoting peer review, benchmarking, and mutual learning
processes in their member states.

Going for results and impacts 16

 4. EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK TO
EXISTING REPORTING TOOLS AND SYSTEMS
4 EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAME-
WORK
The TO EXISTING
implementation of the REPORTING TOOLS AND
CAADP Results Framework SYSTEMS
requires the transition of participating institutions
from current to new reporting landscapes (see Table 2). The Inception Phase (2014-2015) includes, as one
of its main
The implementation of work streams,
the CAADP actions
Results to determine
Framework appropriate
requires reports,
the transition reporting systems
of participating and platforms.
institutions from currentThe
to new re-
expected value addition includes: a) a refined set of targets; b) a rationalised set of indicators targeting,
porting landscapes (see Table 2). The Inception Phase (2014-2015) includes, as one of its main work streams, actions to deter-
amongreports,
mine appropriate others,reporting
Ministriessystems
of Finance, AgricultureThe
and platforms. andexpected
Health; and
valuefacilitated evidence-based
addition includes: and objective
a) a refined set of targets; b)
accountability systems.
a rationalised set of indicators targeting, among others, Ministries of Finance, Agriculture and Health; and facilitated evidence-
based and objective accountability systems.
Table 2: Transitions from current to new reporting landscapes for CAADP

Current reporting landscape New reporting landscape

(before Results Framework)
Various government and non-government
technical reports on agricultural development
(internal and external)
AgPERs
National
Ministry of Finance economic performance
level
reports and budgets
Periodic National Development Assessment
Reports (job creation, poverty alleviation; food
security; etc.)
CAADP Implementation Support Report
produced by the REC Secretariat and submitted
to the Regional Council of Ministers Meetings
Regional
level
CAADP Annual Outlook and Trends Report
(currently produced annually under the auspices
of IFPRI)
Numerous reports on African agriculture
(thematic, geographical, etc.) normally produced
Continental
independently by various African and
level
international organisations, including World Bank,
FAO and NGOs
(with Results Framework)
Same reports, rationalised in terms of which
parameters are monitored, and incorporating
more standardised use of indicators
CAADP Implementation Support Report
produced by the REC Secretariat and submitted
to the Regional Council of Ministers Meetings
with reporting parameters aligned to Levels 1, 2
and 3 of the CAADP Results Framework
Thematic analytical pieces on issues of regional
interest (historical and/or foresight analysis) as
input to high-profile dialogue and policy debate
processes
CAADP and African Agriculture Annual Report:
Progress and Impact
- Part 1: Results-based CAADP Implementation
Support Report (focusing on Level 3
parameters in the Results Framework)
- Part 2: Agriculture and Africas socio-
economic growth and development (focusing
on Level 1 and 2 parameters), including
available nutrition related indictors

Commentaries and opinion pieces (most often Thematic analytical pieces (historical and/or
very limited in scope and information) foresight analysis) - as input to high profile
dialogue and policy debate processes
Table 2: Transitions from current to new reporting landscapes for CAADP
Through various reports, progress against Results Framework indicators will be reviewed and examined,
and learning will be facilitated at the annual CAADP Partnership Platform. Various reports will be adapted
to feed into national, regional and continental bodies, including the Regional Ministers and Heads of State
and Government Meetings, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee (HSGOC),
and the African Union Heads of State and Government Summits.

17 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
 Through various reports, progress against Results Framework indicators will be reviewed and examined, and learning will be
facilitated at the annual CAADP Partnership Platform. Various reports will be adapted to feed into national, regional and conti-
nental bodies, including the Regional Ministers and Heads of State and Government Meetings, the NEPAD Heads of State and
Government Orientation Committee (HSGOC), and the African Union Heads of State and Government Summits.

5. ANNEXES
5. ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators
ANNEX 1 Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators

LEVEL 1 DEVELOPMENT IMPACT Contribute to Africas social and economic development

Milestone (@5
Results area Indicators Data sources 2015 baseline Target (10 years)
years)
1
1.1 Wealth and Job 1.1.1 Change in the poverty gap ratio World Bank , UNSTATS Millennium Poverty line of US$38 and a SSA Malabo Commitment IV:
2
creation (%) at $1/day PPP (PGR) Development Goals Indicators regional poverty gap of 20.95% Agriculture contribute at least
(disaggregated by gender) (World Bank; 2010) 50% to the overall poverty
reduction targets
1.1.2 Agricultural GDP share of GDP World Bank 13.67 (2012)
Sustain annual agricultural GDP
growth of at least 6%
Create job opportunities for at
1.1.3 Number of youth entering
least 30% of the youth in
agricultural generated jobs
agricultural value chains

1.2 Food and nutrition 1.2.1 Change in the Global Hunger Index FAO, WHO, UNICEF, WFP Malabo Commitment III: End
security hunger in Africa by 2025
1.2.2 Prevalence of underweight World Bank, UNSD, FAO, WHO 19.43 (2012) Stunting down to 10%
children under five years
Children underweight down to
1.2.3 Dietary diversity IFPRI; FAO; WHO 5%

1.3 Enhancing resilience in 1.3.1
livelihoods and
production systems to
climate variability and
other related risks
Existence of functional systems at
country level to help communities
and households to respond to and
bounce back after stresses and
shocks
3
IFPRI , EM-DAT Malabo Commitment VI: At
least 30% of farming/pastoral
households are resilient to
climate and weather related
risks

1.4 Environmental and 1.4.1 Change in biological diversity: UN Convention on Biological

ecosystem resilience
4
trends in abundance and Diversity Indicators , 2012;
distribution of species; genetic
diversity of animals, plants and
fish species

1
See: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm
2
See: UNSTATS Millennium Development Goals Indicators
3
See 2013 GHI Report: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf page 20.
4
See: http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=AHTEG-SP-IND-01

Going for results and impacts 18

ANNEX
ANNEX 11 Table
Table1b:
1b: Level
Level 2 production
2 production and productivity
and productivity outcome
outcome indicators
indicators

LEVEL 2 OUTCOME Sustained inclusive agricultural growth

Milestone (@5
Results area Indicators Data source Baseline Target (10 years)
years)
2.1 Increased agricultural 2.1.1 Agricultural value added per Published annually by the World
production and hectare Bank for each country
productivity
2.1.2 Cereals yields per hectare World Bank, 2012 1520.93
5 6
2.1.3 Food production index FAOSTAT , FAO , World Development
Indicators /Nation Master.com; World
Bank,
7
2.2 Increased intra- 2.2.1 Growth in the volume and share of WTO 2012, from WTO International
African Regional intra-regional trade in agricultural Trade Statistics
Trade and better commodities
functioning national Malabo Commitment V: Triple
8
and regional 2.2.2 Africas agriculture-based WTO 2012, WTO International Trade intra-African trade in agricultural
agriculture and food contribution to global trade Statistics commodities/services
markets
2.2.3 Level and share of intra-regional World Bank, World Development
trade in key commodities Indicators

2.3 Expanded domestic 2.3.1 Change in volume of business and World Bank, World Development 2012, based on country data Create job opportunities for at least
agro-industry and number of employees by gender in Indicators available from the World Bank; 30% of youth in agricultural value
value chain SMEs engaged in post-harvest there is no regional aggregation chains
development processing and distribution of
agricultural commodities and
services
Statistics available: (a) Employees
in agriculture (% of total
employment); (b) Employers in
agriculture (% total employment)

5
See: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E
6
See: http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.U6GJVfmSw8g
7
See: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/tradebyregion_e.htm
8
See: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/tradebyregion_e.htm

19

19 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
 Milestone (@5
Results area Indicators Data source Baseline Target (10 years)
years)

2.4.5 Ecosystem capability index (i.e. Convention on Biological Diversity

measurement of ecosystem
integrity and ecosystem goods and
services)

ANNEX 1 Table 1c: Level 3 systemic capacity indicators

LEVEL 3 OUTPUT Transformational change as a result of CAADP: conducive environments; systemic capacity

Milestone (5
Results area Indicators Data source Baseline (2013) Target (10 years)
years)
3.1 Effective and inclusive 3.1.1 Existence of operational and
policy design and inclusive policy review mechanisms
implementation and dialogue platforms
processes

3.2 Efficient and 3.2.1 Existence of institutionalised

accountable mechanisms for mutual
institutions & better accountability and peer review
governance of natural
resources, including
land & water

3.3 Strengthened capacity 3.3.1 Existence of evidence- and result-

of evidence-based based plans, programmes and
agricultural planning, projects aligned to the countrys
implementation and development priorities
review processes
4 Institutionalised M & E mechanism
12
for the agricultural sector

4.2 Improved 3.4.1 Growth in agriculture-related public

coordination, private partnership initiatives that
are successfully undertaken

12
(Must be harmonised and coordinated across all stakeholders)

21

Going for results and impacts 20

 Milestone (5
Results area Indicators Data source Baseline (2013) Target (10 years)
years)
partnerships and
multi-sectorial
approaches in
agriculture

3.5 Increased volume 3.5.1 (Annual) Growth in the share (%) of National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF Malabo Commitment II:
and quality of public public expenditure allocated to 2012 Allocating at least 10% of annual
and private agricultural sector public spending to agriculture
investment in
agricultural value 3.5.2 Growth in domestic private National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF,
chain investment in agriculture and WB
agribusiness

3.5.3 Increase in the ease of doing National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF,
business in agriculture index13 WB

3.5.4 Ratio of public agricultural sector National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF
expenditure to agricultural GDP
(returns on investment)

3.6 Increased statistical 3.6.1 Existence of functional systems for

capacity to generate generating and managing
data (monitor) agricultural and statistical data and
analyse and information
strengthen capacity
for research and 3.6.2 Existence of a functional NARS for
innovation in Africa promoting the generation,
dissemination and use of
appropriate technologies and
innovations

3.6.3 Public investment in agricultural

research as a percentage of GDP
from the agricultural sector.

13
Sub-indices include those that measure the cost of compliance, for example.

22

21 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
Going for results and impacts 22
23 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
Going for results and impacts